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Opisan je slučaj pacijentice s kliničkom slikom opsežnih oralnih lezija nakon što je počela s terapijom Lamotriginom. Kliničkom slikom dominirale su bilateralna facijalna oteklina i oteklina mentalnog prostora s aktivno secernirajućom ekstraoralnom fistulom u središnjem području brade. Doktori dentalne medicine trebali bi biti svjesni rizika povezanih s ovim lijekom te bi trebali uočiti rizičnu populaciju među pacijentima koji boluju od epilepsije, bipolarnog poremećaja i neuroloških poremećaja., We report on a patient who presented with extensive oral lesions. The treatment with lamotrigine is described. The patient presented with bilateral facial swellings and mental space swelling with actively draining extra oral sinus tract in the central chin area. Dental medicine professionals should be aware of the risks involved with using this medication, and should recognize the population at risk among patients suffering from epilepsy, bipolar and neurologic disorders.

Svrha: Epidemiološka istraživanja u mnogim zemljama pokazuju neravnomjernu raspodjelu oralnih bolesti u populaciji – primarno karijesa, te je zato glavna svrha ovoga presječnog istraživanja bila dobiti relevantne podatke oralnog statusa populacije u Kninu i okolici određene prema smjernicama SZO-a. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 414 ispitanika u dobi od 18 do 65 godina. Zabilježeni podatci uključivali su opću anamnezu, ekstraoralni status, status oralne sluznice, status temporpomandibularnih zglobova, zubni, parodontni i protetski status, te jesu li potrebni restaurativni zahvati. Obavljena je i usporedba među različitim grupama, ovisno o dobi, spolu, stupnju obrazovanja i podrijetlu. Rezultati: Prosječno je KEP indeks bio 17,3, zatim 1,7 – karijes, 6,2 – ispuni i 9,4 – ekstrahirani zubi. SIC indeks iznosio je 26,4. Razlika je bila značajna u grupama prema dobi i stupnju obrazovanja (p < 0,001). Postotak osoba s najvišim zbrojem CPI-a od 0 do 4 bio je 27,3, 16,9, 36,5, 16,4, i 2, 2,9 posto. Razlika između dobnih grupa u CPI vrijednostima bila je statistički značajna, a razlika ovisno o spolu i podrijetlu nije bila značajna (p = 0,001). Zaključak: Populacija u Kninu i okolici ima vrlo loš oralni status, najvjerojatnije zbog posljedica rata 1990-ih godina i ekonomske tranzicije te zato što nema nacionalnog programa za promicanje oralnoga zdravlja., The aim: Epidemiologic studies in many countries show uneven distribution of oral diseases (primarily caries) within the population. This is why more studies are oriented towards specific regions or subpopulations instead of large scale national surveys. The major purpose of this cross sectional study was to obtain relevant data about the oral status of the population of Knin and its surroundings according to the WHO criteria. Subjects and methods: The study included 414 participants aged between 18 and 65. The recorded variables included general anamnestic data, extraoral status, oral mucosa status, temporomandibular joint status, dental, periodontal and prosthetic status, and the need for dental restoration. The comparison between different groups regarding age, gender, educational level and origin was made. Results: DMFT index was 17.3 – with on average 1.7 caries, 6.2 fillings, and 9.4 teeth extracted. SiC index equaled 26.4. The difference was significant regarding the level of education and age (p<0.001). The percentages of individuals with the highest CPI scores from 0-4 were 27.3, 16.9, 36.5, 16.4 and 2.9%, respectively. The difference between the age groups in CPI scores was statistically significant, while the differences according to the gender and origin were not significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: The population of Knin and the surrounding area exhibited very bad oral status which can be attributed to the consequences of the war in the 1990-ies, the economic transition, and the lack of national program for oral health promotion.

