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This paper surveys current debates on the distributive cycle. The literature builds on R.M. Goodwin’s seminal 1967 chapter titled “A growth cycle.” We review theoretical motivations for the distributive cycle, which, despite signif-icant differences, all imply that macroeconomic activity leads the labor share in a counter-clockwise cycle in the activity-labor share plane. Subsequently, we summarize and update evidence on the existence of a distributive cycle, with a focus on the post-war US macroeconomy. We analyze activity and labor share series and their interaction in the frequency domain, and also employ stan-dard vector autoregressions. Results confirm the distributive cycle for the US post-war period. We contextualize results vis-`a-vis current debates: (1) we consider a financial cycle, to rebut the theoretical possibility of “pseudo-Goodwin” cycles, (2) demonstrate that a suppressed labor share and stagnation are com-patible with short run Goodwin cycles, and argue that this link presents the way forward for research on secular stagnation.

The satisfactory rationalization of complex reactive pathways in solution chemistry may greatly benefit from the combined use of advanced experimental and theoretical complementary methods of analysis. In this work, we combine X-Ray Absorption and 1 H-NMR spectroscopies with state-of-the-art Multivariate Curve Resolution and theoretical analyses to gain a comprehensive view on a prototypical reaction involving the variation of the oxidation state and local structure environment of a selected metal ion coordinated by organic ligands. Specifically, we investigate the 2-cyano-2-phenylpropanoic acid reduction of the octahedral complex established by the Cu 2+ ion with terpyridine to the tetrahedral complex formed by Cu + and neocuproine. Through our interdisciplinary approach we gain insights into the nature, concentration time evolution and structures of the key metal (XAS measurements) and organic ( 1 H NMR measurements) species under reaction. We believe our method may prove to be useful in the toolbox necessary to understand the mechanisms of reactive processes of interest in solution.

Four alarming stylized facts have recently emerged in the United States: (a) a decline in the labor share of income; (b) a decline in labor productivity; (c) an increase in the top 1% wealth share and (d) an increase in the capital‐income ratio. In Capital in the XXI Century, Thomas Piketty's argument is that the r > g inequality determines an increase in the capital‐income ratio; if the elasticity of substitution in production is above one, the profit share rises. We provide a contrasting explanation that draws from the Post Keynesian approach to differential saving propensities between classes and the Classical‐Marxian theory of induced technical change. In a simple model of “capitalists” and “workers,” we show that institutional changes that lower the labor share—declining unionization, increasing monopsony power in the labor market, the global ‘race to the bottom' in unit labor costs or the exhaustion of path‐breaking scientific discoveries—can reduce labor productivity growth because of the lessened incentives to innovate to save on labor costs. A falling labor share reduces workers' total savings, and wealth concentrates in the capitalists' hands. A higher profit share and wealth share both put pressure on accumulation: but the long‐run growth rate, which is anchored to labor productivity growth, has fallen. To restore balanced growth, the capital‐income ratio must rise, independent of the elasticity of substitution. These tendencies are not inevitable: taxation can be used to implement any wealth distribution targeted by policymakers, while worker‐crushing institutional arrangements can also in principle be reversed through policy. Neither change appears likely given the current institutional and global policy climate.

This paper provides a further empirical evaluation of the Neoclassical theory of distribution as opposed to Marx‐biased technical change (MBTC) using a series of panel estimators. We argue that a panel data analysis is instrumental in increasing the efficiency and validity of the test. Our results generalize previous findings in providing support for MBTC and against the Neoclassical theory of income distribution.

