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This dissertation examines the manner in which the rape of women by men is constructed in online user-generated content. The study utilises the comments section of the YouTube video trailer for the documentary film The Hunting Ground (2015), as well as the comments sections of several YouTube video clips concerning the #RUReferenceList. Through a comparative analysis of comments to South African and United States YouTube videos, feminist discursive psychology (FDP) is employed to investigate linguistic patterns and trends which potentially construct permissive attitudes towards campus sexual assault. The study found that respondents for both the South African and US contexts engage in mitigating discourse strategies when discussing campus sexual assault. However, while this dissertation concludes that both South African and US online communities potentially constitute rape-prone environments, these strategies manifest in unique and distinct ways. Furthermore, common rape myths are largely eschewed in favour of new forms of victim blaming and myth making. Respondents largely employ three repertoires in their discussion of campus sexual assault: The false rape repertoire, the feminazi repertoire and the modesty repertoire.

In Post-Modern Western culture three stereotypical visual representations of witches can be identified, namely: the ‘evil Crone’, the independent ‘Maiden’ and the more Euro-centric traditionally knowledgeable ‘Mother’ (Matthews 1998). HBO’s Game of Thrones combines these three stereotypes into one in the person of the Red Witch, Lady Melisandre (O’Brien 2015, ‘Melisandre: priestess or witch?’). Potentially this problematizes simplistically bifurcated portrayals of witches as either terrifying or alluring, which begs for an analysis of witches’ enduring ability to inspire fear. Witches’ culturally mediated capacity to inspire fear, based on an understanding of Abjection, as described by Julia Kristeva (1982, Power of Horror) and Barbara Creed (1993, The Monstrous Feminine), illustrates the efficacy of Martin’s Melisandre, whose terrifying yet alluring portrayal is intimately connected to her association with the monstrous feminine, magick as well as all three aspects of the Sovereign Goddess of Pre-Christian Europe. Melisandre, while complying with Western ideals of beauty, represents a filmic witch who is both normative and abject, making her both exceedingly terrifying and oddly acceptable. This study re-evaluates witches’ ability to inspire fear, illustrating how the character of the witch in visual texts represents a part of our own individual consciousness which needs to be ordered and suppressed. Barbara Creed (1993, p.71) explains that women are associated with abjection because their genitals threaten castration. Julia Kristeva (1982, p.91) describes ‘abjection’ as a “breakdown in the distinction between what is self and what is Other” which leads to the ‘casting off’ or rejection of abject elements to protect the self. Since the witch, as a horror trope, challenges boundaries, it helps the human psyche integrate itself by re-establishing its own borders. Medieval stereotypes’ unique individual ability to inspire fear, based on the patriarchal understanding o

English: In this study L,L’-BID ligands were synthesized where the L and L’ coordinating atoms were varied between O, NH and NPh. The ligands were (CH3COCHCOHCH3) (Hacac), (CH3COCHCNH2CH3) (1a), (CH3COCHCNHPhCH3) (1b), (CH3CNHPhCHCNPhCH3) (1c). The dicarbonyl Rh complexes [Rh(CH3COCHCNHCH3)(CO)2] (2a), [Rh(CH3COCHCNPhCH3)(CO)2] (2b), [Rh(CH3CNPhCHCNPhCH3)(CO)2] (2c)) as well as the phosphine Rh complexes ([Rh(CH3COCHCNHCH3)(CO)(PPh3)] (3a), [Rh(CH3COCHCNPhCH3)(CO)(PPh3)] (3b)) were also synthesized and studied. All ligands (Hacac, 1a - 1d) displayed a single reduction peak ( <-2.5 VvsFcH/FcH+) during electrochemical analysis. From the cyclic voltammetry (CV) data it is found that the electronegativity of the L,L’ atoms, and their groups, have a significant electronic effect on the reduction potential. The observed trend was with the more positive reduction potential: Hacac>1b>1c>1a. This trend was the same as the trend in the electronegativies of atoms or groups. Complexes 3a and 3b, including selected complexes containing O.O’-BID ligands ([Rh(CH3COCHCOHCH3)(CO)(PPh3)], [Rh(C4H3SCOCHCOCPh)(CO)(PPh3)] M1, [Rh (C4H3SCOCHCOCC4H3S)(CO)(PPh3)] M2 and [Rh(C4H3SCOCHCOCF3)(CO)(PPh3)] M3) all displayed a single RhI/III oxidation peak and a single reduction peak, that is coupled to the oxidation peak. The [Rh(L,L’-BID)(CO)(PPh3)] complexes displayed a similar trend to that observed for the free, unbound ligands, namely: [Rh(CH3COCHCOHCH3)(CO)(PPh3)]>3b>3a. The kinetic results, followed in situ by UV/VIS, IR and NMR, for the oxidative reaction between CH3I and complexes 3a and 3b indicated that complex 3b displayed only one oxidative addition step in the reaction leading to an Rh(III)-alkyl, while complex 3a displayed 2 steps: the first step is the formation of a Rh(III)-alkyl product and the second step the formation of a Rh(III)-acyl product. Density functional theory calculations of the optimized geometries and energies of the reactants, possible products and transition st, Afrikaans: In hierdie studie is L,L’-BID ligand gesintetiseer waar die L en L’ koordinerende atome gevarieer is tussen O, NH en NPh. The ligande was: (CH3COCHCOHCH3) (Hacac), (CH3COCHCNH2CH3) (1a), (CH3COCHCNHPhCH3) (1b), (CH3CNHPhCH2CNPhCH3) (1c). Die dikarboniel Rh komplekse [Rh(CH3COCHCNHCH3)(CO)2] (2a), [Rh(CH3COCHCNPhCH3)(CO)2] (2b), [Rh(CH3CNPhCHCNPhCH3)(CO)2] (2c)) en die fosfien Rh komplekse ([Rh(CH3COCHCNHCH3)(CO)(PPh3)] (3a), [Rh(CH3COCHCNPhCH3)(CO)(PPh3)] (3b)) is ook gesintetiseer en bestudeer. Alle ligande (Hacac, 1a - 1d) het ‘n enkele reduksiepiek ( <-2.5 V vs FcH/FcH+) getoon gedurende elektrochemiese analise. Vanaf die sikliese voltammetrie (CV) data is bevind dat die elektronegatiwiteit van die L,L’atome, asook hulle groepe, ‘n noemenswaardige elektroniese invloed het op die reduksie potensiaal. Die tendens, met die mees positiewe reduksie potensiaal: Hacac>1b>1c>1a. Die tendens was dieselfde as die tendens in die atoom en groep elektronegatiwiteite. Komplekse 3a en 3b, ingesluit sekere komplekse met O,O’-BID ligande ([Rh(CH3COCHCOHCH3)(CO)(PPh3)], [Rh(C4H3SCOCHCOCPh)(CO)(PPh3)] M1, [Rh (C4H3SCOCHCOCC4H3S)(CO)(PPh3)] M2 and [Rh(C4H3SCOCHCOCF3)(CO)(PPh3)] M3) het almal ‘n enkele RhI/IIIoksidasie piek en ‘n enkele reduksiepiek, wat gekoppel is aan die oksidasie piek, getoon. Die [Rh(L,L’-BID)(CO)(PPh3) komplekse het ‘n tendens getoon soortgelyk aan dié waargeneem vir die vrye ligande, naamlik: [Rh(CH3COCHCOCH3)(CO)(PPh3)]>3b>3a. Die kinetiese resultate, gevolg in situ deur UV/VIS, IR en NMR, vir die oksidatiewe addisie reaksie tussen CH3I en komplekse 3a en 3b toon dat kompleks 3b net ‘n enkele stap het in die reaksie wat lei tot ‘n RH(III)-alkiel produk, terwyl kompleks 3a 2 stappe toon: die eerste stap is die vorming van ‘n Rh(III)-alkiel produk en die tweede stap is die vorming van ‘n Rh(III)-asiel produk. Digtheids funksionaal teorie berekenings van die geoptimiseerde geometrieë en energieë van die reaktante, moontlike produkte en oorgangstoestan, National Research Foundation (NRF), University of the Free State

English: The National Credit Act 34 of 2005 came into operation in 2006 with the purpose to promote and regulate the credit market and industry and to protect consumers by promoting development of the credit market, consistent treatment of different credit products and different credit providers, promoting responsibility in the credit market, addressing incorrect imbalances, improving consumer credit information and reporting regulation of credit bureaus, addressing and preventing over-indebtedness of consumers, to develop a consistent and accessible system of consensual resolution of disputes and a consistent and harmonized system of debt restructuring, enforcement and judgment. With reference to the credit history and the many over-indebted South Africans, it is clear that the National Credit Act came into operation to repair the shortcommings of our previous credit legislation. With the commencment of the National Credit Act various forms of consumer credit protection was introduced to the credit market of which the most important is debt review. Notwithstanding the negative reception and impression the National Credit Act made on many South Africans, the majority of consumers welcomed the Act with open arms. The expectation of consumer protection, with reference to the prevention of over-indebtedness and debt review, was created for many consumers. After the completion of the obligated course, individuals throughout the country applied to the National Credit Regulator to be registered as debt counsellors with the prospect to assist consumers in accordance with section 3 of the National Credit Act. The National Credit Act was seen as something that will help everyone seeing that consumers do not have to run away from their obligations anymore. On paper this Act seemed to be executable, but unfortunately practical complications started to show in the National Credit Act that influenced the enforcement thereof. Grey areas like unreasonable litigation and terminatio, Afrikaans: Die Nasionale Kredietwet 34 van 2005 het in 2006 inwerking getree met die doel om die sosiale en ekonomiese