Svrha: Ovim istraživanjem in vitro željelo se utvrditi i usporediti razinu i dinamiku otpuštanja fluorida u trima najnovijim materijalima za ispune. Materijali i postupci: Otpuštanje fluorida mjerilo se u kompozitu GC Kalore, staklenom ionomernom cementu GC Equia i giomeru Shofu Beautifil II. Od svakog materijala pripremljeno je 20 diskova (promjera 8 mm, debljine 2 mm). Mjerenje se obavljalo 10 tjedana ion-selektivnom elektrodom (ORION EA 940). Za statističku obradu dobivenih rezultata odabrana je metoda linerane regresije. Rezultati: Kompozit GC Kalore otpustio je 1,29 ppm F- tijekom 10 tjedana ispitivanja. Otpuštanje fluorida smanjilo se i nakon četiri tjedna više se nije moglo izmjeriti ion-selektivnom elektrodom. Stakleni ionomerni cement GC Equia otpustio je najviše fluoridnih iona (24,512 ppm F-) i to u prva 24 sata (6,851 mgF- /L). Giomer Shofu Beautifil II otpustio je 4,685 ppm F-. Zaključak: Ispitivani giomer otpustio je više fluorida od kompozitnog materijala i zato se može preporučiti kao materijal izbora za estetske ispune kod kojih je važan i preventivni učinak na karijes., Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to determine and to compare the level and dynamics of fluoride release in three types of current filling materials. Materials and methods: luoride release was measured in GC Kalore composite, glass ionomer GC Equia cement and Shofu Beautiful II giomer. 20 discs were made from each material (8 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness). Measurements were made during 10 weeks by an ion-selective electrode (ORION EA 940). The linear regression method was used in statistical data processing. Results: The GC Kalore composite released 1.29 ppm F- in 10 weeks of testing. Fluoride release decreased and after 4 weeks of testing, it became impossible to measure by ion-selective electrode. Glass ionomer cement, GC Equia released the greatest number of fluoride ions (24.512 ppm F-) and the greatest number of fluorides was released during the first 24 hours (6.8507 mgF- /L). Giomer Shofu Beautiful II released 4.685 ppm F-. Conclusion: The examined giomer released more fluorides than the composite material and therefore, it can be recommended as a material of choice for esthetic fillings in which the caries preventive effect is also important.

Svrha rada: Željela se ispitati djelotvornost 0,2-postotnog poliheksametilenova bigvanida (PHMB) u eliminaciji Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Candida albicans te ga usporediti s učinkovitošću 2,5-postotnog natrijeva hipoklorita (NaOCl). Materijali i metode: Na četrdeset osam jednokorijenskih zuba uklonjeni su krune i apikalni dijelovi te su korijenskih kanali instrumentirani Hedström strugaËima do veličine 40. Šesnaest uzoraka inokulirano je bujonskom kulturom E. faecalis (ATCC 51299), P. aeruginosa (ATCC27853) i C. albicans (klinički izolat). Nakon 48-satne inkubacije i ispiranja fiziološkom otopinom uzeti su uzorci dentina iz korijenskih kanala Hedströmovim iglicama veličine 50 i to prije ispiranja 0,2-postotnim PHMB-om i 2,5-postotnim NaOCl-om i nakon toga postupka. Uzorci su zatim preneseni u epruvete s 2 mL sterilne fiziološke otopine i deseterostrukim razrjeđenjem, te su prebačeni na krvni agar nakon 30 sekundi vorteksiranja. Nakon 48-satne inkubacije na 37 ° C prebrojene su bakterijske kolonije po mililitru (CFU/ml). Za statističku analizu korišten je Kruskal-Wallisov test (p <0,05) . Rezultati: Nakon tretmana poliheksametilenovim bigvanidom iz svih je uzoraka uklonjena P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis iz devet od jedanaest, a C. albicans iz sedam od jedanaest uzoraka. NaOCl je bio manje učinkovit od PHMB-a u djelovanju na E. faecalis (p = 0,630) i P. aeruginosa (p = 0,138), a posebice na C. albicans (p = 0,01). Zaključak: Broj E. faecalis i P. aeruginosa učinkovito smanjuju 0,2-postotni PHMB i 2,5-postotni NaOCl. Na C. albicans bolji antimikrobni učinak ima 0,2-postotni PHMB od 2,5-postotnog NaOCl-a. Daljnja