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Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common degenerative disease of the central nervous system in the elderly, has become the third largest health killer after cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and tumors. Based on the fact that Alzheimer's disease is a disease with multiple etiologies and complex pathology, a single target is bound to have a limited curative effect, and the synergy of multiple links and multiple targets is expected to achieve a better curative effect. The aim of this study is to investigate the brain targeting of a drug modified by chitosan, based on the new nanodrug delivery system for treating Alzheimer's disease developed by the research group., Materials and Methods: Chitosan with good biocompatibility, biosorption, and degradation products that can protect and promote the regeneration of nerve cells was selected to combine with galantamine, a natural representative cholinesterase inhibitor, to develop a new nano drug delivery system for nasal delivery of anti-Alzheimer's disease with a multi-target synergistic effect. Synchronous analysis was conducted on the blood and brain tissue drug concentrations after intravenous and nasal administration of the original drug solution and system solution. The brain targeting index (DTI) is used to evaluate the brain targeting effect of the nano-drug delivery system after intranasal administration., Results: The blood concentration of galantamine original drug solution and galantamine system solution after intravenous injection and nasal show that in the two administration methods of intravenous injection and nasal administration, under the same administration method, the time point of the system reaching the highest blood drug concentration is much higher than that of the original drug. The content of galantamine in plasma samples and tissue samples indicate that after intravenous administration and intranasal administration of the galantamine system, at the same time point, the drug concentration in brain tissue was far greater than that of the original drug of galantamine, and the duration was also longer. The concentration of drugs in brain tissue decreased gradually in the order of olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, brain, and cerebellum. In the brain tissues of the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, cerebrum, and cerebellum, the drug concentration of the galantamine system after intravenous injection is lower than that after nasal administration., Conclusions: This study concludes that compared with the original drug solution, the nano drug delivery system has significant brain targeting for nasal administration, and intravenous injection also has brain targeting. In the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, brain, and cerebellum, the brain targeting index at the olfactory bulb is the highest, and the targeting is the best.

Objective: To explore the effect of polyethylene glycol loxenatide (long-acting GLP-1R agonist) on the lipid, glucose levels, and weight in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with obesity., Patients and Methods: A total of 40 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in our hospital from July 2019 to June 2020 were randomly divided into a control group and a study group. The study group was treated with metformin and polyethylene glycol loxenatide injection, while the control group was treated with metformin., Results: Before treatment, there was no significant difference in FPG (Fasting Blood Glucose) and PPG (Post Prandial Glycaemia) levels between the study group and the control group (p>0.05). After a treatment period, the FPG and PPG levels in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05). With the longer treatment time, the patient's weight and BMI were lower (p<0.05). The weight and BMI of patients changed the least after one month of treatment, and the weight and BMI changed the most after more than seven months of treatment. After a period of treatment, the levels of FPG and PPG in the blood of male patients in the study group were significantly lower than those of female patients (p<0.05). After treatment, the TG level of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.05). In comparison, the HDL-C level was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05)., Conclusions: Lipid and glucose levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with obesity have decreased after 12 weeks of polyethylene glycol loxanatide use. The weight of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with obesity has changed after using polyethylene glycol loxenatide for a period of treatment. Among them, there is a certain relationship between body weight and treatment time, gender, and original body weight, which is worthy of further research and promotion in clinical practice.

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease which has an adverse impact on the quality of patient's life, so patients often need to receive treatment for a long time. Selection of medications with high therapeutics effects and low cost is very important for patients to take medicine for a longer period of time. Sitagliptin is a drug which is widely used in clinics and can effectively control blood glucose level. This article explores the pharmacoeconomic value of Sitagliptin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus., Patients and Methods: A total of 100 patients with diabetes mellitus treated were recruited in this study. The patients were randomly divided into 4 groups with 25 cases in each group. Patients in group A were treated with pioglitazone, group B with Sitagliptin, group C with metformin and group D with glimepiride. The cost of the drugs, the treatment results and adverse effects were compared., Results: Compared with group A, C and D, the cost-effectiveness ratio of group B was low (p<0.05), and the therapeutic effect was high (p<0.05). In addition, the incidence of adverse reactions in group B was lower than that in group A, C and D (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of FPG, 2hPG and HbAlc in patients among the four groups before treatment (p>0.05). After treatment, the levels of FPG, 2hPG and HbAlc in group B were significantly lower than those in groups A, C and D (p<0.05). Finally, there was no significant difference in waist circumference and BMI among the four groups before treatment (p>0.05). After treatment, the waist circumference and BMI in group B were lower than those in groups A, C and D (p<0.05)., Conclusions: The application of Sitagliptin in the treatment of diabetic patients can effectively enhance the therapeutic effect. The cost effectiveness is satisfactory, and the blood glucose level can be maintained at a stable state.

