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Introduction: Common zinnia (Zinnia elegans), canna (Canna sp.), petunia (Petunia hybrida), compacta (Dracaena Compacta), dahlia (Dahlia sp.), gazania (Gazania sp.), marigold (Tagetes sp.), rose moss (Portulaca grandiflora) and nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) are common ornamental plants in Ahwaz. The identification of fungi associated with these plants will contribute to improving the future management of their cultivation. Members of the genera Amesia and Chaetomium are widely distributed in soil, water, plants, animals and humans. In this study, 12 isolates from Chaetomium and Amesia genera, obtained from herbaceous ornamentals, were identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and methods: During 2017-2018, 40 symptomatic plants, showing root rot, stem canker and leaf spot, were collected and their associated fungi were isolated. Among those, 12 chaetomiaceae-like isolates were obtained, which their morphological and molecular characterizations were surveyed. Mycelial biomass of the isolates, produced into potatodextrose- broth (PDB), was collected by passing through filter paper and freeze-dried. ITS and partial regions of the 28s-D1/D2 (for 4 isolates) and tub2 (for 9 isolates) were amplified using appropriate primers and sequenced. Results: The isolates under survey were compared with known strains using BLASTn search and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, 28S and tub2 regions. Accordingly, the isolates under study were identified as follows: Amesia atrobrunnea, Chaetomium rectangulare, C. globosum, C. ascotrichoides and C. olivaceum. The morphological characteristics of these isolates were in accordance with the type strains of each species. Discussion and conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first record of C. ascotrichoides in Iran and the association of C. rectangulare on compacta, C. globosum on zinnia and canna, C. ascotrichoides on petunia, C. olivaceum on common zinnia, nasturtium and marigold in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an online scheme of a wide-area-damping-controller (WADC) for controlling the inter-area oscillatory modes in interconnected power systems using wide-area power system stabilizers and measuring signals. The proposed adaptive controller includes two individual approaches WSSS for evaluating the signal participation factor selection and GPSS as a global power system stabilizer for damping inter-area oscillations. For this purpose, considering the concept of center of inertia over inter-area signals, generators with the highest interactions are determined as oscillating areas while based on evaluating signal damping ratio, proper participation factors are estimated in which GPSS with positive damping performance is developed. In real-time working mode, based on oscillatory signals gathered from WAMS data, different combinations of PSSs are evaluated in which the combinations with the best controllability on damping the oscillations are selected. The effectiveness of the proposed widearea damping controller scheme is evaluated on the IEEE test system and practical Iran national power grid with the potential of unstable inter-area oscillations. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed WADC approach for fast and secure damping of inter-area oscillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notwithstanding the growing number of research on many aspects of audiovisual translation, cross-cultural pragmatics has remained under-investigated in audiovisual translation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the translation of general extenders—such as and stuff (like that) and or something in Persian dubbing and non)professional subtitling. Positioned at the crossroads of the pragmatics of fiction and audiovisual translation, the analysis presented in this article draws upon past research on English and Persian general extenders, as well as the models for translating general extenders. In doing so, this study follows a corpus-based approach, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches to identify translation patterns of general extenders by dubbing translators and fansubbers in Iran. A corpus of twelve English films from different genres, along with their Persian dubbing and non-professional subtitling, was compiled for the investigation. Overall findings suggest that non-professional subtitlers followed a literal and sourced-oriented approach to translation, resulting in a more direct translation of general extenders. In contrast, the dubbing team (i.e., translator and dubbing director) tended to edit out these pragmatic issues in their translations; therefore, many general extenders were deleted in the translation. This was partly because the translation for dubbing has to be synchronized, resulting in some omissions and partly because the dubbing team paid less attention to these elements. Additionally, other strategies, such as substitution or explicitation were infrequently used in both dubbing and non-professional subtitling. The paper concludes by discussing limitations and offering opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Definition: What are the reasons for Saudi Arabia's conservative foreign policy shift to an aggressive approach after the Arab spring in Yemen? Purpose: Investigating and analyzing the causes of the Saudi military invasion of Yemen from two geopolitical and ideological aspects and its impact on Saudi Arabia's balancing policy with Iran. Methodology: The study was conducted using the descriptive-analytic method. Data collection method was library one using scientific and research papers and online sites. The