istraživanja potrebna su kako bi se ustanovila učinkovitost PHMBa na zreli biofilm i njegova biokompatibilnost., Objective of work: The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of 0.2% polyhexamethylen biguanide in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans and compare it with effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Materials and Methods: Crown and apical portion of forty- eight single-rooted human teeth was removed and the root canals instrumented with Hedström files up to size 40. Sixteen specimens were inoculated with an overnight broth culture of E.faecalis (ATCC 51299), P.aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and C.albicans (clinical isolate). After 48 h incubation and irrigation with saline, dentine samples were collected from root canal walls with Hedström files size 50 before and after irrigation with 0.2% PHMB and 2.5% NaOCl followed by irrigation with neutralizer and saline. Samples were put into vials containing 2 mL of sterile saline and tenfold dilution, and plated on blood agar after 30 s vortexing. Colony forming units (CFU) were counted after 48 h incubation at 37ºC. For statistical analysis Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05) was used. Results: After treatment with PHMB P.aeruginosa was eradicated from all samples, E.faecalis was also reduced and C.albicans was not grown in seven out of eleven samples. NaOCl was less effective than PHMB on E.faecalis (p=0.630) and P.aeruginosa (p=0.138), especially in case of C.albicans (p=0.01). Conclusions: 0.2% PHMB effectively reduced the number of E.faecalis and P.aeruginosa as well as 2.5% NaOCl). On C.albicans 0.2% PHMB showed better antimicrobial effect than 2.5% NaOCl. Further studies will be necessary to determine PHMB’s effectiveness on mature biofilm and its biocompatibility.

Svrha: Zadatak istraživanja bio je izmjeriti koncentraciju fluorida u vodovodnoj vodi u sjevernom hrvatskom gradu Čazmi i u komercijalno dostupnim napitcima. Materijali i metode: Koncentracija fluorida određena je fluorid-selektivnom elektrodom u uzorcima vode iz vodovoda i komercijalno dostupnih napitaka. Pritom je pH određen ion-selektivnom elektrodom za vodik. Rezultati: Sadržaj fluorida u vodovodnoj vodi iznosio je 0,313 mg F-/L. Od komercijalno dostupnih napitaka najveća koncentracija izmjerena je u gaziranoj mineralnoj vodi (0,34 – 1,5 mg F-/L) te u ledenim čajevima (0,06 – 0,74 mg F-/L). Negazirane vode i sokovi te gazirani sokovi imali su vrlo nizak sadržaj fluorida i iznosili su redom <0,01 mg F-/L, 0,06 – 0,15 mg F-/L i 0,02 mg F-/L. U gaziranim napitcima pH je iznosio od 2,36 do 2,68, a u sokovima od 3,08 do 3,64. Zaključak: Niska koncentracija fluorida u napitcima te kombinacija niskog pH i dodanih šećera mogla bi imati visoki kariogeni potencijal. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogli bi se iskoristiti za planiranje preventivnih mjera., The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of fluorides in tap water in northern Croatian town Čazma and commercially available bottled drinks. Materials and Methods: Fluoride content was assessed by fluoride-selective electrode in tap water and commercial drinks from public supply. The pH was assessed by hydrogen ion-selective electrode. Results: Fluoride content in tap water was 0.313 mg F-/L. In commercially available bottled drinks fluoride concentration was the highest in carbonated mineral water (0.34 – 1.5 mg F-/L), followed by some ice tea drinks (0.06 – 0.74 mg F-/L). Non-carbonated waters, carbonated soft drinks and noncarbonated soft drinks had very low fluoride concentration and it amounted to <0.01 mg F-/L, 0.02 mg F-/L and 0.06 – 0.15 mg F-/L, respectively. The pH in carbonated drinks was 2.36 – 2.68 and 3.08 – 3.64 in juices. Conclusion: Low concentration of fluorides in soft drinks and low pH in combination with added sugars could be cariogenic. The results obtained in this investigation could be used in planning preventive measures.

