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1. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

Author: Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher, Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

Author: Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher, Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

Author: Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher, Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

Author: Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher, Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

Author: Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher, Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J S, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H., Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelefinse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young -Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lo, Warren D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Raga, Jose Martinez, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murphy, Georgina A. V., Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J., Lyman, Andrew L. Thorne, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc -Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Murray, Christopher J. L., Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H., Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelefinse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young -Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lo, Warren D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Raga, Jose Martinez, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murphy, Georgina A. V., Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J., Lyman, Andrew L. Thorne, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc -Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J. L.
Abstract: Background Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Methods Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for und
Published: 2016
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7. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H., Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelefinse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young -Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lo, Warren D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Raga, Jose Martinez, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murphy, Georgina A. V., Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J., Lyman, Andrew L. Thorne, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc -Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Murray, Christopher J. L., Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H., Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelefinse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young -Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lo, Warren D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Raga, Jose Martinez, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murphy, Georgina A. V., Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J., Lyman, Andrew L. Thorne, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc -Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J. L.
Abstract: Background Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Methods Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for und
Published: 2016
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8. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H., Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelefinse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young -Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lo, Warren D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Raga, Jose Martinez, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murphy, Georgina A. V., Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J., Lyman, Andrew L. Thorne, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc -Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Murray, Christopher J. L., Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H., Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelefinse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young -Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lo, Warren D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Raga, Jose Martinez, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murphy, Georgina A. V., Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J., Lyman, Andrew L. Thorne, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc -Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J. L.
Abstract: Background Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Methods Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for und
Published: 2016
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9. Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013 : Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

Author: Kyu, Hmwe H, Pinho, Christine, Wagner, Joseph A, Brown, Jonathan C, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Charlson, Fiona J, Coffeng, Luc Edgar, Dandona, Lalit, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas D, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Graetz, Nicholas, Guinovart, Caterina, Haagsma, Juanita, Higashi, Hideki, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Larson, Heidi J, Lim, Stephen S, Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Odell, Shaun V, Roth, Gregory A, Serina, Peter T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Misganaw, Awoke, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wolock, Timothy M, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, AlBuhairan, Fadia S, Amare, Azmeraw T, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Artaman, Al, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Benjet, Corina, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Boris, Brazinova, Alexandra, Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Cooper, Cyrus, Crump, John A, Dandona, Rakhi, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Feigin, Valery L, Fürst, Thomas, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Goto, Atsushi, Gunnell, David, Hankey, Graeme J, Hay, Roderick J, Hornberger, John C, Hosgood, H Dean, Hu, Guoqing, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jonas, Jost B, Karch, André, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kumar, G Anil, Larsson, Anders, Leasher, Janet L, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E, Lopez, Alan D, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mashal, Taufiq, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mock, Charles N, Murray, Joseph, Nolte, Sandra, Oh, In-Hwan, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Ortblad, Katrina F, Park, Eun-Kee, Paternina Caicedo, Angel J, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Piel, Frédéric B, Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Quistberg, D Alex, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rothstein, David H, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S, Schwebel, David C, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaheen, Amira, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Wilkinson, James D, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J L, Vos, Theo, Kyu, Hmwe H, Pinho, Christine, Wagner, Joseph A, Brown, Jonathan C, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Charlson, Fiona J, Coffeng, Luc Edgar, Dandona, Lalit, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas D, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Graetz, Nicholas, Guinovart, Caterina, Haagsma, Juanita, Higashi, Hideki, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Larson, Heidi J, Lim, Stephen S, Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Odell, Shaun V, Roth, Gregory A, Serina, Peter T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Misganaw, Awoke, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wolock, Timothy M, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, AlBuhairan, Fadia S, Amare, Azmeraw T, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Artaman, Al, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Benjet, Corina, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Boris, Brazinova, Alexandra, Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Cooper, Cyrus, Crump, John A, Dandona, Rakhi, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Feigin, Valery L, Fürst, Thomas, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Goto, Atsushi, Gunnell, David, Hankey, Graeme J, Hay, Roderick J, Hornberger, John C, Hosgood, H Dean, Hu, Guoqing, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jonas, Jost B, Karch, André, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kumar, G Anil, Larsson, Anders, Leasher, Janet L, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E, Lopez, Alan D, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mashal, Taufiq, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mock, Charles N, Murray, Joseph, Nolte, Sandra, Oh, In-Hwan, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Ortblad, Katrina F, Park, Eun-Kee, Paternina Caicedo, Angel J, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Piel, Frédéric B, Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Quistberg, D Alex, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rothstein, David H, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S, Schwebel, David C, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaheen, Amira, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Wilkinson, James D, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J L, and Vos, Theo
Abstract: Importance: The literature focuses on mortality among children younger than 5 years. Comparable information on nonfatal health outcomes among these children and the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents is scarce. Objective: To determine levels and trends in the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among younger children (aged <5 years), older children (aged 5-9 years), and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) between 1990 and 2013 in 188 countries from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study. Evidence Review: Data from vital registration, verbal autopsy studies, maternal and child death surveillance, and other sources covering 14 244 site-years (ie, years of cause of death data by geography) from 1980 through 2013 were used to estimate cause-specific mortality. Data from 35 620 epidemiological sources were used to estimate the prevalence of the diseases and sequelae in the GBD 2013 study. Cause-specific mortality for most causes was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model strategy. For some infectious diseases (eg, HIV infection/AIDS, measles, hepatitis B) where the disease process is complex or the cause of death data were insufficient or unavailable, we used natural history models. For most nonfatal health outcomes, DisMod-MR 2.0, a Bayesian metaregression tool, was used to meta-analyze the epidemiological data to generate prevalence estimates. Findings: Of the 7.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 7.4-8.1) million deaths among children and adolescents globally in 2013, 6.28 million occurred among younger children, 0.48 million among older children, and 0.97 million among adolescents. In 2013, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory tract infections among younger children (905 059 deaths; 95% UI, 810 304-998 125), diarrheal diseases among older children (38 325 deaths; 95% UI, 30 365-47 678), and road injuries among adolescents (115 186 deaths; 95% UI, 105 185-124 870). Iron def
Published: 2016
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10. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

