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Introduction: Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer with 2.2 million cases in 2020 and causes 1.8 million deaths. Early lung cancer often has no symptoms and can only be detected by medical imaging. When symptoms do appear, they are often respiratory problems --coughing, breathlessness or chest pain -- and systemic problems -- loss of appetite, weight loss, general weakness, fever and night sweats. There are two main types of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer (SCLC; 15% of cases) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; 85% of cases). Material and methods: This study included evaluation of CMKLR1, PD-1, B7H3, B7H4 and HHLA2 expression, along with CD8 + T-cell population, TILs and budding in H + E stained slides using IHC. Although there was no clear association between the analysed expressions and the T parameter, this study, which included 22 archived lung adenocarcinoma cases from patients undergoing radical lobectomy, revealed significant negative correla- tions between HHLA2 expression and tumour grade, as well as between CMKLR1 expression and tumour grade. Results: Furthermore, CMKLR1 expression among lymphocytes showed a positive correlation with TILs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) constitutes 80% of all lung cancer cases, of which 25–30% are squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). We investigated the impact of comorbidities and other risk factors on the survival of patients with SCC, including the correlation between symptoms and the maximum tumor size. Materials and methods. The study cohort included 417 patients. The Kaplan-Meier method, the Log-rank test, Gehan’s generalized Wilcoxon test, the Mann-Whitney U test, the t-test and Cox’s model of proportionality of hazards were applied. Results. The maximum tumor size exhibited a significant correlation with the presence of symptoms such as cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss. Patients who presented with a positive family history of cancer, a prior history of cancer, respiratory diseases, or hypertension experienced a notably reduced survival time. Conclusions. Patient’s symptoms and their medical history are important in predicting survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]