Svrha: Svrha istraživanja bila je usporediti oralni status studenata četvrte godine Stomatološkog fakulteta te studenata četvrte godine ostalih fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Ispitanici i postupci: Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno 78 studenata stomatologije i 78 njihovih kolega s ostalih fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Pregledi su obavljeni prema metodologiji i kriterijima SZO-a (WHO-a) stomatološkim zrcalom, a parodontološkom sondom Community periodontal index (CPI). Rezultati: Prosječna vrijednost KEP-indeksa svih ispitanika bila 7,97 (s.d.= 4,48), a bila je veća kod muškaraca negoli kod žena (p=0,043). Studenti stomatologije imali su prosječan KEP 6,96 (s.d.=4,82), a oni s ostalih fakulteta 8,97 (s.d.=3,88), sa statistički značajnom razlikom (p=0,005). Prosječan CPI statistički se značajno razlikovao (p=0.001) i kod studenata stomatologije je iznosio 1,91 (s.d.=2,40), a kod ostalih 2,99 (s.d.=2,23). Većina studenata ostalih fakulteta ( 66 %) treba, osim preventivnog tretmana, i konzervativno liječenje za razliku od studenata stomatologije od kojih 83 posto ne treba nikakvo liječenje ili treba samo preventivno. Zaključak: Premda je pojavnost karijesa, parodontnih bolesti i potreba za stomatološkim liječenjem niža kod studenata stomatologije, razmjerno visoka vrijednost KEP-a u objema skupinama ispitanika upućuje na nužnost boljeg preventivnog djelovanja u društvu. Zbog svijesti o oralnom zdravlju i preventivnim mjerama studenti stomatologije mogu biti pozitivan primjer kolegama s ostalih fakulteta., Objectives: To compare oral status of the fourth-year students of the School of Dental Medicine, and other fourth year students from the University of Zagreb. Materials and methods: Research included 78 dental students and 78 students of other colleges of the University of Zagreb. A standard dental check-up was performed following the WHO‑prescribed methodology and criteria, and by using a dental mirror and community periodontal index (CPI) probe. Results: Mean DMFT of all examined subjects was 7.97 (s.d. = 4.48), with a higher value for males than females (p =0.043). The dental students had a mean DMFT of 6.96 (s.d. =4.82) and the non-dental students group DMFT of 8.97 (s.d. =3.88). This difference was statistically significant (p =0.005). Average CPI indices difference of the examined groups (dental students – 1.91, s.d. =2.40; non-dental students – 2.99, s.d. =2.23) was also statistically significant (p=0.001). The majority of non-dental students (66%) needed, in addition to preventive measures, a conservative dental treatment, in contrast to the dental-students group, where 83% required only preventive or no dental treatment at all. Conclusions: Although the incidence of dental caries, periodontal diseases and treatment need is lower in dental students, the relatively high value of DMFT indices in both groups indicates the need for better preventive measures. Due to an inherent increased awareness of oral health and preventive measures, the dental students could set a good example to their fellowstudents of other colleges.