This study provides new structural, stratigraphic, and geochemical data and a literature review of the Cretaceous–Paleogene stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, tectonics, and magmatism in the southern Apennines belt, Italy, with the aim to demostrate the occurrence of an Albian to Eocene abortive rifting stage in the southern Adria domain. During this time, the tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of the Adria domain is characterized by episodes of coeval uplift and drowning. Different sectors of the Apennine and Apulian platforms were so characterized by changes in the paleoenvironments, leading to different stratigraphic records (from shallow‐water to slope and basin), as well as the development of thick bauxitic levels. Contemporaneously, a large amount of calciclastic sediments supply from the emerging sectors was deposited in the basins surrounding the carbonate platforms (i.e., Ligurian and Lagonegro–Molise Basins). The Albian–Eocene interval was also characterized by the occurrence of anorogenic magmatism and synsedimentary extensional faulting that, along with the changed sedimentary facies distribution, points out for a crustal‐scale extensional tectonics. We suggest that such a tectonics is the result of a rifting episode, characterized by limited anorogenic magmatism, starting in the Albian and reaching its climax in the uppermost Cretaceous–Eocene times. In this scenario, the extensional tectonics recorded in the Adria domain was the product during an event of a single abortive rift system, which extended toward the south, from the southern margin of the Ligurian Ocean to the Hyblean (Sicily), Pelagian (Tunisia), and Sirte Basin Province Rift (Libya). KEYWORDS

The Zagros thrust belt formed due to the convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. GPS measurements show that the northward relative motion of ...

Laboratorio de Morfologia de Invertebrados (IML) Departamento de Biologia Aplicada UNESP Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP) and IEAMar FCAV Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

Bedding-parallel dolomite seams occur in a clay-poor carbonate succession of the Apennines. The seams are composed of a high concentration of dolomite crystals compared to the hosting dolomitic limestone. SEM images document microcracking, and in many cases even crushing and fragmentation, of dolomite crystals and accumulation of non-carbonate insoluble material both along micro-stylolites within the seams and around dolomite crystals of the seams. We interpret the seams as hybrid structures between pressure-solution seams and compaction bands, which formed during burial. The euhedral dolomite crystals scattered in the micritic matrix represent the insoluble residue produced by the progressive dissolution of calcite. As calcite dissolution proceeds, the concentration of dolomite crystals increases, eventually resulting in a dolomite seam in which locally a dolomite crystal-supported texture is attained. At this stage, the dolomite crystals within the seam start to collide, crush and fragment, so that the dolomite seam behaves like a compaction band.

Novel, densely functionalized 2-methylideneazetidines can be obtained in high yields and mild conditions from the reaction of nitropentadienoates with primary amines, most likely through an aza-Michael addition followed by a 4-exo-trig cyclization. The initial, selective trans arrangement for the C3 and C4 ring hydrogens undergoes stereomutation due to the presence of an easily enolisable site at C3, eventually leading to mixtures where the cis isomer generally prevails.

This paper surveys the last two and a half decades of non‐neoclassical literature on endogenous technical change and the functional income distribution. We distinguish between classical‐Marxian and post‐Keynesian models, and analyze them under three different assumptions on the determinants of technical change: capital accumulation, income distribution, and labor market tightness. The balanced growth implications of alternative models are compared with neoclassical exogenous and endogenous growth theories. Despite the strong differences in the assumptions regarding the substitutability between capital and labor, the role of different classes in society, and whether or not productive factors are fully employed, the various alternative models can be classified in a way that highlights remarkable similarities with their neoclassical counterparts. Both neoclassical and alternative theories of endogenous growth: (i) have shown that long‐run growth is sensitive to investment decisions, and (ii) rely on a linear spillover from the stock of knowledge to the production of innovations. The comparison highlights the different channels emphasized by competing theories: saving behavior and market structure in the neoclassical theories, as opposed to income distribution, the state of the labor market, and investors' behavior in alternative theories.

The Plataforma Burgalesa is a partly exposed extensional forced fold system with an intermediate salt layer, which has developed along the southern portion of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin from Malm to Early Cretaceous as part of the Bay of Biscay-Pyrenean rift system. Relationships between syn- and pre-rift strata of the supra-salt cover sequence and distribution of intra-cover second-order faults are observed both along seismic sections and at the surface. These relationships indicate an along-strike variability of the extensional structural style. After a short period of salt mobilization and forced folding, high slip rates in the central portion of the major basement faults have rapidly promoted brittle behaviour of the salt layer, preventing further salt mobilization and facilitating the propagation of the fault across the salt layer. In contrast, at the tip regions of basement faults, slower slip rates have facilitated ductile salt behaviour, ensuring its further evaporite evacuation, preventing fault propagation across the salt layer and, in essence, allowing for a long-living forced folding process. Our results indicate the important effect of along-strike variation in displacement and displacement rates in controlling evaporite behaviour in extensional basins. Amount of displacement and displacement rates are key factors controlling the propagation of basement faults across evaporite layers. In addition, growth strata patterns are recognized as a powerful tool for constraining the updip propagation history of basement faults in extensional fault-related fold systems with intermediate d ecollement levels.