theoretical framework of this paper was derived from the theory of balance of power, which emphasizes the (relative) equality of power between the two rival blocs, providing a useful theoretical framework for examining the shift in the conservative approach of Saudi foreign policy to the aggressive approach following the Arab spring developments in Yemen. Result: The findings of this article suggest that Ansarullah's full control over Yemen could change the balance of power for Iran's benefit by endangering Saudi security (provoking Shiites in the south and east as well as threatening oil transit through the strategic Bab al- Mandab Strait) and expand its sphere of influence in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia has changed its conservative foreign policy approach to an aggressive foreign policy towards Yemen after changes in Islamic awakening for expanding its influence and maximizing its security on the one hand and to curb the expansion of Iranian influence in the region with the aim of weakening the axis of resistance and balancing strategy on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subway stations are one of the most popular public spaces in the Iranian big cities, which is accompanied by urban design low qualities. The urban design of knowledge, art, and profession is the organization of the environmental qualities of the urban and public domain of the subject. Considering low qualities in these modern spaces that are used by everyday people, the most important issue of the present research is constructed without reference to indigenous fields. Emphasis on indigenous patterns, in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the sustainability and desirability of these spaces. The development of urban-rural spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of contemporary large and populated cities. Construction and construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities such as Tehran. In this paper, the purpose of this paper is to explain the status of the design of urban design in metro station spaces, with emphasis on indigenous patterns. The present study is conducted using the descriptive-analytical methodology and studies between the three areas of urban design and related qualities; subsurface development and metro station spaces; native architectural and urban design patterns. Therefore, after the design of the problem and terminology, the study of definitions and urban design qualities from the point of view of the experts and the addition and extraction of comprehensive urban design qualities was done with the article approach. Subsequently, in order to study Imam Khomeini, Seventh, and Revolution Square subway stations, they were studied and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the planning and design of metro station spaces should pay attention to the comprehensive design quality of the city. These qualities include identity recognition, environmental sustainability, socioeconomic and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, accessibility and accessibility, continuity and integrity, proportions and human scale, freedom, flexibility, Vitality, intuition and sensual richness, justice. The analysis of case examples, both in terms of both generic and indigenous patterns, has a low status and poor quality of urban design and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to the design qualities of a design based on native patterns can enhance their sustainability, utility, and humanity. Introduction Urban design is a science, art, and profession dealing with organizing the environmental qualities of urban and public areas. Paying attention to the vacuum of urban design qualities in these modern spaces that are used daily by people is the most important issue of the present study, which has been constructed without any connection with local contexts. By presenting this issue, the purpose of this study is to explain the position of urban design qualities in metro station spaces with an emphasis on local patterns. In the process of urban development, all aspects of environmental quality must be considered. In other words, strengthening or meeting one or more (private and public) needs and environmental quality should not lead to the weakening or loss of other environmental qualities. This is an issue common in contemporary projects. One-dimensional views of urban projects, such as a purely economic or traffic approach, will neglect the underlying features, undermine identity, and move in the opposite direction of sustainable development. The theme of this research is that, on the one hand, the development of urban infrastructures such as metro stations, especially in large cities and their centers, is a matter of certainty and these infrastructures in the dimensions of transportation, space, play an important role in the life of urban centers. But on the other hand, the construction of these spaces is often devoid of environmental qualities and less attention is paid to local patterns. The research hypothesis is that by accompanying and using local models in the planning and development of subsurface spaces, both goals can be achieved, namely the development of urban infrastructure, strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. Therefore, this study seeks solutions to use local patterns in the development of subsurface spaces and subway stations. Research Methods This study aims to analyze the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations. The study is conducted using a combined research approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods). In this regard, the most important research question is: What is the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations? Also, the