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We present the best 265 sampled R-band light curves of spectroscopically identified Type Ia supernovae (SNe) from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; 2009-2012) survey and the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; 2013-2017). A model-independent light-curve template is built from our data-set with the purpose to investigate average properties and diversity in our sample. We searched for multiple populations in the light-curve properties using machine learning tools. We also utilized the long history of our light curves, up to 4000 days, to exclude any significant pre- or post- supernova flares. From the shapes of light curves we found the average rise time in the R band to be 16.8(-0.6)(+0.5) days. Although PTF/iPTF were singleband surveys, by modelling the residuals of the SNe in the Hubble-Lemattre diagram, we estimate the average colour excess of our sample to be < E(B - V)> approximate to 0.05(2) mag and thus the mean corrected peak brightness to be M-R = -19.02 +/- 0.02 +5 log(H-0[ km s(-1) Mpc(-1)]/70) mag with only weak dependennce on light-curve shape. The intrinsic scatter is found to be sigma(R)= 0.186 +/- 0.033 mag for the redshift range 0.05 < z < 0.1, without colour corrections of individual SNe. Our analysis shows that Malmquist bias becomes very significant at z = 0.13. A similar limitation is expected for the ongoing Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey using the same telescope, but new camera expressly designed for ZTF.

We present the best 265 sampled R-band light curves of spectroscopically identified Type Ia supernovae (SNe) from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; 2009-2012) survey and the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; 2013-2017). A model-independent light-curve template is built from our data-set with the purpose to investigate average properties and diversity in our sample. We searched for multiple populations in the light-curve properties using machine learning tools. We also utilized the long history of our light curves, up to 4000 days, to exclude any significant pre- or post- supernova flares. From the shapes of light curves we found the average rise time in the R band to be 16.8(-0.6)(+0.5) days. Although PTF/iPTF were singleband surveys, by modelling the residuals of the SNe in the Hubble-Lemattre diagram, we estimate the average colour excess of our sample to be < E(B - V)> approximate to 0.05(2) mag and thus the mean corrected peak brightness to be M-R = -19.02 +/- 0.02 +5 log(H-0[ km s(-1) Mpc(-1)]/70) mag with only weak dependennce on light-curve shape. The intrinsic scatter is found to be sigma(R)= 0.186 +/- 0.033 mag for the redshift range 0.05 < z < 0.1, without colour corrections of individual SNe. Our analysis shows that Malmquist bias becomes very significant at z = 0.13. A similar limitation is expected for the ongoing Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey using the same telescope, but new camera expressly designed for ZTF.

We present the best 265 sampled R-band light curves of spectroscopically identified Type Ia supernovae (SNe) from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; 2009-2012) survey and the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; 2013-2017). A model-independent light-curve template is built from our data-set with the purpose to investigate average properties and diversity in our sample. We searched for multiple populations in the light-curve properties using machine learning tools. We also utilized the long history of our light curves, up to 4000 days, to exclude any significant pre- or post- supernova flares. From the shapes of light curves we found the average rise time in the R band to be 16.8(-0.6)(+0.5) days. Although PTF/iPTF were singleband surveys, by modelling the residuals of the SNe in the Hubble-Lemattre diagram, we estimate the average colour excess of our sample to be < E(B - V)> approximate to 0.05(2) mag and thus the mean corrected peak brightness to be M-R = -19.02 +/- 0.02 +5 log(H-0[ km s(-1) Mpc(-1)]/70) mag with only weak dependennce on light-curve shape. The intrinsic scatter is found to be sigma(R)= 0.186 +/- 0.033 mag for the redshift range 0.05 < z < 0.1, without colour corrections of individual SNe. Our analysis shows that Malmquist bias becomes very significant at z = 0.13. A similar limitation is expected for the ongoing Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey using the same telescope, but new camera expressly designed for ZTF.

We present the best 265 sampled R-band light curves of spectroscopically identified Type Ia supernovae (SNe) from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; 2009-2012) survey and the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; 2013-2017). A model-independent light-curve template is built from our data-set with the purpose to investigate average properties and diversity in our sample. We searched for multiple populations in the light-curve properties using machine learning tools. We also utilized the long history of our light curves, up to 4000 days, to exclude any significant pre- or post- supernova flares. From the shapes of light curves we found the average rise time in the R band to be 16.8(-0.6)(+0.5) days. Although PTF/iPTF were singleband surveys, by modelling the residuals of the SNe in the Hubble-Lemattre diagram, we estimate the average colour excess of our sample to be < E(B - V)> approximate to 0.05(2) mag and thus the mean corrected peak brightness to be M-R = -19.02 +/- 0.02 +5 log(H-0[ km s(-1) Mpc(-1)]/70) mag with only weak dependennce on light-curve shape. The intrinsic scatter is found to be sigma(R)= 0.186 +/- 0.033 mag for the redshift range 0.05 < z < 0.1, without colour corrections of individual SNe. Our analysis shows that Malmquist bias becomes very significant at z = 0.13. A similar limitation is expected for the ongoing Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey using the same telescope, but new camera expressly designed for ZTF.

We present the best 265 sampled R-band light curves of spectroscopically identified Type Ia supernovae (SNe) from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; 2009-2012) survey and the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; 2013-2017). A model-independent light-curve template is built from our data-set with the purpose to investigate average properties and diversity in our sample. We searched for multiple populations in the light-curve properties using machine learning tools. We also utilized the long history of our light curves, up to 4000 days, to exclude any significant pre- or post- supernova flares. From the shapes of light curves we found the average rise time in the R band to be 16.8(-0.6)(+0.5) days. Although PTF/iPTF were singleband surveys, by modelling the residuals of the SNe in the Hubble-Lemattre diagram, we estimate the average colour excess of our sample to be < E(B - V)> approximate to 0.05(2) mag and thus the mean corrected peak brightness to be M-R = -19.02 +/- 0.02 +5 log(H-0[ km s(-1) Mpc(-1)]/70) mag with only weak dependennce on light-curve shape. The intrinsic scatter is found to be sigma(R)= 0.186 +/- 0.033 mag for the redshift range 0.05 < z < 0.1, without colour corrections of individual SNe. Our analysis shows that Malmquist bias becomes very significant at z = 0.13. A similar limitation is expected for the ongoing Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey using the same telescope, but new camera expressly designed for ZTF.