This article deals with the methodologies commonly used in the framework of the structural approach to social representations. It concerns free and hierarchical evocations, the characterization questionnaire, the similarity analysis, the basic cognitive schemes model, the attribute-challenge technique and the test of context independence. More than a simple review of these methodologies, it offers a critical approach concerning the problems encountered and related to: thresholds or “cutoff points” used to diagnose the structure (core vs. periphery) and the accuracy of the structural diagnosis, grouping methods employed to reduce the corpus of verbal associations, the dilemma between reliability and feasibility, especially in field research, the adequacy and number of modalities of response in the framework of the structural diagnosis. Following this evaluation, this article suggests potential solutions to overcome these methodological limitations. Moreover, as methodological issues are closely related to theoretical questions, the link between social representation theory and identity approaches is discussed.

Ingested nitrate leads to the endogenous synthesis of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), animal carcinogens with limited human evidence. We aimed to evaluate the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with nitrate exposure in drinking water and diet. A case-control study in Spain and Italy during 2008-2013 was conducted. Hospital-based incident cases and population-based (Spain) or hospital-based (Italy) controls were interviewed on residential history, water consumption since age 18, and dietary information. Long-term waterborne ingested nitrate was derived from routine monitoring records, linked to subjects' residential histories and water consumption habits. Dietary nitrate intake was estimated from food frequency questionnaires and published food composition databases. Odd ratios (OR) were calculated using mixed models with area as random effect, adjusted for CRC risk factors and other covariables. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to analyze exposure-response relationships. Interaction with endogenous nitrosation factors and other covariables was also evaluated. In total 1,869 cases and 3,530 controls were analyzed. Average waterborne ingested nitrate ranged from 3.4 to 19.7 mg/day, among areas. OR (95% CIs) of CRC was 1.49 (1.24, 1.78) for >10 versus ≤5 mg/day, overall. Associations were larger among men versus women, and among subjects with high red meat intake. GAMs showed increasing exposure-response relationship among men. Animal-derived dietary nitrate was associated with rectal, but not with colon cancer risk. In conclusion, a positive association between CRC risk and waterborne ingested nitrate is suggested, mainly among subgroups with other risk factors. Heterogeneous effects of nitrate from different sources (water, animal and vegetables) warrant further research.

Scanty data are available on familial risk in oral and pharyngeal cancer. The relationship between oral and pharyngeal cancer and family history of cancer in first-degree relatives was investigated using data from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1992 and 2005 on 956 cases aged less than 79 years, with histologically confirmed incident oral and pharyngeal cancer, and 2362 controls admitted to hospital for acute, nonneoplastic conditions. Logistic regression models conditioned on sex, age, study centre, and including terms for education, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and number of siblings were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) of oral and pharyngeal cancer. The multivariate ORs were similar for a family history of oral and pharyngeal cancer (2.6, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.5-4.5) and laryngeal cancer (3.8, 95% CI, 2.0-7.2). The OR was 3.1 (95% CI, 2.0-4.8) for oral and pharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer combined. The OR was 7.1 (95% CI, 1.3-37.2) for subjects with 2 or more first-degree relatives with oral and pharyngeal/laryngeal cancers. Significant increases in risk were also observed for a family history of melanoma (OR = 5.8; 95% CI, 1.3-26.4) and lung cancer (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-2.0). Compared to subjects without family history, nonsmokers, and non or moderate drinkers, the OR was 42.6 for current smokers, heavy drinkers with family history. History of oral and pharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer is a strong determinant of oral and pharyngeal cancer risk, independent from tobacco and alcohol.