research sub-questions are: What are the qualities of urban design effective in the design of metro stations? What are the ways to apply these qualities with emphasis on indigenous patterns in subway stations? In this research, while analyzing the features and qualities of native patterns, the application of these patterns, related features, and qualities in the planning and design of contemporary underground spaces in our country are discussed and solutions and suggestions are presented. Therefore, while defining these concepts from the theorists’ point of view, we summarize and conclude these definitions, and then search for native patterns of architecture and urban planning for use in the planning and design of metro stations. Research Findings The results of the study show that in planning and designing metro station spaces, comprehensive qualities of urban design should be considered. These qualities include identity, legibility, environmental sustainability, social, cultural and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, pedestrianism and ease of access, cohesion and integration, human proportions and scale, freedom, flexibility, vitality, attractiveness and sensory richness, and justice. The analysis of case studies, both in terms of general qualities and indigenous patterns, indicates the low and weak position of urban design qualities and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to urban-design qualities with a focus on indigenous patterns can promote their sustainability, desirability, and humanity. Emphasis on indigenous patterns in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the stability and desirability of these spaces. The development of suburban urban spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of large and densely populated contemporary cities. The construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities like Tehran. From all these issues, it can be concluded that the role of subsurface spaces, including metro stations, in the sustainable development of cities, should be taken seriously and the comprehensive realization of environmental qualities should be considered by avoiding one-dimensional approaches in planning and designing these spaces. It can also be said that traditional Iranian indigenous buildings and collections such as Gudal Baghcheh, Shovadan, Cistern, the historical bazaar have valuable structural features (in terms of the form and function on architectural and urban scales) and can be a local model for the development of metro station spaces. Given that our country is on the verge of developing such spaces, paying attention to these points can play an important role in stabilizing cities and strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. These templates and design guides can be used in the planning and design of metro station complexes. Since the metro network is one of the most widely used underground spaces in large cities, the subsurface development in relation to metro stations and using the native patterns studied in this research can be useful and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpreting trends in the Sassanid state, the practices of which have been the basis for subsequent Iranian states, can deepen the knowledge of Iran's history. Various interpretations have been presented for its rise, the great kings, the Mazdakian movement, and its fall. This paper supposed that using a theoretical framework for interpreting all the events could provide a more comprehensive and integrated interpretation. Since the developers of the conceptual framework of the "natural state" have considered it a framework for interpreting the written history of humans, the main question of the current research was whether this conceptual framework could provide a satisfactory interpretation of trends in the Sassanid state. Therefore, this study was based on an analytical-descriptive method and a library approach. In the viewpoint of "natural state", a state incorporates a coalition of elites, who exercise their control over the society's political, military, economic, religious, and administrative activities to provide them the highest rent. Therefore, the state's changes are those occurring to the coalition members, who may be important due to changes in the situation. In this article, the satisfactory ability of this framework to interpret important events in the Sassanid state, regarding the roles of the coalition members in the production of rents and acts of violence, was shown in a 5-period classification, the characteristics of each of which were then presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufism in relation to culture and civilization is one of the controversial issues among contemporary researchers. In this paper, after presenting the current controversial ideas on this topic in Iran and the key role of Sufis in the development of thoughts, culture, and Islamic civilization as well as condidering the manifestations of the new civilization and concepts in Iran in the Qajar era, the authors of the present paper discussed Sufi masters’ approach towards the culture and new civilization, as well as their related issues, which could be helpful in perceiving the relation between Sufism, culture, and civilization. Thus, in the current paper, the socio-cultural viewpoints of Nur Alishah Gunabadi as one of the great Sufi masters of Nimatullahi Sufi Order in Qajar era about the culture and new civilization, along with their related matters, were investigated. The researchers also pointed out some views of Sultan Alishah, who was Nur Alishah Gunabadi’s father and Sufi predecessor. Consequently, Nur Alishah as a jurist mystic, who