Author: Wang, Haidong, Wolock, Tim M, Carter, Austin, Nguyen, Grant, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Hay, Simon I, Mills, Edward J, Trickey, Adam, Msemburi, William, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cooper, Cyrus, Dahiru, Tukur, Damtew, Solomon Abreha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Elshrek, Yousef Mohamed, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faghmous, Imad D A, Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph Robert Ander, Foigt, Nataliya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Mark D C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Makhlouf, Carla, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mikesell, Joseph, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murimira, Brighton, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nawaz, Haseeb, Nejjari, Chakib, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Padukudru, Mahesh Anand, Park, Hye-Youn, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pearson, Katherine, Peprah, Emmanuel Kwame, Pereira, Claudia C, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prokop, David M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soti, David O, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, Murray, Christopher J L, Wang, Haidong, Wolock, Tim M, Carter, Austin, Nguyen, Grant, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Hay, Simon I, Mills, Edward J, Trickey, Adam, Msemburi, William, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cooper, Cyrus, Dahiru, Tukur, Damtew, Solomon Abreha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Elshrek, Yousef Mohamed, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faghmous, Imad D A, Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph Robert Ander, Foigt, Nataliya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Mark D C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Makhlouf, Carla, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mikesell, Joseph, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murimira, Brighton, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nawaz, Haseeb, Nejjari, Chakib, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Padukudru, Mahesh Anand, Park, Hye-Youn, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pearson, Katherine, Peprah, Emmanuel Kwame, Pereira, Claudia C, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prokop, David M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soti, David O, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 mi, Funding: We thank the countless individuals who have contributed to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015 in various capacities. We specifically thank Jeffrey Eaton and John Stover. HW and CJLM received funding for this study from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01MH110163); and the National Institute on Aging, NIH (P30AG047845). LJAR acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 04-924-3-251) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation effort. BPAQ acknowledges institutional support from PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian government. DB is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number OPP1068048). JDN was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (grant number 099876). TF received financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; project number P300P3-154634). AG acknowledges funding from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panama-SNI. PJ is supported by Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Intermediate Fellowship. MK receives research support from the Academy of Finland, the Swedish Research Council, Alzheimerfonden, Alzheimer's Research & Prevention Foundation, Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED) at Karolinska Institutet South Campus, AXA Research Fund, Wallenberg Clinical Scholars Award from the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Foundation, and the Sheika Salama Bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. AK's work was supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R&D&I and funded by the ISCIII (General Branch
Published: 2016
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11. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

Author: Wang, Haidong, Wolock, Tim M, Carter, Austin, Nguyen, Grant, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Hay, Simon I, Mills, Edward J, Trickey, Adam, Msemburi, William, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cooper, Cyrus, Dahiru, Tukur, Damtew, Solomon Abreha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Elshrek, Yousef Mohamed, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faghmous, Imad D A, Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph Robert Ander, Foigt, Nataliya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Mark D C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Makhlouf, Carla, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mikesell, Joseph, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murimira, Brighton, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nawaz, Haseeb, Nejjari, Chakib, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Padukudru, Mahesh Anand, Park, Hye-Youn, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pearson, Katherine, Peprah, Emmanuel Kwame, Pereira, Claudia C, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prokop, David M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soti, David O, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, Murray, Christopher J L, Wang, Haidong, Wolock, Tim M, Carter, Austin, Nguyen, Grant, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Hay, Simon I, Mills, Edward J, Trickey, Adam, Msemburi, William, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cooper, Cyrus, Dahiru, Tukur, Damtew, Solomon Abreha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Elshrek, Yousef Mohamed, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faghmous, Imad D A, Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph Robert Ander, Foigt, Nataliya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Mark D C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Makhlouf, Carla, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mikesell, Joseph, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murimira, Brighton, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nawaz, Haseeb, Nejjari, Chakib, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Padukudru, Mahesh Anand, Park, Hye-Youn, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pearson, Katherine, Peprah, Emmanuel Kwame, Pereira, Claudia C, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prokop, David M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soti, David O, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 mi, Funding: We thank the countless individuals who have contributed to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015 in various capacities. We specifically thank Jeffrey Eaton and John Stover. HW and CJLM received funding for this study from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01MH110163); and the National Institute on Aging, NIH (P30AG047845). LJAR acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 04-924-3-251) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation effort. BPAQ acknowledges institutional support from PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian government. DB is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number OPP1068048). JDN was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (grant number 099876). TF received financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; project number P300P3-154634). AG acknowledges funding from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panama-SNI. PJ is supported by Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Intermediate Fellowship. MK receives research support from the Academy of Finland, the Swedish Research Council, Alzheimerfonden, Alzheimer's Research & Prevention Foundation, Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED) at Karolinska Institutet South Campus, AXA Research Fund, Wallenberg Clinical Scholars Award from the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Foundation, and the Sheika Salama Bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. AK's work was supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R&D&I and funded by the ISCIII (General Branch
Published: 2016
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12. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J., Erskine, Holly E., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fraser, Maya S., Pullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Goldberg, Ellen M., Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hay, Simon I., Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M., Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A., Troeger, Christopher, VanderZanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M. X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akanda, All Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T., Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin, Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Arthur Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G., Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Bohensky, Megan A., Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E. G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D., Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A., Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Novato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei -Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C., Crump, John A., Damsere-Derry, James, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C., Davitoiu, Dragos V., de Castro, E. Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Bartholow, Bruce, Ellenbogen, Richard G., Lycke, Christian, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D. A., Fahimi, Saman, Jose, Emerito, Farid, Talha A., Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia e, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Hirst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gall, Seana L., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Gilmour, Stuart, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W., Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Greaves, Felix, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heckbert, Susan R., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hilderink, Henk B. M., Hoek, Hans W., Hogg, Robert S., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Than Htike, Maung Maung, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Grace, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J., Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., James, Peter, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P., Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jonas, Jost B., Joshi, Tushar Kant, Kabir, Zubair, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kant, Surya, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karletsos, Dimitris, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Muthafer Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissela, Brett M., Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krog, Norun Hjertager, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Langan, Sinead M., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leigh, James, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Pedro Machado, Vasco Manuel, Mackay, Mark T., MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Ayele Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Mandisarisa, John, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Gerard Robert, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Massano, Joao, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, McGrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Karzan, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Morgan, Katherine, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich, Satyanarayana Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B., Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naik, Nitish, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngirabega, Jean de Dieu, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nkamedjie Pete, Patrick Martial, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Paul E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Pant, Puspa Raj, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Parry, Charles D., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paul, Vinod K., Pearce, Neil, Pedro, Joao Mario, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C. Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quame-Amaglo, Justice, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi L., Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R., Refaat, Amany H., Rehm, Jurgen, Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikofff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K., Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya A., Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S., Sheth, Kevin N., Shetty, Balakrishna P., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Soreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R., Ao, Braden J. Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Ten Have, Margreet, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Nx, Jeffrey Allen Towb, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Trujillo, Ulises, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uthman, Olalekan A., Van Dingenen, Rita, Van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A., Wagner, Gregory R., Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Hywel C., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q., Woolf, Anthony D., Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zannad, Faiez, Zavala, Diego E., Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Berihun M., Zhang, Hao, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D., Murray, Christopher J. L., Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J., Erskine, Holly E., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fraser, Maya S., Pullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Goldberg, Ellen M., Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hay, Simon I., Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M., Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A., Troeger, Christopher, VanderZanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M. X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akanda, All Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T., Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin, Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Arthur Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G., Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Bohensky, Megan A., Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E. G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D., Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A., Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Novato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei -Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C., Crump, John A., Damsere-Derry, James, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C., Davitoiu, Dragos V., de Castro, E. Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Bartholow, Bruce, Ellenbogen, Richard G., Lycke, Christian, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D. A., Fahimi, Saman, Jose, Emerito, Farid, Talha A., Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia e, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F. 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Abstract: BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD
Published: 2016
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13. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. 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Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Iyer, Veena J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., and Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Abstract: Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and
Published: 2016
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14. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