Aim To evaluate the therapeutic gain of the addition of bismuth to a rifabutin containing triple therapy with amoxicillin and pantoprazole at standard dosages for the treatment of third-line Helicobacter pylori infection after a preliminary susceptibility test. Methods Two separate groups of patients in two pilot studies which were carried out simultaneously. One group was treated with rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d., pantoprazole 20 mg b.i.d., and amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. for 10 days and the other group with rifabutin 150 mg b.i.d., pantoprazole 20 mg b.i.d., amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d., and bismuth subcitrate 240 mg b.i.d. for 10 days. All patients underwent to culture and susceptibility testing prior to their inclusion in the study. A successful outcome was confirmed with an Urea Breath test performed 8 weeks after the end of treatment. A blood cell count was performed for all patients at the start and after 5 days of treatment since rifabutin has been shown to inhibit the growth of leucocytes. Results Twenty-nine patients were recruited in the pantoprazole, amoxicillin, rifabutin group and 30 in the pantoprazole, amoxicillin, rifabutin, and bismuth subcitrate group. All patients had a positive H. pylori culture and the susceptibility test used showed H. pylori sensitivity to rifabutin and amoxicillin. H. pylori eradication during follow-up was 18/27 (66.7%, 95% CI: 47.7–85.7%) in the pantoprazole, amoxicillin, rifabutin group and 28/29 (96.6%, 95% CI: 89.5–100.0%) in the pantoprazole, amoxicillin, rifabutin, and bismuth subcitrate group. Both treatments were well-tolerated with no reported side effects. Blood cell count remained normal in all patients. Conclusion The addition of bismuth subcitrate to a triple therapy that includes proton pump inhibitors, amoxicillin, and rifabutin in patients who are treated for the third time for H. pylori infection resulted in a 30% therapeutic gain.

We investigate the interaction between demand-driven growth and income distribution in open economies, by combining expenditure-switching and demand spillover effects in a neo-Kaleckian two country model. First, we specify elasticities of wage share and real exchange rate to the money wage relative to labor productivity, in order to precisely describe the distributive pass-through from money wages to the labor share and the real exchange rate. Second, we analyze the demand effects of an increase in the money wage for given labor productivity (a redistribution towards labor) in both Home and Foreign country, as well as globally. We derive closed form results for two identical countries. These results indicate that redistribution towards labor at Home: (i) always increases growth globally if Home is wage-led, but can lead to lower growth at Home relative to Foreign; and (ii) will always imply lower growth at Home relative to Foreign if Home is profit-led, but can still be growth-enhancing at Home. Thus, to the extent that countries are concerned with their relative economic performance, a fallacy of composition can emerge. Numerical simulations suggest that these fallacies could indeed occur. As a consequence, ‘returns to coordination’ over international labor policies might be substantial.

The ring opening of 3-nitro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)thiophene with amines and proper modification of the resulting 1,3-diene enables a simple and versatile approach to N-fused pyrroles of both synthetic and biological interest through 1,6-H shift followed by 6π 1,5-electrocyclization. This protocol is effectively driven to the isolated pyrroles by an easy aromatization.

The unusual migration of a nitro group from the - to the -position of a -aryl--nitroethenyl moiety, following a nitrocyclopropane to isoxazoline N-oxide isomerization, has been studied from a mechanistic and synthetic points of view. As a result, two series of isomeric isoxazoline N-oxides could be obtained under controlled conditions. When reacted with diazomethane, a model transposed isoxazoline cleanly furnished a new, interesting pyrazolylisoxazole.

Casualties from natural disasters may depend on the day of the week they strike. With data from the Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States (SHELDUS), daily variation in hurricane and tornado casualties from 5,043 tornado and 2,455 hurricane time/place events is analyzed. Hurricane forecasts provide at-risk populations with considerable lead time. Such lead time allows strategic behavior in choosing protective measures under hurricane threat; opportunity costs in terms of lost income are higher during weekdays than during weekends. On the other hand, the lead time provided by tornadoes is near zero; hence tornados generate no opportunity costs. Tornado casualties are related to risk information flows, which are higher during workdays than during leisure periods, and are related to sheltering-in-place opportunities, which are better in permanent buildings like businesses and schools. Consistent with theoretical expectations, random effects negative binomial regression results indicate that tornado events occurring on the workdays of Monday through Thursday are significantly less lethal than tornados that occur on weekends. In direct contrast, and also consistent with theory, the expected count of hurricane casualties increases significantly with weekday occurrences. The policy implications of observed daily variation in tornado and hurricane events are considered.