welstand van elke Suid-Afrikaner te bevorder deur ‘n billike, effektiewe, deursigtige en bereikbare kredietmark te bewerkstellig asook om verantwoordelike leningspraktyke te vorm, om oorspandering te voorkom, die gesindheid van verantwoordelike spandering deur verbruikers te vestig en veral ook om die roekelose toestaan van krediet deur kredietverskaffers te voorkom. Met verwysing na Suid-Afrika se kredietgeskiedenis, is dit duidelik dat die Nasionale Kredietwet inwerking moes tree om die tekortkominge van die vorige kredietwetgewing reg te stel, veral met verwysing na die menigte Suid-Afrikaners wat oorbelas is met skuld. Met die inwerkingtreding het die Nasionale Kredietwet verskeie vorme van Verbruikerskredietbeskerming aan die Kredietmark voorgestel, waarvan die belangrikste skuldhersiening is. Ten spyte van die negatiewe ontvangs en indruk wat die Nasionale Kredietwet op meeste Suid-Afrikaners gemaak het, het menigte verbruikers die Wet met ope arms ontvang. Die verwagting van verbruikersbeskerming met verwysing na die voorkoming van roekelose kredietverskaffing asook skuldherverdeling, was by talle verbruikers geskep. Individue regoor die land het na voltooiing van die vereiste kursus aansoek gedoen om as skuldberaders by die Nasionale Kredietreguleerder te registreer met die vooruitsig om artikel 3 van die Nasionale Kredietwet uit te leef en sodoende verbruikers by te staan. Die Nasionale Kredietwet is deur hulle beskou as iets wat almal gaan help, aangesien verbruikers nou nie meer weens vrees hoef weg te hardloop van hul verpligtinge af nie. Op skrif het die Nasionale Kredietwet prakties uitvoerbaar voorgekom. Ongelukkig het daar hewige praktiese implikasies in die Nasionale Kredietwet na vore gekom wat die toepassing van die skuldhersieningproses geweldig beïnvloed het. Grys areas soos onbillike gedingvoering en terminasie van skuldhersien

English: Advertising constitutes one of the most enduring and influential genres of mass media communication and has, as such, attracted attention from various academic disciplines, including linguistics and its subfield sociolinguistics. This dissertation departs from an argument put forward by Crook (2004), which posits that one of the primary objectives of advertising is the attempt to establish and reinforce positive associations with the advertised brand, in order to gain an advantage over competitors. To analyse this function, the project combines a range of pragmatic and discourse analytic methodologies, under a relevance theoretic framework, in order to conduct an empirical analysis of the role of intertextuality in print advertising. In addition, the study aims to uncover the manner in which intertextuality is combined with direct/logical vs. indirect/emotional claims, by using Simpson's (2001) reason and tickle constructs. The results support the conclusion that copywriters use intertextuality to foster positive associations with the advertised brand, but also suggest that direct - or reason - product claims serve to guide readers' inferences about the relationship between the intertext and the advertised product/service. Based on these findings, the researcher also makes specific recommendations for future analyses in the field of critical discourse analysis., Afrikaans: Reklame is een van die mees blywende en invloedryke genres van massamedia kommunikasie en het, as sodanig, die aandag getrek van verskeie akademiese dissiplines, insluitend linguistiek en sy subfield sosiolinguistiek. Hierdie verhandeling vertrek vanaf 'n argument na vore gebring deur Crook (2004), wat voorstel dat een van reklame se primêre doelwitte die vas stel en versterk van positiewe assosiasies met die geadverteerde handelsmerk is, ten einde 'n voordeel bo mededingers te bekry. Om hierdie funksie te analiseer, kombineer hierdie projek 'n verskeidenheid pragmatiese en diskoers analitiese metodes, onder 'n relevant teoretiese raamwerk, ten einde 'n empierese ontleding te doen van die rol van intertekstualiteit in gedrukte media advertensies. Daarbenewens analiseer die studie die wyse waarop intertekstualiteit met direkte/logiese vs. indirekte/emosionele eise gekombineer word, aan die hand van Simpson se (2001) rede en kielie konstrukte. Die resultate ondersteun die gevolgtrekking dat kopieskrywers gebruik maak van intertekstualiteit om positiewe assosiasies met die geadverteerde handelsmerk te bevorder, en dui ook daarop dat direkte - of rede - produk eise gebruik word om lesers se afleidings te lei aangaande die verhouding tussen die interteks en die geadverteerde produk/diens. Op grond van hierdie bevindinge maak die navorser ook spesifieke aanbevelings vir toekomstige studies in die gebied van kritiese diskoers-analise.

