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Poor and insufficient sleep causes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social impairments. Unfortunately, little is known about the social-cognitive predictors of daily sleep habits. The current study examined if sleep hygiene could be predicted using the Reasoned Action Model (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010). Across four studies, the model performed well for the prediction of intentions (R2s = .63–.75), and also significantly predicted both self-reported (R2 = .15) and actigraphy-recorded sleep duration (R2 = .11). The results from these studies support the further use of the model toward the goal of designing effective sleep hygiene interventions.

The authors present and test the action model of relationship security, which predicts that people's behavior toward a relationship partner shapes their security regarding that partner's care, regard, and commitment. Specifically, actors who enact prosocial or antisocial behavior develop corresponding prosocial or antisocial metaperceptions (i.e., they believe they are viewed as prosocial or antisocial by their partner). In turn, these metaperceptions have a strong influence on actors' security in their partner's care, regard, and commitment due to lay theories positing that prosocial and antisocial behavior impacts others' sentiments. Four studies supported this model. Moreover, findings suggest that prosocial metaperceptions buffer the harmful effects of attachment anxiety on relationship security. This research suggests the relevance of own behavior for relationship security.

This study demonstrates how the multimodal Capto adhere resin can be used in concert with calcium chloride or arginine hydrochloride as mobile phase modifiers to create a highly selective purification process for a modified human growth hormone. Importantly, these processes are shown to result in significant clearance of product related aggregates and host cell proteins. Furthermore, the steric mass action model is shown to be capable of accurately describing the chromatographic process and the aggregate removal. Finally, justification of the selected operating ranges is evaluated using the model together with Latin hypercube sampling. The results in this article establish the utility of multimodal chromatography when used with appropriate mobile phase modifiers for the downstream bioprocessing of a modified human growth hormone and offer new approaches for bioprocess verification.

Summary1. For all parasites, transmission is composed of two processes: host contact with parasites(‘exposure’) and risk of infection given such contact (‘susceptibility’). Classic models, such asmass action (density-dependent) transmission, lump these processes together.2. However, separating these processes could enhance predictions for disease dynamics, espe-cially for free-living parasites. Here, we outline three transmission models that partition expo-sure and susceptibility.3. Using data from a study of Schistosoma mansoni (trematode) infections in Biomphalariaglabrata snails, we competed these three models against four alternative models, including themass action model (which lumps exposure and susceptibility).4. The models that separately accounted for exposure and susceptibility best predicted preva-lence across the density gradients of hosts and parasites, outperforming all other modelsbased on Akaike information criterion. When embedded into a dynamic epidemiologicalmodel, the exposure-explicit models all predicted lower equilibrium densities of infected snailsand human-infectious cercariae.5. Thus, population-level epidemiological models that utilize the classic mass action transmis-sion model might overestimate human risk of schistosomiasis. More generally, the presentedapproach for disentangling exposure and susceptibility can distinguish between behaviouraland immunological resistance, identify mechanisms of ‘disease dilution’ and provide a morecomplete dissection of drivers of parasite transmission.Key-words: epidemiology, exposure, Schistosoma, susceptibility, transmissionIntroduction

This article explains the empirical puzzle of Japan's green conversion from an environmental pariah to a leading player in the climate change environmental regime. The author posits that Japan pursued environmental action to reconstruct its international image and demonstrate itself to be a responsible global actor. Claiming that existing explanations fall short, the author delineates an international environmental action model that incorporates a more comprehensive cost–benefit framework examining both real and ideational factors. To test the model, the author examines 4 key episodes of Japan's participation in the climate change environmental regime. The empirical analysis reveals the relevancy of the environmental action model, as all 4 episodes are either fully or partially explained by the model's mechanisms. Lastly, conclusions are provided, suggesting that this model fills in the gap in the literature on environmental foreign policy, and topics for future research are suggested.

A simple method for determination of the counterion binding parameter (alpha) and aggregation number (N) from conductivity data is proposed. The method is based on fitting the values of the first derivative of conductivity (kappa) versus total surfactant concentration (c(t)) function according to the equation derived from the mass action model (MAM) by using different conductivity models. Sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) were chosen for validation of the proposed method. It was shown that the method gives a fairly accurate values for micellisation parameters of SDS (N=51-64, alpha=0.74-0.75) and DTAB (N=56-62, alpha=0.77-0.79), both in good agreement with the literature data. In addition, application of the proposed method does not require the value of the critical micelle concentration (cmc).