Terra Nova, 24, 70–76, 2012 Abstract In the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (Northern Iberian Margin), inherited WNW–ESE-striking faults were reactivated during the Mesozoic extensional stage associated with the opening of the Bay of Biscay. Syn-rift structures in the area include different sets, apparently indicating multiple extensional stages. In particular, abundant NE–SW-striking extensional elements have been interpreted in the past as having developed during a late rifting, left-lateral transtensional stage. However, the development of these structures also fits well with an analytical model of ridge-perpendicular extension. Along-strike stretching imposed by displacement variations along inherited faults locally produced an additional stress field oriented obliquely to the regional one. This caused rotation of the local minimum stress and development of anomalously oriented transversal structures. A single extensional stage is thus inferred during Mesozoic rifting, with a stretching direction oriented approximately perpendicular to the trend of the Bay of Biscay oceanic ridge.

This essay critically examines some classic philosophical and legal theories of privacy, organized into four categories: the nonintrusion, seclusion, limitation, and control theories of privacy. Although each theory includes one or more important insights regarding the concept of privacy, I argue that each falls short of providing an adequate account of privacy. I then examine and defend a theory of privacy that incorporates elements of the classic theories into one unified theory: the Restricted Access/Limited Control (RALC) theory of privacy. Using an example involving data-mining technology on the Internet, I show how RALC can help us to frame an online privacy policy that is sufficiently comprehensive in scope to address a wide range of privacy concerns that arise in connection with computers and information technology.

The reaction of nitrobutadienes (I) with indole leads to 1,3,4- and 1,2,4-nitrocarbazoles (III) and (IV).

We analyzed the relation between hair dye use and the risk of Hodgkin's disease (HD), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM) and soft tissue sarcomas (STS) in a hospital-based case-control study conducted between 1985 and 1997 in northern Italy. Cases included 158 patients with histologically confirmed incident HD, 446 with NHL, 141 with MM, 221 with STS and controls included 1,295 patients with acute nonneoplastic conditions. Compared to never use of any type of hair dyes, the odds ratio (OR) for ever use was 0.68 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.40-1.18) for HD, 1.03 (95% CI 0.73-1.44) for NHL, 1.17 (95% CI 0.70-1.97) for MM and 0.73 (95% CI 0.45-1.17) for STS. The OR were close to unity for permanent and semipermanent dyes analyzed separately or when the analysis was restricted to women. Our study indicates that there is no appreciable association between ever use of any type of hair dyes and the risk of HD, NHL, MM or STS. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Fault-bend folding is the most commonly used kinematic mechanism to interpret the architecture and evolution of thrust-related anticlines in thrust wedges. However, its basic requirement of an instantaneous propagation of the entire fault before hangingwall deformation, limits its kinematic effectiveness. To overcome this limitation, we used the interdependence between fold shape and fault slip vs. propagation rate (S/P ratio) implemented in double-edge faultpropagation folding. We show that very small S/P values produce fault-propagation anticlines that, when transported

To investigate the relation between occupational and recreational physical activity (PA) in different periods of life and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), we conducted a hospital-based, case-control study in Italy. The study included 1,369 histologically confirmed BPH and 1,451 controls, admitted to the same hospitals for acute, nonneoplastic diseases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of BPH, according to lifetime PA, were obtained by unconditional multiple logistic regression models, including terms for age, study center and education. Compared to the lowest level of occupational PA, the multivariate ORs for BPH for the heavy/strenuous level were 0.6 (95% CI, 0.4–0.8) at age 15–19, 0.6 (95% CI, 0.4–0.8) at age 30–39 and 0.7 (95% CI, 0.5–0.9) at age 50–59. Moreover, compared to

The treatment of 3,4-dinitrothiophene with an aryl Grignard reagent results in the reduction of one nitro group accompanied by the ipso-substitution of a hydrogen atom by an ortho-phenolic group on the ring carbon adjacent to the reduced nitro group. A Claisen-type intramolecular rearrangement is proposed as the pivotal step of a rather complex mechanism, followed by proton-transfer aromatizing steps. This work shows yet another facet of the variegated reactivity of 3,4-dinitrothiophene towards nucleophiles. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)