English: The following dissertation reports on a research study of the lifestyle magazines For Him Magazine and Cosmopolitan. Quantitative and qualitative methods were combined in an investigation of linguistic patterns which serve to construct a particular perspective on masculinity and femininity. The quantitative analyses focused on identifying patterns in the distribution and connotation of various words. The qualitative analyses focused on various grammatical and semantic features in specific articles of both magazines. The results suggest that both magazines tend to hone masculinity and femininity to certain subjects and descriptions. Cosmopolitan, however, might be characterised by a slightly more flexible discourse. In addition, this study also contains suggestions on how research of this nature may be incorporated into an academic course for students of Applied Linguistics., Afrikaans: Die volgende navorsingstuk rapporteer die resultate van ‘n projek aangaande die diskoerskenmerke van die leefstyl-tydskrifte Cosmopolitan en For Him Magazine. Die studie kombineer kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodes, met die oog op die ondersoek van linguistiese patrone wat gebruik word om ‘n spesifieke perspektief op manlikheid en vroulikeheid te skep. Die kwantitatiewe metodes het gefokus op die verspreiding en konnotasie van verskeie woorde. Die kwalitatiewe metodes het gefokus op verskeie grammatiese en semantiese patrone in spesifieke artikels van beide tydskrifte. Die resultate stel voor dat beide tydskrifte ‘n noue perspektief op manlikheid en vroulikheid skep, deur te konsentreer op spesifieke belangstellings en beskrywings. Nie te min, blyk dit wel dat Cosmopolitan deur ‘n meer buigsame diskoers gekenmerk word. Verder mik hierdie navorsingstuk ook om voorstelle te bied oor maniere hoe navorsing van hierdie aard geïnkorporeer kan word in ‘n akademiese kursus vir studente in Toegepaste Linguistiek.

English: BBBBBEE170 is an essential ingredient in facilitating the meaningful participation of blacks at all levels of the South African economy, in order to ensure sustainable socio-political and economic stability and the sustainability of the economic growth and development. BBBEE key principles • It is an ongoing process and not an event • It is a business imperative and an integral component of the company’s business strategy and is based on the core values of the organization • • It must result in meaningful and significant participation of blacks in the company and in the broader economy, through substantial changes in the racial composition of ownership, control, management structures and of skilled and specialist positions • It must lead to advantaged strategic position for the company, greater profitability, business growth and sustainable increase in stakeholder value • it is the responsibility of all management in the organisation., Afrikaans: Swart ekonomiese bemagtiging (hierna verwys “SEB”)171 ‘n belangrike bestanddeel in fasilitering van ‘n betekenisvolle deelname van swart mense op alle vlakke van die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie is, ten einde volhoubare sosiopolitieke en ekonomiese stabiliteit en volhoubare ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling te verseker. SEB sleutelbeginsels SEB is ‘n deurlopende proses en nie ‘n eenmalige gebeurtenis nie. Dit is gebiedend noodsaaklik vir ‘n besigheid, ‘n integrale komponent van die besigheid se strategie en gebaseer op die kernwaardes van die maatskappy. Dit moet aanleiding gee tot betekenisvolle swart deelname aan die maatskappy en in die breër ekonomie, deur wesenlike verandering in die rassesamestelling van eienaarskap, beheer, bestuurstrukture en vaardigheids- of spesialis poste meebring. Dit moet aanleiding gee tot ‘n voordelige strategiese posisie vir die maatskappy, groter winsgewendheid, besigheidsgroei en volhoubare verhoging van waarde vir belanghebbendesDit is die verantwoordelikheid van alle bestuurslede in die organisasie.