had comprehended the new culture and civilization, adjusted the religious viewpoints and circumstances of the new civilization to the cultural affairs of the new era with fidelity to genuine Islamic teachings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marivan region located in the west of Kurdistan province, northwest of Iran and in the structural geological divisions of Iran (Stöcklin and Nabavi, 1973). The Mesozoic volcanic rocks are widespread in the Northern Sanandaj- Sirjan zone in comparison to the central and southern parts of this zone. The basic term of this volcanic belt with a calc-alkaline tendency is dominant where was formed in association with the Sanandaj-Sirjan arc magmatism in the Mesozoic which generated as a result of the subduction of the Neotethys oceanic crust under the active continental margin of Central Iran (Omrani et al., 2008; Azizi and Jahangiri, 2008; Moinevaziri et al., 2015). The studied area located in the Sanandaj Cretaceous volcanic belt (SVB) (Azizi and Moinevaziri, 2009), is characterized by the presence of basalts and andesite-basalts, often intruded shales, sandstones, and Cretaceous limestones. Rahimzadeh et al. (2021) investigated the North of Sanandaj-Sirjan magmatism in two basic and acidic phases and attributed their formation to a continental arc tectonic environment with extension. Also, the general age of the North Sanandaj-Sirjan zone magmatism varies from 110 to 130 million years (Barmian-Aptian). Ali et al. (2016) determined a bimodal model for the volcanic rocks of the Kata-rash region in Iraq Kurdistan (north of the study area), which originated 108 Ma (Albian) in an oceanic arc tectonic environment. The main purpose of the present paper is to study the petrology and geochemistry of the volcanic rocks of the area, in order to determine their tectonic setting. Regional Geology The The studied area is located in the north and east of Marivan city and is a part of the 1:100,000 geological map of Marivan (Sabzehi et al., 2009). Structurally, it is located in the northwestern part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The rock units with Albian age, are a sequence of low metamorphosed volcanic-sedimentary rocks and consist of basaltic lavas, andesite-basalt, rhyodacite, pyroclastic, shale, calcareous shale, metamorphosed limestone, sandstone and minor amounts of conglomerate. A great volume of basic rocks is found in the north of Marivan while the acidic domes are seen in the east of the Marivan. The field relationships of volcano-sedimentary sequence indicates that the volcanic rocks erupted from deep to shallow marine environment (Rahimzadeh et al., 2021). Research method Eleven samples selected from the Marivan volcanic rocks for chemical analyses. The major elements were measured by ICP-OES method and trace and rare earth elements (REE) were measured by the ICP-MS method in the Canadian MS-Analyses laboratory. Petrography Cretaceous volcanic rocks with bimodal composition are often basic to slightly intermediate and acidic outcrops. The basic phase includes a large amount of basalt and a small amount of basaltic andesite and the acidic phase is composed of rhyolite and rhyodacite. Porphyritic and microlithic-glassy are the common textures in the rocks under study. The presence of zoned-plagioclases, quartz with embayed texture in rhyodacite, regrowth in crystals margin in both basic and acidic phases indicate the chemical imbalance of phenocrysts with melt in the magma forming these rocks. Geochemistry Based on the results of chemical analyses, the Marivan volcanic rocks are classified as the basic and acidic where the bimodality of rocks can be seen. The basic rocks show calk-alkaline with tholeiitic tendency whereas the acidic term display the calc-alkaline nature. The geochemical results in the spider diagrams show that the basic rocks of the region are enriched in LREE and LILE (K, Cs and relatively Ba and Rb), and depleted in HFSE (Nb, Ti, P) except U and Th. The acidic rocks are enriched in LILE (K, Cs, Rb, Th) except Sr and depletion of HFSE (P, Ti, Nb) except U and Zr. Nb and Ti depletion is one of the characteristic features of magmatic arcs. Also, these rocks have an LREE-enriched pattern in both the basic and acidic phases with a high LREE/HREE ratio and a specific negative Eu anomaly are found only in the acidic phase. The acidic rocks were originated from the lherzolitic spinel mantle with a 5 to 8% partial melting degree whereas the basic phase is generated from the lherzolitic spinel-garnet mantle with 10 to 22% partial melting degree. Tectonic setting This volcanic complex is a part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan magmatic arc, which shows both subduction and extensional components. Extension in the continental arc happened relation to roll-back or slab collapse (Wei et al., 2017; Rahimzadeh et al., 2021). Rollback occurs as a result of its pressure, the subducting crust turns back and breaks, and extension occurs for a short period. So, in this geodynamic environment, bimodal volcanism can be happened where basic term show the tholeiitic affinity. It’s happened from continental arc position. In this tectonic setting environments, most of the volcanic rocks are basaltic rocks while in a typical continental arc such as the Andes arc and the Urumieh-Dokhtar abundant andesite rocks are widespread (Gill, 2010). Conclusion Marivan volcanic rocks are part of the northern Sanandaj-Sirjan zone continental arc, which is roll-back happened in the Albian and as a result occurred the local extension in the regional compression setting. Its signs include the presence of shales associated with volcanic rocks, the abundance of basalts over andesites, the tendency of