Author: Wang, Haidong, Wolock, Tim M, Carter, Austin, Nguyen, Grant, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Hay, Simon I, Mills, Edward J, Trickey, Adam, Msemburi, William, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, 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Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Mark D C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, 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Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper 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Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soti, David O, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 mi, Funding: We thank the countless individuals who have contributed to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015 in various capacities. We specifically thank Jeffrey Eaton and John Stover. HW and CJLM received funding for this study from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01MH110163); and the National Institute on Aging, NIH (P30AG047845). LJAR acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 04-924-3-251) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation effort. BPAQ acknowledges institutional support from PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian government. DB is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number OPP1068048). JDN was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (grant number 099876). TF received financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; project number P300P3-154634). AG acknowledges funding from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panama-SNI. PJ is supported by Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Intermediate Fellowship. MK receives research support from the Academy of Finland, the Swedish Research Council, Alzheimerfonden, Alzheimer's Research & Prevention Foundation, Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED) at Karolinska Institutet South Campus, AXA Research Fund, Wallenberg Clinical Scholars Award from the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Foundation, and the Sheika Salama Bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. AK's work was supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R&D&I and funded by the ISCIII (General Branch
Published: 2016
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15. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Iyer, Veena J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Iyer, Veena J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., and Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Abstract: Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and
Published: 2016
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16. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J., Erskine, Holly E., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fraser, Maya S., Pullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Goldberg, Ellen M., Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hay, Simon I., Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M., Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A., Troeger, Christopher, VanderZanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M. X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akanda, All Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T., Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin, Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Arthur Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G., Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Bohensky, Megan A., Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E. G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D., Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A., Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Novato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei -Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C., Crump, John A., Damsere-Derry, James, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C., Davitoiu, Dragos V., de Castro, E. Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Bartholow, Bruce, Ellenbogen, Richard G., Lycke, Christian, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D. A., Fahimi, Saman, Jose, Emerito, Farid, Talha A., Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia e, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Hirst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gall, Seana L., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Gilmour, Stuart, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W., Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Greaves, Felix, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heckbert, Susan R., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hilderink, Henk B. M., Hoek, Hans W., Hogg, Robert S., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. 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Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Pedro Machado, Vasco Manuel, Mackay, Mark T., MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Ayele Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Mandisarisa, John, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Gerard Robert, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Massano, Joao, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, McGrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Karzan, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Morgan, Katherine, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich, Satyanarayana Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B., Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naik, Nitish, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngirabega, Jean de Dieu, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nkamedjie Pete, Patrick Martial, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Paul E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Pant, Puspa Raj, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Parry, Charles D., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paul, Vinod K., Pearce, Neil, Pedro, Joao Mario, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C. Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quame-Amaglo, Justice, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi L., Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R., Refaat, Amany H., Rehm, Jurgen, Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikofff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K., Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya A., Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S., Sheth, Kevin N., Shetty, Balakrishna P., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Soreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R., Ao, Braden J. Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Ten Have, Margreet, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Nx, Jeffrey Allen Towb, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Trujillo, Ulises, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uthman, Olalekan A., Van Dingenen, Rita, Van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A., Wagner, Gregory R., Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Hywel C., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q., Woolf, Anthony D., Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zannad, Faiez, Zavala, Diego E., Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Berihun M., Zhang, Hao, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D., and Murray, Christopher J. L.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD
Published: 2016
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17. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J., Erskine, Holly E., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fraser, Maya S., Pullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Goldberg, Ellen M., Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hay, Simon I., Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M., Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A., Troeger, Christopher, VanderZanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M. X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akanda, All Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T., Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin, Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Arthur Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G., Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Bohensky, Megan A., Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E. G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D., Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A., Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Novato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei -Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C., Crump, John A., Damsere-Derry, James, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C., Davitoiu, Dragos V., de Castro, E. Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Bartholow, Bruce, Ellenbogen, Richard G., Lycke, Christian, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D. A., Fahimi, Saman, Jose, Emerito, Farid, Talha A., Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia e, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Hirst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gall, Seana L., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Gilmour, Stuart, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W., Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Greaves, Felix, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heckbert, Susan R., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hilderink, Henk B. M., Hoek, Hans W., Hogg, Robert S., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Than Htike, Maung Maung, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Grace, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J., Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., James, Peter, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P., Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jonas, Jost B., Joshi, Tushar Kant, Kabir, Zubair, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kant, Surya, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karletsos, Dimitris, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Muthafer Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissela, Brett M., Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krog, Norun Hjertager, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Langan, Sinead M., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leigh, James, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Pedro Machado, Vasco Manuel, Mackay, Mark T., MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Ayele Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Mandisarisa, John, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Gerard Robert, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Massano, Joao, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, McGrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Karzan, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Morgan, Katherine, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich, Satyanarayana Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B., Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naik, Nitish, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngirabega, Jean de Dieu, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nkamedjie Pete, Patrick Martial, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Paul E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Pant, Puspa Raj, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Parry, Charles D., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paul, Vinod K., Pearce, Neil, Pedro, Joao Mario, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C. Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quame-Amaglo, Justice, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi L., Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R., Refaat, Amany H., Rehm, Jurgen, Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikofff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K., Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya A., Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S., Sheth, Kevin N., Shetty, Balakrishna P., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Soreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R., Ao, Braden J. Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Ten Have, Margreet, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Nx, Jeffrey Allen Towb, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Trujillo, Ulises, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uthman, Olalekan A., Van Dingenen, Rita, Van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A., Wagner, Gregory R., Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Hywel C., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D. 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Abstract: BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD
Published: 2016
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18. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Iyer, Veena J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Iyer, Veena J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., and Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Abstract: Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and
Published: 2016
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19. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Iyer, Veena J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Iyer, Veena J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., and Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Abstract: Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and
Published: 2016
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20. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H., Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelefinse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young -Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lo, Warren D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Raga, Jose Martinez, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murphy, Georgina A. V., Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J., Lyman, Andrew L. 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A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Murray, Christopher J. L., Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H., Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelefinse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young -Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lo, Warren D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Raga, Jose Martinez, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murphy, Georgina A. V., Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J., Lyman, Andrew L. Thorne, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc -Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J. L.
Abstract: Background Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Methods Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for und
Published: 2016
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21. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

