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The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

The use of cross-laminated structural timber elementsis becoming increasingly popular. The number of layersvaries normally from three upwards. The structural performanceof five-layer cross-laminated timber elements was investigated.The five layers consisted of 19mm thick boards,laid successively at right angles to each other and gluedtogether with PU-adhesive, layers 1, 3 and 5 lying in onedirection and layers 2 and 4 in the other. The stiffness andstrength of four cross-laminated timber elements (4955mmlong, 1250mm wide and 96mm thick) were studied duringin-plane bending. Two of the elements were first partitionedinto two parts that were reconnected in two different waysprior to testing. The influence of the way in which the crosslaminatedtimber elements were reconnected was studied,the behaviour observed being compared with the test resultsfor the unpartitioned specimens with respect to both strengthand stiffness. The experimental tests performed showed thecross-laminated timber elements to possess a high degree ofstiffness and strength. There was also found to be a markeddifference in behaviour between the two different ways inwhich the elements were connected to each other. One of thetwo connecting methods studied, being of less good designbut earlier frequently used in Sweden, showed as expectedpoor structural performance, whereas the other one appliedas a safer alternative performed well.

A nonlinear model for analysing heat and moisture flow in wood during drying below the fiber saturation point is presented. The model used considers wood at a macro level without taking the various moisture transports mechanisms at the microscopic level into account. Based on the finite-element method, a coupled system of equations resulting from the adopted heat and moisture transfer equations is established and an iterative scheme is proposed. The numerical procedure is verified by a test example. In a two-dimensional analysis, the influence of the coupling on the combined heat and moisture transfer is studied for a board subjected to a typical kiln-drying condition. How well the results agree with those obtained by introducing a commonly applied simplification is discussed.

The study concerns the question of how the shape stability features of laminated columns of Norway spruce can be improved in terms of twist through optimal orientation of the individual laminates. Both experimental testing and numerical simulations were employed for evaluating twist stability. In all the columns studied, deformations were measured experimentally at different moisture content levels. A number of columns were also selected for numerical analysis in order to obtain a more thorough understanding of the twist behavior involved, their geometries and material properties of interest being determined. The experimental results showed the twist stability of the columns to be highly dependant upon the internal orientation of the individual laminates. It was also found that high quality columns in terms of shape stability could be manufactured, even when the center-core material has a strong twist tendency. The numerical simulations performed were in close agreement with the experimental results.

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