Extracts from this dissertation were used in conjunction with statements and commentaries from the Agricultural Business Chamber in a report which was submitted to the NEDLAC Task Team for Co-operative Development in South Africa during July 2006., English: In the South African context, BEE is not only regarded as a moral and social imperative, but also as a legislative one. BEE functions on two levels, namely the creation and sustenance of wealth, and the creation of opportunities, in order to widen the economic sphere. If successful transformation is to be achieved in South Africa, it is of vital importance that practical suggestions for its implementation be investigated. The co-operative has been described by international organisations like the International Co-operative Alliance, as a business enterprise that develops and /or empowers people through self-help. Locally the co-operative both on SMME and large corporate scale has been identified as a potential vehicle to drive the social and economic upliftment of the people of the South Africa. The Co-operatives Act 14 of 2005 was promulgated to give effect to this. Co-operatives have the following characteristics that make them ideally suited to the current South African situation: they are versatile in their application, they are accessible enterprises as initial establishment is cost effective and they are generally easy to establish, they provide both a social and economic function (dual function) to their members, generally apply a one-member-one-vote-system in management thereby promoting democratic principles, and they promote the concepts of individualism and autonomy within their structures. A successful co-operative enhances both individual and collective human dignity and promotes the values of ubuntu, which uplifts people on all levels, thereby complying with both the social and economic aspects of BEE in the creation of opportunities to widen the economic sphere. Furthermore, the cooperative as an enterprise complies with the BEE scorecard as well as with the Codes of Good Practice which were drafted by government in accordance with the provisions of the Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment Act 53 of 2003., Afrikaans: In Suid-Afrika word SEB nie net as ‘n morele en maatskaplike noodsaaklikheid beskou nie, maar ook as ‘n wetlike imperatief. SEB funksioneer op twee vlakke: die skepping en volhoubaarheid van welvaart sowel as die skepping van die nodige geleenthede aan alle Suid-Afrikaners om die basis van die ekonomie te verbreed. Om suksesvolle transformasie in Suid-Afrika te bewerkstellig is dit gebiedend noodsaaklik om praktiese voorstelle te oorweeg om SEB te laat slaag. Internasionale organisasies soos die International Cooperative Alliance beskou ‘n koöperasie as ‘n onderneming wat in staat is om die breë publiek te bemagtig deur self-bemagtiging. Op plaaslike vlak word die koöperasie gekenmerk as ‘n potensiële dryfveer vir die ekonomiese opheffing van die breë bevolking van Suid-Afrika. Koöperasies kan op KMMO- sowel as groot korporatiewe skaal gevestig word. In 2005 is die Koöperasie Wet 14 van 2005 gepromulgeer met die doel om registrasies van koöperasies te vergemaklik. Koöperasies beskik oor die volgende kenmerke, wat hulle ideaal geskik maak vir Suid-Afrikaanse omstandighede: koöperasies is veelsydige ondernemings, hulle is toeganklike ondernemings omdat hulle stigting koste-effektief is en daarom maklik tot stand kan kom; hulle het beide ‘n maatskaplike en ekonomiese funksie, ‘n een-mens-een-stem stelsel is van toepassing op die bestuur van die koöperasie en hierdeur word demokratiese bestuursbeginsels bevorder en laastens, word die beginsels van individualiteit en outonomie ook deur ‘n koöperasie bevredig. ‘n Suksesvolle koöperasie bevorder nie net die menswaardigheid van die individu nie, maar ook van die hele groep volgens die waardes van ubuntu en derhalwe beantwoord die soort onderneming aan die maatskaplike en ekonomiese vereistes van SEB, aangesien dit ekonomiese geleenthede skep om die ekonomiese basis te verbreed. Die koöperasie as onderneming voldoen aan die SEB telkaart, sowel as aan die Riglyne vir Goeie Praktyk wat deur die regering opgestel is