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BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to describe the long-term alterations of pulmonary function and also to describe its association with post-operative pain after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. METHODS: In this prospective study, thirty non-smoker male patients undergoing isolated on-pump CABG were consecutively included in this study. Pulmonary function measurements were performed, in a sitting position, preoperatively, a week postoperatively, and 6 months after the surgery using a Medical Graphics PF/Dx pulmonary function system. Pain was determined by using visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores with a standardized questionnaire’s. RESULTS: Regarding functional class, all patients had New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II to III. A week after operation, a severe restrictive pulmonary impairment was revealed with a mean decrease in VC to 60.9 ± 9.2% and in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to 64.6 ± 12.2% of pre-operative values (P < 0.001). Regarding sternotomy related pain, the mean pain VAS score was preoperatively 3.3 ± 1.5 that reached to 6.2 ± 2.5 and 4.8 ± 2.2 1 week and 6 months after the operation (P < 0.001). The trend of the changes in pain score within 6 months of operation was significantly similar to the trend of the changes in some pulmonary function indices such as FEV% and residual volume (RV). CONCLUSION: A significant reduction is expected in most pulmonary functional parameters following CABG despite normal pulmonary function state preoperatively. Severe pain originated from sternotomy may be an important factor related to pulmonary dysfunction following CABG.

Abstract Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease of the central nervous system that deteriorates myelin sheath and produce plaques in white matters of the brain and spinal cord. Studies indicated that Language skills of these patients are affected .Speech and Language Pathologists take a little attention to the language skills of these patients. The purpose of this study was to comparison some of the syntactic skills in Relapsing Remitting Multiple sclerosis and normal adults’ resident in Esfahan Province. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive- analytical study was investigated 17 adult with Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis from Esfahan MS centre and 34 normal adults that matched in age, sex and education with patient group. When persons had entry criterion then was took speech sample about their biography. This sample was recorded and wrote. Then was gathered and compared data. Results: This study found significant difference between normal and patient groups in mean max leanghtsntence(Pvalue = 0/043) and number total sentence (Pvalue =0/001). There was no significant difference between two groups in mean leanght sentence and simple sentence ratio and compound sentence ratio. Conclusion: however patients in this study suffered to mild degree Multiple sclerosis (EDSS mean = 1/35) but they had differences in some of syntactic skills. Conclusion:This findings conform need to assessment language skills of this patients and intervention this problems. Keywords: Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis, cognition, language, syntax