Objective: To investigate the effects of orthokeratology on biological parameters and visual quality of adolescents with low-grade corneal astigmatism myopia., Patients and Methods: In this study, a total of 41 myopic adolescents were prescribed with orthokeratology glasses in our hospital from February 2018 to March 2019 and voluntarily cooperated with relevant examinations before and after wearing orthokeratology lenses. Patients' uncorrected distant visual acuity (UCVA-D), uncorrected near visual acuity (UCVA-N) and naked eye near stereoacuity before wearing glasses, 1 month, and 3 months after wearing glasses were observed. The corneal astigmatism of patients was observed. The corneal endothelial cell density was observed. The dynamic adjustment function (NP, AF, NRA, PRA) values of patients were observed. The comparison of biological indexes in different time periods was observed. The changes of corneal curvature before wearing orthokeratology lens, 1 month and 3 months after wearing orthokeratology lens were observed., Results: There were significant changes of patients 1 month after wearing orthokeratology lenses (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between 3 months after wearing the orthokeratology lenses and 1 month after wearing the orthokeratology lenses (p < 0.05). Patients' NCAV-D and UCVA-N were recorded by a conversion method of 5 points. There were differences in the NCVA-D, NCVA-N, naked eye near stereoacuity before, 1 month, and 3 months after wearing glasses (p < 0.05). By observing patients' biological indicators and dynamic adjustment, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in NP, AF, BRA and PRA before wearing the glasses, 1 month and 3 months after wearing the glasses (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The use of orthokeratology can greatly correct myopia patients' vision, improve their stereoscopic vision, control the progression of myopia, and improve their eye regulation, which is of high safety and great short-term effect.

Since this article has been suspected of research misconduct and the corresponding authors did not respond to our request to prove originality of data and figures, "LncRNA SNHG16 functions as an oncogene by sponging miR-200a-3p in pancreatic cancer, by J.-Q. Guo, Z.-J. Yang, S. Wang, Z.-Z. Wu, L.-L. Yin, D.-C. Wang, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24 (4): 1718-1724-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev&#95;202002&#95;20347-PMID: 32141539" has been withdrawn. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/20347.

Objective: Recently, the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) is vital in tumor progression. Our study aims to identify the role of SNHG16 in the metastasis of pancreatic carcinoma., Patients and Methods: Real-Time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to measure SNHG16 expression in 56 pancreatic carcinoma patients' tissues. Function assays, including wound healing assay, and transwell assay, were conducted to detect the effect of SNHG16 on the metastasis of pancreatic carcinoma. Besides, the luciferase assay was performed to explore the underlying mechanism., Results: The expression level of SNHG16 was upregulated in pancreatic carcinoma samples compared with adjacent tissues. Moreover, cell migration and cell invasion were repressed via the knockdown of SNHG16, while cell migration and cell invasion were promoted via the overexpression of SNHG16. Moreover, the expression of miR-200a-3p was upregulated via knockdown of SNHG16 while the expression of miR-200a-3p was downregulated via the upregulation of SNHG16 in vitro. Furthermore, it was discovered that SNHG16 acted as a competing endogenous RNA via sponging miR-200a-3p in pancreatic carcinoma., Conclusions: Our study suggests that SNHG16 acts as an oncogene in pancreatic carcinoma and promotes cell metastasis via sponging miR-200a-3p, which might be a novel therapeutic strategy in pancreatic carcinoma.

Objective: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is mainly characterized by dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of resveratrol on oxidative damaged RPE cells., Materials and Methods: Human D407 cells were divided into normal control (NC), H2O2 treated (H2O2, treating with H2O2 at a final concentration of 200 mol/l) and resveratrol treatment groups (treating with resveratrol at a concentration of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/l). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) were used to examine cell viability. Cell cycle phase distribution and apoptosis of D407 cells were evaluated using flow cytometry assay. B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and cleaved caspase 3 expression were detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot assay, respectively., Results: Resveratrol significantly decreased inhibitive ratios of D407 cell growth compared to that of H2O2 group (p<0.05). Resveratrol significantly increased SOD activity compared to that of H2O2 group (p<0.05). Resveratrol significantly reduced MDA activity compared to that of H2O2 group (p<0.05). Resveratrol affected cell cycle phase distribution of D407 cells compared to that of H2O2 group (p<0.05). Resveratrol significantly decreased the early stage and late stage apoptosis rates compared to that of H2O2 group (p<0.05). Resveratrol significantly enhanced Bcl-2 levels and decreased cleaved caspase 3 levels compared to that of H2O2 group (p<0.05)., Conclusions: Resveratrol protected against the oxidative damage of RPE cells by modulating SOD/MDA activity and activating Bcl-2 expression.