Author: Wang, Haidong, Wolock, Tim M, Carter, Austin, Nguyen, Grant, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Hay, Simon I, Mills, Edward J, Trickey, Adam, Msemburi, William, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cooper, Cyrus, Dahiru, Tukur, Damtew, Solomon Abreha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Elshrek, Yousef Mohamed, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faghmous, Imad D A, Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph Robert Ander, Foigt, Nataliya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Mark D C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Makhlouf, Carla, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mikesell, Joseph, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murimira, Brighton, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nawaz, Haseeb, Nejjari, Chakib, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, 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Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soti, David O, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, Murray, Christopher J L, Wang, Haidong, Wolock, Tim M, Carter, Austin, Nguyen, Grant, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Hay, Simon I, Mills, Edward J, Trickey, Adam, Msemburi, William, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cooper, Cyrus, Dahiru, Tukur, Damtew, Solomon Abreha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Elshrek, Yousef Mohamed, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faghmous, Imad D A, Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph Robert Ander, Foigt, Nataliya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Mark D C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Makhlouf, Carla, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mikesell, Joseph, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murimira, Brighton, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nawaz, Haseeb, Nejjari, Chakib, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Padukudru, Mahesh Anand, Park, Hye-Youn, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pearson, Katherine, Peprah, Emmanuel Kwame, Pereira, Claudia C, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prokop, David M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soti, David O, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 mi, Funding: We thank the countless individuals who have contributed to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015 in various capacities. We specifically thank Jeffrey Eaton and John Stover. HW and CJLM received funding for this study from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01MH110163); and the National Institute on Aging, NIH (P30AG047845). LJAR acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 04-924-3-251) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation effort. BPAQ acknowledges institutional support from PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian government. DB is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number OPP1068048). JDN was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (grant number 099876). TF received financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; project number P300P3-154634). AG acknowledges funding from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panama-SNI. PJ is supported by Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Intermediate Fellowship. MK receives research support from the Academy of Finland, the Swedish Research Council, Alzheimerfonden, Alzheimer's Research & Prevention Foundation, Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED) at Karolinska Institutet South Campus, AXA Research Fund, Wallenberg Clinical Scholars Award from the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Foundation, and the Sheika Salama Bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. AK's work was supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R&D&I and funded by the ISCIII (General Branch
Published: 2016
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22. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J., Erskine, Holly E., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fraser, Maya S., Pullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Goldberg, Ellen M., Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hay, Simon I., Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M., Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A., Troeger, Christopher, VanderZanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M. X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akanda, All Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T., Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin, Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Arthur Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G., Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Bohensky, Megan A., Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E. G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D., Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A., Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Novato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei -Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C., Crump, John A., Damsere-Derry, James, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C., Davitoiu, Dragos V., de Castro, E. Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Bartholow, Bruce, Ellenbogen, Richard G., Lycke, Christian, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D. A., Fahimi, Saman, Jose, Emerito, Farid, Talha A., Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia e, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Hirst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gall, Seana L., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Gilmour, Stuart, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W., Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Greaves, Felix, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heckbert, Susan R., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hilderink, Henk B. M., Hoek, Hans W., Hogg, Robert S., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Than Htike, Maung Maung, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Grace, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J., Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., James, Peter, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P., Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jonas, Jost B., Joshi, Tushar Kant, Kabir, Zubair, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kant, Surya, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karletsos, Dimitris, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Muthafer Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissela, Brett M., Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krog, Norun Hjertager, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Langan, Sinead M., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leigh, James, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Pedro Machado, Vasco Manuel, Mackay, Mark T., MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Ayele Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Mandisarisa, John, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Gerard Robert, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Massano, Joao, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, McGrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Karzan, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Morgan, Katherine, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich, Satyanarayana Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B., Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naik, Nitish, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngirabega, Jean de Dieu, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nkamedjie Pete, Patrick Martial, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Paul E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Pant, Puspa Raj, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Parry, Charles D., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paul, Vinod K., Pearce, Neil, Pedro, Joao Mario, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C. Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quame-Amaglo, Justice, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi L., Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R., Refaat, Amany H., Rehm, Jurgen, Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikofff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K., Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schottker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya A., Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S., Sheth, Kevin N., Shetty, Balakrishna P., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Simard, Edgar P., Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Soreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R., Ao, Braden J. Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Ten Have, Margreet, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Nx, Jeffrey Allen Towb, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Trujillo, Ulises, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uthman, Olalekan A., Van Dingenen, Rita, Van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A., Wagner, Gregory R., Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Hywel C., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q., Woolf, Anthony D., Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zannad, Faiez, Zavala, Diego E., Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Berihun M., Zhang, Hao, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D., Murray, Christopher J. L., Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J., Erskine, Holly E., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fraser, Maya S., Pullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Goldberg, Ellen M., Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hay, Simon I., Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M., Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A., Troeger, Christopher, VanderZanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M. X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akanda, All Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T., Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin, Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Arthur Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G., Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Bohensky, Megan A., Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E. G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D., Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A., Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Novato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei -Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C., Crump, John A., Damsere-Derry, James, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C., Davitoiu, Dragos V., de Castro, E. Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Bartholow, Bruce, Ellenbogen, Richard G., Lycke, Christian, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D. A., Fahimi, Saman, Jose, Emerito, Farid, Talha A., Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia e, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F. 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Abstract: BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD
Published: 2016
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23. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