calc-alkaline to tholeiitic nature in most of the basic rocks and as the several geodynamic diagrams display. However, the obvious evidence of subduction in the region can be seen as the depletion of Nb and Ti elements and enrichment of LILE and LREE compared to HFS elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although some aspects of the political relationship between the Safavid state and local governments in the history of Iran have been examined, nevertheless, the relations between the Safavid state and the local governments in Iran's western borders, especially Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak, have been largely ignored. Accordingly, the present paper, with a historical approach and by describing and analyzing historical sources, have studied the relations between the Safavid state and Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak dynasty in the light of various internal and external factors. The findings of this research indicated that the territorial position of Lor-e Kouchak, their ability to influence the central and western regions of Iran, the border and the strategic position of this family in the west of the country, and their occasional overt and covert relations with the Ottomans brought about fear for the Safavid state and raised tension between them. In the shadow of these threats, finally, after nearly a century of the appeasement policy of the Safavid government, Shah Abbas I by adopting special political and military measures about Lorestan, not only eliminated the local dynasty of Atabakan-e Lor-e kouchak but also divided the region under their control into two parts and appointed puppet rulers in both regions. In practice, he neutralized the widespread threats of the Atabkan-e Lor-e Kouchak government. Introduction: Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak, known as Abbasi or Al-e-Khorshid, was established in the middle of the 6th AH/ the 12th century AC, when the centrality and authority of the Seljuk government had been lost by the war and conflict between the military rulers and the Turkish tribes. Despite the silence of historical sources and the lack of a family historiography tradition about the historical events of this local dynasty, the Atabakans for centuries were able to have the area between the Zagros Mountains and the areas reaching the Diyala Plain and the city of Baghdad under their control and authority. By taking advantage of the region's mountains, effective war strategies, local influence and legitimacy, and political strategies such as declaring obedience to central government and political marriages, the local dynasty was able to maintain and continue its rule. Shah Ismail I, after his coronation in 1501 AC, on the way to consolidating and dominating Iran, eliminated many local powerful rulers or forced them to accept obedience to the Safavid government. The small Atabakan-e Lor family was one of the local dynasties who declared obedience and subordination to the Shah of Iran. As they were not considered a political and religious rival for the central government anymore, the Safavid government agreed with their obedience and thus their rule continued over Lorestan. From then until the killing of the last khan belonging to the Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak dynasty by Shah Abbas, their relations underwent many ups and downs. In addition to factors such as changes in the political strategies of the Safavid state, such as centralism, the tendency of the Lor rulers to internal independence and not being in absolute obedience to the Safavid state (that was well-precedented among Lor rulers in relation to previous governments), longlasting wars and conflicts of the Safavids with the Ottomans, and the Ottomans deployment in the west of Lor-e Kouchak’s territory (after dominating over Baghdad) added to the complexity of the relations between Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak and the Safavid government. Lorestan had become part of the front line of the Ottoman-Safavid conflict and played an important role for both sides in providing security and control over the western and southwestern regions of Iran and Iraq. The Ottoman government would gain access to the heart of the territories of Iran and the capitals of the Safavid state, namely Isfahan and Qazvin, by passing through this region (in the shadow of a secret or overt agreement with the local government). The Safavid government also made it possible, through control of Lorestan, to monitor Mesopotamia and the important city of Baghdad or threaten them when necessary. The present paper attempted to examine the political relations between the Safavid government and the Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak in light of all these internal and external factors. Various works have been written about the history of the Atabakan and their political relations. However, these studies do not have a comprehensive generality about the political ties of this family with the Safavid government. Therefore, in these studies, the significant characteristics and points of these relationships and the contexts in which these relationships took place are not highlighted. The writings of researchers such as Izadpanah, Khodgoo, and Saki (while being valuable in the public context of Lorestan studies), on the political relations of Atabakan-e-Lor, are mainly rewriting the words of historians such as Mostofi, Badlisi, and Iskanderbeig and lack a new analytical approach. There are three essential articles on the political relations between Atabakan and the Safavid state: first, Shahram Yousefi Far’s research with the title of Atabakan-e Lorestan on the political history of Atabakan-e Lor, which