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Objective: To determine the validity and accuracy of <5000 steps/day as a sedentary lifestyle indicator, and the optimal step count cut point value for indicating a sedentary lifestyle in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)., Design: Analysis of baseline data from a randomized clinical trial., Setting: Sydney, Australia., Participants: Stable COPD on the waitlist for pulmonary rehabilitation., Interventions: Not applicable., Main Outcome Measures: Step count and time in sedentary behavior (SB) were assessed using thigh-worn accelerometry. A sedentary lifestyle was defined as <5000 steps/day. Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed between step count and time spent in SB. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated for the <5000 steps/day threshold. Receiver operating characteristic curves with the area under the curve were computed for step count in identifying a sedentary lifestyle., Results: 69 people with COPD (mean age=74 years, SD=9; forced expiratory volume in 1 second, mean=55%, SD=19 predicted) had sufficient wear data for analysis. There was a moderate inverse correlation between step count and time spent in SB (r=-0.58, P<.001). Step count had a fair discriminative ability for identifying a sedentary lifestyle (area under the curve=0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.91). The <5000 steps/day threshold had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 82% (95% CI, 70-94), 70% (95% CI, 54-86), and 78%, respectively. A lower threshold of <4300 steps/day was more accurate for ruling in a sedentary lifestyle., Conclusions: Compared with thigh-worn accelerometry, <5000 steps/day is a valid and reasonably accurate indicator of a sedentary lifestyle in this population., (Copyright © 2023 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

With increasing incrimination of viruses, plants, and drugs as causes of ovine congenital defects, concerted efforts are required to identify environmental teratogens. Expanding knowledge of congenital defects requires studying as many defective lambs as possible; recording and documenting; detailed diagnostic examinations; genetic analyses and chromosomal examinations, whenever possible; and field investigations. Adopting standardized classification, terminology, and diagnostic procedures should improve descriptions, diagnoses, and interdisciplinary exchange of information. That, in turn, should improve our knowledge of and diagnosis of congenital defects of sheep in the future. Finally, veterinary clinicians and diagnosticians are encouraged to take an interest in congenital defects and teratology.

Almost all types of congenital duplication described in humans have been observed in food animals, and a number are illustrated in this article. Congenital duplications, especially conjoined symmetric twins, are relatively common defects in cattle. The incidence is less in sheep and in hogs, and they appear to be rare in goats. In cattle, cranial duplication is predominant; this is in contrast to caudal duplication in sheep and hogs. These differences among species are interesting and may explain why congenital duplications appear more frequently in cattle than in other domestic animals. Based on the number of eyes and ears, classification criteria for cranial duplications are proposed. The cause of congenital duplications is not known.

A variety of structural and functional congenital defects affecting the central nervous system of cattle have been identified. This article discusses specific defects of the central nervous system. Spastic and paralytic, metabolic, and storage diseases are reviewed.

What should you do if you observe a defective calf in a herd? Our suggestion is to seek qualified help to examine and diagnose the condition. Parentage should be verified by blood typing. But, most important, you can keep cattle genetically clean by having your clients report all defects in calves to their breed association and artificial insemination centers.

Congenital brain defects in cattle are usually obvious at birth, but detection may depend on the nature and extent of the defect. The cause may be genetic or environmental, or the cause may be unknown. Many central nervous system defects are inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait and may have a significant economic impact on purebred and commercial cattle operations. A common structural defect of genetic nature is internal hydrocephalus. A functional defect of simple autosomal recessive inheritance is bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy. The most significant teratogenic agents causing central nervous system defects are prenatal viral infections such as bovine virus diarrhea and bluetongue viruses. Many other defects of the central nervous system are reviewed.