Svrha: U ovom se istraživanju ispitivao antibakterijski učinak dvaju materijala za retrogradno brtvljenje korijenskog kanala testom bakterijske difuzije agara. Materijali i postupci: Ploče krvnog agara inokulirane su zasebno bakterijama Streptococcus mutans, Streptotoccus mitis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus i Enterococcus faecalis te polimikrobnom suspenzijom od svih testiranih bakterija. Na inokulirane ploče bili su raspoređeni uzorci materijala i nakon 48 sati inkubacije očitane su zone inhibicije (ZI) u milimetrima promjera. Rezultati: Najsnažniji antibakterijski učinak MTA je pokazao kod bakterije Streptococcus mutans (ZI =7,6 mm, s.d. 1,0), zatim prema Streptotoccus mitis i Lactobacillus acidophilus (ZI=7,3 mm, s.d. 0,5). ZI za Enterococcus faecalis iznosio je 5,6 milmetara, s.d. 0,7, a za polimikrobnu suspenziju 5,3 milimetra, s.d. 1,0. Jedina bakterija na koju MTA nije imao antibakterijski učinak jest Staphylococcus aureus. Amalgam nije pokazao antibakterijski učinak na ni jednu ispitivanu bakteriju. Zaključak: MTA je pokazao antibakterijski učinak prema četiri od pet ispitivanih bakterija i polimikrobnih suspenzija, a amalgam nije inhibirao rast ni jedne testirane bakterije., The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of root-end filling materials, MTA and amalgam, by agar diffusion test. Materials and methods: Blood agar plates were inoculated with bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis each, and a polymicrobial suspension consisting of all the tested bacteria. Material samples were divided among the inoculated plates, and after 48 hours of incubation, the diameters of the inhibition zone (IZ) were recorded. Results: The strongest antibacterial effect of MTA was against Streptococcus mutans (IZ = 7.6 mm, sd 1.0), followed by Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus acidophilus (IZ = 7.3 mm, sd 0.5). The inhibition zone (IZ) for Enterococcus faecalis was 5.6 mm (sd 0.7), and for the polymicrobial suspension 5.3 mm (sd 1.0). Staphylococcus aureus was the only bacteria MTA did not show any antibacterial effect against. Amalgam showed no antibacterial effect against any of the bacteria tested. Conclusion: MTA showed antibacterial effect against 4 of 5 tested bacteria and the polymicrobial suspension, while amalgam did not inhibit the growth of any of the bacteria tested.

Preddiplomsko obrazovanje mijenja percepciju oralno-zdravstvenih i oralno-higijenskih navika i stajališta studenata stomatologije. Svrha istraživanja bila je usporediti te navike i stajališta studenata četvrte godine Stomatološkog fakulteta i njihovih kolega s iste godine na ostalim fakultetima Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, kako bismo odredili opseg i važnost mogućih razlika. Ispitanici i postupci: Sudjelovao je 151 student obaju spolova i to 79 sa stomatologije (četvrte godine) i 72 s ostalih fakulteta (četvrte godine). Svi su odgovorili na 21 pitanje iz prilagođenog upitnika prema Špalju o oralno-higijenskim navikama i stajalištima. Podaci su nakon toga statistički analizirani programskim paketom SPSS ver. 16,0. Rezultati: Rezultati su pokazali da postoji razlika između dviju skupina te da studenti stomatologije imaju bolje oralno-higijenske navike i bolja oralno-zdravstvena stajališta od kolega s ostalih fakulteta. Bili su bolje podučeni u tehnici četkanja zuba, zube češće četkaju, koriste se dodatnim sredstvima za održavanje higijene, rjeđe imaju probleme s krvarenjem gingive te posjećuju stomatologa češće nego njihovi kolege s drugih fakulteta. Zaključak: Zbog svjesnosti o problemima oralnoga zdravlja i većeg znanja o preventivnim mjerama, studenti stomatologije mogli bi pozitivno pridonositi oralnom zdravlju svojih pacijenata i kolega i to ne samo educirajući ih, nego i vlastitim primjerom., Undergraduate dental education changes students’s perception of oral health, as well as oral hygiene habits and attitudes. Aim of this study was to compare oral hygiene and oral health habits and attitudes between 4th year students of dental medicine and 4th year students of other faculties of University of Zagreb in order to determine the possible extent and significance of differences. Material and Methods: Total number of subjects was 151 which included 79 dental students (4th year) and 72 students of other faculties (4th year) of University of Zagreb, of both genders. Modified oral hygiene habits and attitudes questionnaire according to Špalj consisting of 21 questions was used. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS ver. 16.0 software. Results showed difference between two groups, where dental students had better oral hygiene habits and better oral health attitudes compared to their colleagues from other faculties. Dental students were better instructed in brushing techniques, brush more often, use additional means of oral hygiene, have lesser prevalence of gingival bleeding and visit dentist more often then their colleagues from other faculties. Conclusion: Because of greater awareness of oral health problems and improved knowledge on preventive measures, students of dental medicine could positively contribute to the oral health of their patients and their colleagues by education, but also by their own example as a role – model.