A new isotherm is presented for adsorption of proteins, the available area isotherm. This isotherm has a steric basis, unlike the (steric) mass action model. The shape of the available area isotherm is determined only by geometric exclusion. With the new isotherm, experimental results can be fitted equally well as with existing ones, such as the steric mass action model. However, it has several advantages. For fitting of single-protein isotherms one less parameter is needed, its theoretical basis is more realistic, it can be extended consistently to many components, it is applicable to adsorption by both ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction, and it can easily be combined with equations describing the effect of pH and ionic strength to obtain a complete description of adsorption behavior. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 848–853, 2004

The pressure-time history of a deployed airbag provides the basis for the restraint created by this safety system. A simple numerical simulation of this pressure–time history was developed based on our understanding of the various factors thatinfluence the restraint performance. The general interaction forces between the passenger and the airbag can be analyzed using this model. This article discusses some of the complex issues pertaining to the interaction forces between the occupant and the airbag. The predictions provided by the proposed numerical passenger restraint action model are in good agreement with published, experimental data. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:933–948, 1998

A mathematical model of biocide action against microbial biofilm was tested experimentally by measuring the response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm to various doses of monochloramine. Pure culture biofilm was developed in continuous flow annular reactors for 7 days, then treated with a 2-, 4-, or 8-h dose of 2 or 4 mg L−1 monochloramine. Some experiments investigated repeated treatment. Disinfection and regrowth of the biofilm were observed by sampling the biofilm for viable and total cell areal densities for up to 100 h following the biocide treatment. A phenomenological mathematical model was fitted to experimental data sets and captured overall trends, but it could not simulate certain experimentally observed features. The model did simulate rapid disinfection followed by steady regrowth. It correctly predicted a much greater decrease in viable than in total cell densities and also correctly captured the shapes of these trajectories. Discrepancies between the model and data included the following: the model predicted faster regrowth than was experimentally observed, the model predicted that a second dose would be more effective than the first dose but the opposite was observed in the experiments, and parameters estimated by fitting one dose concentration could not be used to predict the results of a different dose concentration or a second dose. Discrepancies between model and the experiment were hypothesized to be due to an adaptive stress response by the bacteria, a process not included in the model. A practical implication of this work is that it is more effective to deliver monochloramine in a short concentrated dose as opposed to a longer dose of lower concentration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng56: 201–209, 1997.

Survival analysis techniques were used to test a model of turnover with a sample of 244 staff nurses. Estimates of survival and hazard functions indicated that withdrawal was not uniform over time, but rather occurred in distinct waves. Formal hypotheses were tested with a regression analogue of survival analysis, proportional hazards regression, and provided little support for a reasoned action model of turnover. Specifically, job satisfaction emerged as predictive of turnover while job search behaviour did not. Results from OLS and logistic regressions were consistent with prior research findings in that job search behaviour was a strong influence of employee turnover. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

A model of environmental marketing action and success is proposed, which includes a range of variables and examines the relationship between them. Environmental success is partly determined by the level of Environmental Marketing Action which varies between level 0 and level 8 and which directly determines the extent of environmental marketing success. Perceptions of environmental consciousness, the subjective norm and net total risk determine the level of environmental marketing action. Beliefs with regard to stakeholders and events and the motivation to comply with these beliefs combine to form the subjective norm.

Four models of turnover intentions were competitively tested for their effectiveness in predicting the intentions to search for alternative positions and intentions to resign from current positions among a sample of university faculty. Faculty at an upper Midwest university completed a survey developed to measure the components of the four models. All four models (intermediate linkages, expanded Mobley, reasoned action, and planned behavior) significantly predicted intentions to search and intentions to resign. The reasoned action model was found to be more effective and parsimonious than the other models. Attitude toward the turnover action and subjective norm concerning the turnover action appear to be the critical factors influenang the faculty members' turnover intentions. Implications of these findings for turnover research and related concepts such as organizational commitment are discussed.

Summary The paper commences by suggesting that the traditional social action model of workplace behaviour, which focuses on the concept of orientation to work, is an inadequate model for explaining work motivation. It suggests that the deficiencies result from an inadequate definition of motivation and confusion about the concept of orientation. An alternative model is developed which replaces the concept of orientation with the twin concepts of motivation to work and attachment to work. The final part of the paper suggests how this alternative model may be operationalized and discusses the benefits that this formulation has for both academics and practising managers.