1. Labor Market Inequalities in FYR Macedonia : New Evidence on Gender and Ethnicity
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
DISADVANTAGED YOUTH ,EMPLOYMENT SUBSIDIES ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,LABOR ORGANIZATION ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,LOW UNEMPLOYMENT ,LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,TRAINING PROGRAMS ,JOB ,BUSINESS FAILURE ,DRIVERS ,EMPLOYMENT ,DISCIPLINE ,LABOR REGULATIONS ,PRIVATE SECTOR FIRMS ,HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,DISMISSAL ,JOB MARKET ,SKILLED WORKER ,LOW EMPLOYMENT ,WORKERS ,JOBS ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,LABOUR MARKET ,LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS ,EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES ,OCCUPATIONS ,PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS ,PRIVATE TRAINING PROVIDERS ,UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT SYSTEM ,TRAINING PROVIDERS ,REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT ,LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES ,YOUNGER WORKERS ,PUBLIC SECTOR JOB ,EARLY RETIREMENT ,REASSIGNMENT ,LABOR REGULATION ,YOUTH TRAINING ,EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS ,AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT ,SKILLED WORKERS ,SERVANTS ,LABOR SUPPLY ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,COLLECTIVE BARGAINING ,TOTAL LABOR FORCE ,AGE GROUP ,WORKER ,LABOR RELATIONS ,UNEMPLOYED ,UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT ,PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYMENT TRAINING ,JOB LOSS ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,JOB SECURITY ,RETIREMENT ,AGE GROUPS ,LABOR MARKET ,MALE COUNTERPARTS ,SAFETY NET ,JOB SKILLS ,JOB SEARCH ,DOWNWARD PRESSURE ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS ,MATERNITY LEAVE ,PRIVATE TRAINING ,FINDING WORK ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,EARNING ,EMPLOYABILITY ,LABOR MOBILITY ,MINIMUM WAGE ,JOB SEEKERS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ,LABOR LAWS ,FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS ,FEMALE EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,PREVIOUS SECTION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS ,EMPLOYEE ,FEMALE LABOR FORCE ,LOCAL LABOR MARKETS ,LABOUR ,PRIVATE SECTORS ,ECONOMIC MOBILITY ,WAGE FLOOR ,DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS ,EXPECTED WAGES ,AVERAGE WAGE ,DISPLACEMENT ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,EMPLOYMENT RATE ,JOB-SEARCH ACTIVITIES ,CREATING JOBS ,LABOR ECONOMICS ,DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ,GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYEES ,LABOR CONTRACTS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,LOCAL LABOR MARKET ,HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,YOUNG WORKERS ,PRIVATE COMPANIES ,DISPLACEMENT EFFECT ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ECONOMIC VOLATILITY ,FULL TIME JOB ,PRIMARY REASON ,PART TIME EMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,EMPLOYMENT RATES ,INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ,FEMALE LABOR ,WAGE EARNER ,UNSKILLED WORKERS ,MANAGEMENT ,JOB VACANCIES ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ,WORKING POOR ,LOCAL FIRM ,PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT ,JOB CREATION ,PRIME AGE ,WORK EXPERIENCE ,LABOR FORCE ,UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE ,SKILLED OCCUPATIONS ,RURAL WOMEN ,OLDER WORKERS - Abstract
The study includes an analysis of inequality patterns in terms of labor force participation as well as a review of policy responses, and areas for possible further policy action. In particular, the report looks at the two main dimensions of inequality that characterize Macedonia’s labor market: gender and ethnicity. Almost half the female working age population is inactive, whereas male inactivity is considerably lower. Labor market outcomes also vary significantly with ethnicity. In particular, a strong interaction exists between gender and ethnicity, with ethnic minority women forming a particularly vulnerable group. Hence, it is worthwhile to investigate in more detail how gender and ethnicity shape the Macedonian labor market, and how public policy could be used to increase labor market participation and job opportunities for women and ethnic minorities. This report is organized as follows. First, the report describes the main characteristics of the Macedonian labor market, emphasizing the most important patterns of inequality in terms of labor market participation (section two). Section three addresses the possible causes of these inequality patterns. Section four discusses potential policy responses and concludes.
- Published
- 2015