Author: Wang, Haidong, Wolock, Tim M, Carter, Austin, Nguyen, Grant, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Hay, Simon I, Mills, Edward J, Trickey, Adam, Msemburi, William, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, 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Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper 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Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soti, David O, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. METHODS: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. FINDINGS: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5-2·8 mi, Funding: We thank the countless individuals who have contributed to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015 in various capacities. We specifically thank Jeffrey Eaton and John Stover. HW and CJLM received funding for this study from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01MH110163); and the National Institute on Aging, NIH (P30AG047845). LJAR acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 04-924-3-251) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation effort. BPAQ acknowledges institutional support from PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian government. DB is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number OPP1068048). JDN was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (grant number 099876). TF received financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; project number P300P3-154634). AG acknowledges funding from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panama-SNI. PJ is supported by Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance Clinical and Public Health Intermediate Fellowship. MK receives research support from the Academy of Finland, the Swedish Research Council, Alzheimerfonden, Alzheimer's Research & Prevention Foundation, Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED) at Karolinska Institutet South Campus, AXA Research Fund, Wallenberg Clinical Scholars Award from the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Foundation, and the Sheika Salama Bint Hamdan Al Nahyan Foundation. AK's work was supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R&D&I and funded by the ISCIII (General Branch
Published: 2016
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24. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J., Erskine, Holly E., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fraser, Maya S., Pullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Goldberg, Ellen M., Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hay, Simon I., Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Larson, Heidi J., Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M., Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A., Salomon, Joshua A., Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A., Troeger, Christopher, VanderZanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M. X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C., Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akanda, All Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T., Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Benjamin, Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Arthur Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G., Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Bohensky, Megan A., Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E. G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D., Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A., Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Novato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei -Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C., Crump, John A., Damsere-Derry, James, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C., Davitoiu, Dragos V., de Castro, E. Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Bartholow, Bruce, Ellenbogen, Richard G., Lycke, Christian, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D. A., Fahimi, Saman, Jose, Emerito, Farid, Talha A., Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia e, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Hirst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gall, Seana L., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Gilmour, Stuart, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W., Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Greaves, Felix, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heckbert, Susan R., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hilderink, Henk B. M., Hoek, Hans W., Hogg, Robert S., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. 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Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Pedro Machado, Vasco Manuel, Mackay, Mark T., MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Ayele Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Mandisarisa, John, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Gerard Robert, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Massano, Joao, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, McGrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Karzan, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Morgan, Katherine, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich, Satyanarayana Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B., Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naik, Nitish, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngirabega, Jean de Dieu, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nkamedjie Pete, Patrick Martial, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Paul E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Pant, Puspa Raj, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Parry, Charles D., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paul, Vinod K., Pearce, Neil, Pedro, Joao Mario, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B., Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C. Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quame-Amaglo, Justice, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi L., Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R., Refaat, Amany H., Rehm, Jurgen, Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikofff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K., Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. 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Abstract: BACKGROUND: Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. METHODS: We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD
Published: 2016
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25. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Iyer, Veena J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Barber, Ryan M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Dandona, Lalit, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S., Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mokdad, Ali H., Naghavi, Mohsen, Pinho, Christine, Salomon, Joshua A., Steiner, Caitlyn, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdallat, Mahmud A., Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antoine, Rose Mayerline, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, NeerajHaidong Wang, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref A., Biroscak, Brian J., Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Dahiru, Tukur, Damasceno, Albertino, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, De Leo, Diego, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dicker, Daniel J., Ding, Eric L., Dossou, Edem, Dubey, Manisha, Ebel, Beth E., Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Fleming, Tom, Gt, Nataliya Fo, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C., Fraser, Maya S., Friedman, Joseph, Pullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D., Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gibney, Katherine B., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hoy, Damian G., Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Iyer, Veena J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lamadrid-Figueroa, Hector, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Marquez, Neal, Masiye, Felix, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mena-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Monis, Jonathan De la Cruz, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montanez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Neupane, Subas, Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Nyakarahuka, Luke, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Refaat, Amany H., and Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Abstract: Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and
Published: 2016
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26. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsene Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N., Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K. M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H., Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Oquela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C., de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C. Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhillon, Preet K., Ding, Eric L., Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E., Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R. A., Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C., Friedman, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelefinse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karnak, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young -Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A., Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O., Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M. Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lo, Warren D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Mandavi, Mandi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marcenes, Wagner, Raga, Jose Martinez, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murphy, Georgina A. V., Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R., Newton, John N., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Mahesh, P. A., Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J. 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I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J., Lyman, Andrew L. Thorne, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc -Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Murray, Christopher J. L., Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiriar A., Coates, Matthew M., Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W., Hay, Simon I., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J., Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D., Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A., Mikesell, Joseph B., Mokdad, Ali H., Mooney, Meghan D., Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A., Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J. 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M., Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H., Anderson, Gregory M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. 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Abstract: Background Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Methods Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for und
Published: 2016
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27. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013 : quantifying the epidemiological transition

