1. Cainism, nestling management in Germany in 2004-2007 and satellite tracking of juveniles in the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina)
- Author
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Torsten Langgemach, Bernd-Ulrich Meyburg, Kai Graszynski, Ugis Bergmanis, and Paul Sömmer
- Subjects
Eagle ,Veterinary medicine ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Satellite telemetry ,Population ,Fledge ,Lesser spotted eagle ,Satellite tracking ,biology.organism_classification ,Archaeology ,Geography ,biology.animal ,Animal Science and Zoology ,education ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Natural state ,Federal state - Abstract
The Lesser Spotted Eagle belongs to a species with obligatory cainism, which means that in the natural state it is rare that two young eagles fledge, although as a rule two chick’s hatch. The breeding population in Germany is at the western edge of the species’ range and is declining (a 23% decrease between 1993 and 2007). Local extinction can be anticipated and therefore nestling management has been implemented in the German federal state of Brandenburg since 2004 as a conservation measure by using human intervention to prevent the death of the younger sibling. This is in addition to other methods such as nest-site protection, habitat preservation, legislation etc. Furthermore, in 2007, second hatched eagle chicks (Abels) from Latvia were translocated for the first time. The managed pairs (nests physically inspected) were on average more successful than the unmanaged pairs (nests not physically inspected). It cannot be determined as to whether the inspection of the nests had a negative effect on breeding. Breeding success of the pairs present in Brandenburg, including non-breeders, increased by 57 % in 2007 due to nestling management, and that of the managed pairs alone by 67 %. In 2007 the behaviour of six young eagles was studied using satellite telemetry. This study determined that the Abels migrated as well as the first hatched eagle chicks (Cains), and that their survival chances were equally good. The Abels imported from Latvia migrated in two out of three cases along the same route as the German Lesser Spotted Eagles to the Bosporus. One Latvian Abel which fledged in Germany was tracked by satellite to Zambia where many Lesser Spotted Eagles winter. A German Abel wintered North of the Equator in the Sudan and neighbouring countries for over six months and started its return migration on 27 April 2008. Abstrakt: Orol krikľavý je druh s pravidelným kainizmom, co v prirodzených podmienkach sposobuje len výnimocne vyletenie dvoch mlaďat napriek vyliahnutiu dvoch mlaďat zo znasky. Hniezdiaca populacia v Nemecku sa nachadza na zapadnom okraji arealu druhu a jej veľkosť klesa (23% pokles v obdobi 1993–2007). Je možne ocakavať lokalne vyhynutie, preto sa od roku 2004 v Nemeckej spolkovej republike Brandenbursko použiva ako prostriedok ochrany hniezdny manažment. Predstavuje ľudsku intervenciu s cieľom zabraniť smrti mladsieho surodenca spolocne s ďalsimi metodami napr. ochrana hniezdisk a habitatov, legislativa atď. V roku 2007 sa prvýkrat premiestnili z Lotysska druhe vyliahnute mlaďata (Abelovia). Manažovane hniezda (s priamou kontrolou) boli priemerne uspesnejsie ako hniezda bez manažmentu (priamej kontroly). Negativny vply kontrol hniezd na hniezdnu uspesnosť nebol rozhodujuci. Hniezdna uspesnosť parov vyskytujucich sa v Brandenbursku, zahŕňajuc aj nehniezdiace jedince, vzrastla kvoli hniezdnemu manažmentu na 57 % v roku 2007, pri manažovaných paroch samotných na 67 %. V roku 2007 sa studovalo satelitnou telemetriou spravanie sa siestich mladých orlov. Studia ukazala, že Abelovia migrovali aspoň tak ako prve vyliahnute orlicata (Kainovia) a ich sance na prežitie boli rovnako dobre. Abelovia privezeni z Lotysska migrovali k Bosporu v dvoch z troch pripadov po rovnakých trasach ako nemecke orly krikľave. Jeden lotysský Abel, ktorý vyletel v Nemecku, bol sledovaný satelitom do Zambie, kde zimuje veľa orlov krikľavých. Nemecký Abel zimoval severne od rovnika v Sudane a v okolitých krajinach viac ako sesť mesiacov pricom zacal migraciu spať 27. aprila 2008.
- Published
- 2008