Author: Murray, Christopher J L, Barber, Ryan M, Foreman, Kyle J, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almazroa, Mohammad A, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, H Ross, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Avila, Marco A, Awuah, Baffour, Bachman, Victoria F, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Biryukov, Stan, Blore, Jed D, Blosser, Christopher D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Bolliger, Ian W, Başara, Berrak Bora, Bornstein, Natan M, Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R A, Boyers, Lindsay N, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D, Brooks, Peter M, Brown, Jonathan C, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey C, Budke, Christine M, Bulchis, Anne, Bulloch, Andrew G, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, 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Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. METHODS: We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. FINDINGS: Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0
Published: 2015
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28. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author: Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Alexander, Lily, Anderson, H Ross, Bachman, Victoria F, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Casey, Daniel, Coates, Matthew M, Cohen, Aaron, Delwiche, Kristen, Estep, Kara, Frostad, Joseph J, Kc, Astha, Kyu, Hmwe H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Ng, Marie, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Thomas, Bernadette A, Wagner, Joseph, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abraham, Jerry Puthenpurakal, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Al Khabouri, Mazin J, Al Lami, Faris H, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Mohammed K, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Atkinson, Charles, Avila, Marco A, Awuah, Baffour, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balu, Ravi Kumar, Banerjee, Amitava, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana C, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Ruvalcaba, Carolina Batis, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref A Bin, Blore, Jed D, 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Pagcatipunan, Rodolfo S, Pain, Amanda W, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pearce, Neil, Pedraza, Lilia S, Pedroza, Andrea, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pekericli, Ayfer, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Perry, Samuel A L, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R, Phua, Hwee Pin, Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Pope, C Arden, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Powles, John, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qato, Dima M, Quezada, Amado D, Quistberg, D Alex A, Racapé, Lionel, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Mayuree, Razavi, Homie, Reddy, K Srinath, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Jürgen, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Riccio, Patricia M, Richardson, Lee, Riederer, Anne, Robinson, Margaret, Roca, Anna, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Romieu, Isabelle, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M, Rushton, Lesley, Sabin, Nsanzimana, Sacco, Ralph L, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salomon, Joshua A, Salvo, Deborah, Sampson, Uchechukwu K, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez, Luz Maria, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Sapkota, Amir, Satpathy, Maheswar, Saunders, James E, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Scarborough, Peter, Schmidt, Jürgen C, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaddick, Gavin, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin H, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stapelberg, Nicolas J C, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stephens, Natalie, Stöckl, Heidi, Straif, Kurt, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Talongwa, Roberto T, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Te Ao, Braden J, Teixeira, Carolina M, Téllez Rojo, Martha M, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Texcalac-Sangrador, José Luis, Thackway, Sarah V, Thomson, Blake, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobollik, Myriam, Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Fotis, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X, Trasande, Leonardo, Trillini, Matias, Trujillo, Ulises, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uzun, Selen B, van de Vijver, Steven, Van Dingenen, Rita, van Gool, Coen H, van Os, Jim, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria N, Vavilala, Monica S, Veerman, Lennert J, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wan, Xia, Wang, Haidong, Wang, JianLi, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Wenzhi, Wang, Yanping, Warouw, Tati S, Watts, Charlotte H, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Wessells, K Ryan, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Williams, Thomas N, Woldeyohannes, Solomon M, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Wright, Jonathan L, Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L, Yang, Gonghuan, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yenesew, Muluken, Yentür, Gökalp K, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Younoussi, Zourkaleini, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa E, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zhu, Shankuan, Zou, Xiaonong, Zunt, Joseph R, Lopez, Alan D, Vos, Theo, and Murray, Christopher J
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2%
Published: 2015
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29. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Murray, Christopher J L, Ortblad, Katrina F, Guinovart, Caterina, Lim, Stephen S, Wolock, Timothy M, Roberts, D Allen, Dansereau, Emily A, Graetz, Nicholas, Barber, Ryan M, Brown, Jonathan C, Wang, Haidong, Duber, Herbert C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Dicker, Daniel, Dandona, Lalit, Salomon, Joshua A, Heuton, Kyle R, Foreman, Kyle, Phillips, David E, Fleming, Thomas D, Flaxman, Abraham D, Phillips, Bryan K, Johnson, Elizabeth K, Coggeshall, Megan S, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Jerry P, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Achoki, Tom, Adeyemo, Austine Olufemi, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Akena, Dickens, Al Kahbouri, Mazin J, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alcalá-Cerra, Gabriel, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francois, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Hassan, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Ali, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Basu, Sanjay, Beardsley, Justin, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Binagwaho, Agnes, Blore, Jed D, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Breitborde, Nicholas, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chuang, Ting-Wu, Colomar, Mercedes, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, Courville, Karen J, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Dandona, Rakhi, Dayama, Anand, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Deribe, Kebede, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dessalegn, Muluken, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dilmen, Uğur, Ding, Eric L, Driscoll, Tim R, Durrani, Adnan M, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fra Paleo, Urbano, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Glaser, Elizabeth L, Gona, Philimon, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Pi, Ileana B Heredia, Hoek, Hans W, Hornberger, John C, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim M, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Kankindi, Ida, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmed, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinge, Jonas M, Knibbs, Luke, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, S, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lai, Taavi, Balaji, Arjun Lakshmana, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, De Lima, Graça Maria Ferreira, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lotufo, Paulo A, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Maclachlan, Jennifer H, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Majdan, Marek, Mapoma, Christopher Chabila, Marcenes, Wagner, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masci, Joseph R, Mashal, Mohammad Taufiq, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, Mckay, Abigail Cecilia, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Mori, Rintaro, Moturi, Wilkister Nyaora, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K M Venkat, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Nelson, Robert G, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Nowaseb, Vincent, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Papachristou, Christina, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris Igor, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qato, Dima, Quezada, Amado D, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M, Razavi, Homie, Reilly, Robert Quentin, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Nobhojit, Sabin, Nsanzimana, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Samonte, Genesis May J, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shiue, Ivy, Shivakoti, Rupak, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Andrea P, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Vallely, Andrew J, Vasankari, Tommi J, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Waller, Stephen, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Sharon Xiaorong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Thomas Neil, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Yang C, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zou, Xiao Nong, Lopez, Alan D, Vos, Theo, Murray, Christopher J L, Ortblad, Katrina F, Guinovart, Caterina, Lim, Stephen S, Wolock, Timothy M, Roberts, D Allen, Dansereau, Emily A, Graetz, Nicholas, Barber, Ryan M, Brown, Jonathan C, Wang, Haidong, Duber, Herbert C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Dicker, Daniel, Dandona, Lalit, Salomon, Joshua A, Heuton, Kyle R, Foreman, Kyle, Phillips, David E, Fleming, Thomas D, Flaxman, Abraham D, Phillips, Bryan K, Johnson, Elizabeth K, Coggeshall, Megan S, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Jerry P, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Achoki, Tom, Adeyemo, Austine Olufemi, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Akena, Dickens, Al Kahbouri, Mazin J, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alcalá-Cerra, Gabriel, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francois, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Hassan, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Ali, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Basu, Sanjay, Beardsley, Justin, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Binagwaho, Agnes, Blore, Jed D, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Breitborde, Nicholas, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chuang, Ting-Wu, Colomar, Mercedes, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, Courville, Karen J, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Dandona, Rakhi, Dayama, Anand, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Deribe, Kebede, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dessalegn, Muluken, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dilmen, Uğur, Ding, Eric L, Driscoll, Tim R, Durrani, Adnan M, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fra Paleo, Urbano, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Glaser, Elizabeth L, Gona, Philimon, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Pi, Ileana B Heredia, Hoek, Hans W, Hornberger, John C, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim M, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Kankindi, Ida, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmed, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinge, Jonas M, Knibbs, Luke, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, S, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lai, Taavi, Balaji, Arjun Lakshmana, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, De Lima, Graça Maria Ferreira, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lotufo, Paulo A, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Maclachlan, Jennifer H, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Majdan, Marek, Mapoma, Christopher Chabila, Marcenes, Wagner, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masci, Joseph R, Mashal, Mohammad Taufiq, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, Mckay, Abigail Cecilia, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Mori, Rintaro, Moturi, Wilkister Nyaora, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K M Venkat, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Nelson, Robert G, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Nowaseb, Vincent, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Papachristou, Christina, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris Igor, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qato, Dima, Quezada, Amado D, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M, Razavi, Homie, Reilly, Robert Quentin, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Nobhojit, Sabin, Nsanzimana, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Samonte, Genesis May J, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shiue, Ivy, Shivakoti, Rupak, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Andrea P, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Vallely, Andrew J, Vasankari, Tommi J, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Waller, Stephen, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Sharon Xiaorong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Thomas Neil, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Yang C, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zou, Xiao Nong, Lopez, Alan D, and Vos, Theo
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration. METHODS: To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets. FINDINGS: Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (, Correction in: Lancet, vol. 384, article nr. 9947, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61632-9
Published: 2014
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30. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Wang, Haidong, Liddell, Chelsea A, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Levitz, Carly E, Schumacher, Austin E, Apfel, Henry, Iannarone, Marissa, Phillips, Bryan, Lofgren, Katherine T, Sandar, Logan, Dorrington, Rob E, Rakovac, Ivo, Jacobs, Troy A, Liang, Xiaofeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Yang, Gonghuan, Wang, Yanping, Liu, Shiwei, Li, Yichong, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Allen, Peter J, Almazroa, Mohammad Abdulaziz, Alvarez, Elena, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Asad, Majed Masoud, Assadi, Reza, Banerjee, Amitava, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Blore, Jed, Basara, Berrak Bora, Boufous, Soufiane, Breitborde, Nicholas, Bruce, Nigel G, Bui, Linh Ngoc, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Caso, Valeria, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-Lopéz, Ferrán, Cavlin, Alanur, Che, Xuan, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christophi, Costas A, Chuang, Ting-Wu, Cirillo, Massimo, da Costa Leite, Iuri, Courville, Karen J, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davis, Adrian, Dayama, Anand, Deribe, Kebede, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Dilmen, Uğur, Ding, Eric L, Edmond, Karen M, Ermakov, Sergei Petrovich, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Foigt, Nataliya, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Garcia, Ana C, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Green, Mark A, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Harb, Hilda L, Hay, Simon, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Idrisov, Bulat T, Islami, Farhad, Ismayilova, Samaya, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kabagambe, Edmond Kato, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khang, Young-Ho, Kim, Daniel, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinge, Jonas M, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B, Lai, Taavi, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leinsalu, Mall, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan Anthony, Ma, Stefan, Mahdi, Abbas Ali, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mashal, Mohammad Taufiq, Mazorodze, Tasara T, McGrath, John J, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Moschandreas, Joanna, Msemburi, William T, Mueller, Ulrich O, Muszynska, Magdalena M, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naidoo, Kovin S, Narayan, Km Venkat, Nejjari, Chakib, Ng, Marie, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Omer, Saad B, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Wyk, Victoria Pillay-van, Pope, Dan, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rana, Saleem M, Reilly, Robert Quentin, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Rushton, Lesley, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Salomon, Joshua, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Santos, Itamar S, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidt, Jürgen C, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Sposato, Luciano A, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Teixeira, Carolina Maria, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Uwaliraye, Parfait, Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Waller, Stephen, Wan, Xia, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Yang, Yang C, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhu, Shankuan, Lopez, Alan D, Murray, Christopher J L, Wang, Haidong, Liddell, Chelsea A, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Levitz, Carly E, Schumacher, Austin E, Apfel, Henry, Iannarone, Marissa, Phillips, Bryan, Lofgren, Katherine T, Sandar, Logan, Dorrington, Rob E, Rakovac, Ivo, Jacobs, Troy A, Liang, Xiaofeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Yang, Gonghuan, Wang, Yanping, Liu, Shiwei, Li, Yichong, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Allen, Peter J, Almazroa, Mohammad Abdulaziz, Alvarez, Elena, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Asad, Majed Masoud, Assadi, Reza, Banerjee, Amitava, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Blore, Jed, Basara, Berrak Bora, Boufous, Soufiane, Breitborde, Nicholas, Bruce, Nigel G, Bui, Linh Ngoc, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Caso, Valeria, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-Lopéz, Ferrán, Cavlin, Alanur, Che, Xuan, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christophi, Costas A, Chuang, Ting-Wu, Cirillo, Massimo, da Costa Leite, Iuri, Courville, Karen J, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davis, Adrian, Dayama, Anand, Deribe, Kebede, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Dilmen, Uğur, Ding, Eric L, Edmond, Karen M, Ermakov, Sergei Petrovich, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Foigt, Nataliya, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Garcia, Ana C, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Green, Mark A, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Harb, Hilda L, Hay, Simon, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Idrisov, Bulat T, Islami, Farhad, Ismayilova, Samaya, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kabagambe, Edmond Kato, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khang, Young-Ho, Kim, Daniel, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinge, Jonas M, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B, Lai, Taavi, Lan, Qing, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leinsalu, Mall, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan Anthony, Ma, Stefan, Mahdi, Abbas Ali, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mashal, Mohammad Taufiq, Mazorodze, Tasara T, McGrath, John J, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Moschandreas, Joanna, Msemburi, William T, Mueller, Ulrich O, Muszynska, Magdalena M, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naidoo, Kovin S, Narayan, Km Venkat, Nejjari, Chakib, Ng, Marie, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Omer, Saad B, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Wyk, Victoria Pillay-van, Pope, Dan, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rana, Saleem M, Reilly, Robert Quentin, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Rushton, Lesley, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Salomon, Joshua, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Santos, Itamar S, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidt, Jürgen C, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Sposato, Luciano A, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Teixeira, Carolina Maria, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Uwaliraye, Parfait, Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Waller, Stephen, Wan, Xia, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Yang, Yang C, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhu, Shankuan, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success. METHODS: We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29 000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030. FINDINGS: We estimated that 6·3 million (95% UI 6·0-6·6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17·6 million (17·1-18·1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152·5 per 1000 livebirths (130·6-177·4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2·3 (1·8-2·9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from -6·8% to 0·1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41, Correction in: Lancet, vol. 384 article nr. 9947, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61633-0
Published: 2014
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31. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Coggeshall, Megan S, Shackelford, Katya A, Steiner, Caitlyn, Heuton, Kyle R, Gonzalez-Medina, Diego, Barber, Ryan, Huynh, Chantal, Dicker, Daniel, Templin, Tara, Wolock, Timothy M, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie E, Akena, Dickens, Alasfoor, Deena, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Al Kahbouri, Mazin J, Alla, François, Allen, Peter J, Almazroa, Mohammad A, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzmán, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Hassan, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl A T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Ali, Asad, Majed Masoud, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bin Abdulhak, Aref, Blore, Jed, Basara, Berrak Bora, Bose, Dipan, Breitborde, Nicholas, Cárdenas, Rosario, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavlin, Alanur, Chang, Jung-Chen, Che, Xuan, Christophi, Costas A, Chugh, Sumeet S, Cirillo, Massimo, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, da Costa Leite, Iuri, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davis, Adrian, Dayama, Anand, Degenhardt, Louisa, De Leo, Diego, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Deribe, Kebede, Dessalegn, Muluken, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dilmen, Uğur, Ding, Eric L, Dorrington, Rob E, Driscoll, Tim R, Ermakov, Sergei Petrovich, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Felicio, Manuela Mendonca, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, de Lima, Graça Maria Ferreira, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, França, Elisabeth B, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Garcia, Ana C, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gibney, Katherine B, Giroud, Maurice, Glaser, Elizabeth L, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, González-Castell, Dinorah, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon, Pi, Ileana B Heredia, Hoek, Hans W, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Husseini, Abdullatif, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahangir, Eiman, Jee, Sun Ha, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Juel, Knud, Kabagambe, Edmond Kato, Kan, Haidong, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew G, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmed, Khang, Young-Ho, Knibbs, Luke, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B, Kwan, Gene, Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Ricky, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, London, Stephanie J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Mainoo, Nana Kwaku, Majdan, Marek, Mapoma, Christopher Chabila, Marcenes, Wagner, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell, Monasta, Lorenzo, de la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Moore, Ami R, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Nelson, Robert G, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Jae-Hyun, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris Igor, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Dan, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qato, Dima, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M, Refaat, Amany, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Nobhojit, Pimienta, Tania Georgina Sánchez, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salomon, Joshua, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Santos, Itamar S, Sawhney, Monika, Sayinzoga, Felix, Schneider, Ione J C, Schumacher, Austin, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Andrea P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tan, Feng, Teixeira, Carolina Maria, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tirschwell, David L, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Tran, Bach X, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vallely, Andrew J, van Gool, Coen H, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vavilala, Monica S, Venketasubramanian, N, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vos, Theo, Waller, Stephen, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Sharon Xiaorong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wong, John Q, Wordofa, Muluemebet Abera, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Yang C, Yano, Yuichiro, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zou, Xiao Nong, Lopez, Alan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J L, Lozano, Rafael, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Coggeshall, Megan S, Shackelford, Katya A, Steiner, Caitlyn, Heuton, Kyle R, Gonzalez-Medina, Diego, Barber, Ryan, Huynh, Chantal, Dicker, Daniel, Templin, Tara, Wolock, Timothy M, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie E, Akena, Dickens, Alasfoor, Deena, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Al Kahbouri, Mazin J, Alla, François, Allen, Peter J, Almazroa, Mohammad A, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzmán, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Hassan, Ammar, Walid, Antonio, Carl A T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Ali, Asad, Majed Masoud, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bin Abdulhak, Aref, Blore, Jed, Basara, Berrak Bora, Bose, Dipan, Breitborde, Nicholas, Cárdenas, Rosario, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavlin, Alanur, Chang, Jung-Chen, Che, Xuan, Christophi, Costas A, Chugh, Sumeet S, Cirillo, Massimo, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, da Costa Leite, Iuri, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davis, Adrian, Dayama, Anand, Degenhardt, Louisa, De Leo, Diego, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Deribe, Kebede, Dessalegn, Muluken, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dilmen, Uğur, Ding, Eric L, Dorrington, Rob E, Driscoll, Tim R, Ermakov, Sergei Petrovich, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Felicio, Manuela Mendonca, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, de Lima, Graça Maria Ferreira, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, França, Elisabeth B, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Garcia, Ana C, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gibney, Katherine B, Giroud, Maurice, Glaser, Elizabeth L, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, González-Castell, Dinorah, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon, Pi, Ileana B Heredia, Hoek, Hans W, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Husseini, Abdullatif, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahangir, Eiman, Jee, Sun Ha, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Juel, Knud, Kabagambe, Edmond Kato, Kan, Haidong, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kazi, Dhruv S, Kemp, Andrew G, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmed, Khang, Young-Ho, Knibbs, Luke, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B, Kwan, Gene, Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Ricky, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, London, Stephanie J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Mainoo, Nana Kwaku, Majdan, Marek, Mapoma, Christopher Chabila, Marcenes, Wagner, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell, Monasta, Lorenzo, de la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Moore, Ami R, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nejjari, Chakib, Nelson, Robert G, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Omer, Saad B, Opio, John Nelson, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Jae-Hyun, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris Igor, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Dan, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qato, Dima, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Ur Rahman, Sajjad, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M, Refaat, Amany, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Nobhojit, Pimienta, Tania Georgina Sánchez, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salomon, Joshua, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Santos, Itamar S, Sawhney, Monika, Sayinzoga, Felix, Schneider, Ione J C, Schumacher, Austin, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Andrea P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soshnikov, Sergey S, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tan, Feng, Teixeira, Carolina Maria, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tirschwell, David L, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Tran, Bach X, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vallely, Andrew J, van Gool, Coen H, Vasankari, Tommi J, Vavilala, Monica S, Venketasubramanian, N, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vos, Theo, Waller, Stephen, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Sharon Xiaorong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wong, John Q, Wordofa, Muluemebet Abera, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Yang C, Yano, Yuichiro, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zou, Xiao Nong, Lopez, Alan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J L, and Lozano, Rafael
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery. METHODS: We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values. FINDINGS: 292 982 (95% UI 261 017-327 792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376 034 (343 483-407 574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0·3% (-1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2·7% (-3·9 to -1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2-0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 201, Correction in: Lancet, vol. 384, article nr. 9947, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61631-7
Published: 2014
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31 results on '"Abera, Semaw"'

1. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

2. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

3. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

4. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

5. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

6. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

7. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

8. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

9. Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013 : Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

10. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

11. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

12. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

13. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

14. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

15. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

16. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

17. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

18. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

19. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

20. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

21. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

22. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

23. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

24. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

25. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

26. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

27. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013 : quantifying the epidemiological transition

28. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

29. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

30. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

31. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

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31 results on '"Abera, Semaw"'

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