contains more analysis and details. Salehi and Akbari's paper entitled Shahverdi Khan's governorship of Lorestan and the centralism of the Safavid government which deals with the political relations between Shahverdi Khan and Shah Abbas; however, it focuses more on the issue of centralism and its role in their relations. Third, the paper by Rohhollah Bahrami entitled Atabakan-e-Khorshidi and Safavid Government deals with events analysis and reports by historians on relations between these two dynasties. In general, all three articles lack a detailed analysis of the political, economic, and military significance of Lorestan for the Safavid government and the new strategic position of that land in the political-defense plans of this government; therefore, they generally ignore the background and context of the formation of the ups and downs of these relations. Therefore, the present article tried to provide a more objective and understandable analysis of the developments by highlighting crucial internal and external factors of the ups and downs of the relations between the Safavid government and Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak. Materials & Methods: Therefore, in the present article, with a historical approach, description, and analysis of historical sources, an attempt has been made to address the new strategic position of Lorestan and the role of the external factors in the approaches and strategies of historical actors in light of the ups and downs of the relations between the Safavid government and Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak. Thus, factors such as the proximity of Lorestan province to the Ottoman government and the intermediary and strategic role of this region between Mesopotamia and the western, southwestern, and central territories of the Safavid state have been highlighted. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The relationship between local governments and central governments in the history of Iran was organized based on a set of mutual obligations and expectations. On the one hand, local dynasties fulfilled a set of political, financial, and military obligations in relation to the central states. On the other hand, it was expected that the central governments, while declaring the legitimacy of the local government, would not interfere in the internal affairs of the states and provinces. Nevertheless, the nature of the power structure and policies of the central governments, as well as the type of political tendencies of the local dynasties, caused these relations to fluctuate. There are few historical reports of a conflict between Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak and the pre-Safavid rulers and their tendency towards some form of independence. After the rise of the Safavid state, until the middle of the tenth century AH, the relations between Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak and the Safavid state revolved around the old circle of the abovementioned mutual obligations and expectations. The effects of the above-mentioned factors in the relations between the two continued until the second half of the tenth century AH. Reports indicate the presence of the Khan of Lor in the campaigns of the Safavid government and the presentation of gifts to the Safavid Shah. However, in this historical period, the Ottoman government's domination over Baghdad and the alignment of Lor-e Kouchak's political geography with the political borders of the Ottoman government changed the type of mutual relations between the Atbakan-e Lor-e Kouchak family and the Safavid state. These new demarcations gave the Lorestan region a strategic position, enabling the Lorestan rulers, given the previous relative independence, economic self-sufficiency, and mountainous and impassability of the region, to maintain greater internal power and independence and gain maximum political and economic benefits. The Safavid government, considering the strategic position of Lorestan and the threat that could be perceived from this area, tried to use tools and tactics such as intimidation or granting political concessions to this local family to keep them away from the Ottomans. As a result, each of the historical actors involved in this period (Safavids, Ottoman, and Lorestan rulers) sought to make the most of it and avoid dangers to the extent possible. It seems that this external factor has played a major role in the central government’s distrust in the Lor rulers and in pursuing the policy of overthrowing this old and rooted family of Atabakan-e Lor-e Kouchak by the Safavid government. Therefore, the previously-mentioned situation, inadvertently caused the overthrow of the old and rooted family of Atabakn-e Lor-e Kouchak and provided the grounds for the fundamental changes in the political geography of Lor-eKouchak and divide it into two regions of Pishkouh and Poshtkouh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The problem of wheat production sustainability is an important issue that quarantines the availability of people's food at present as well as the nutrition of the next generations. Food is the essential human's need and has been used from human beings' creation until the end of its life. The existence of systems satisfying such requirements and the sustainability of them is always essential for the survival of the human race. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the sustainability of the wheat production system in Iran. Design/methodology/approach: In this research, using the system dynamics approach, the sustainability of Iran's wheat production has been studied. The literature review section of this paper concentrates on several research papers in this context, considering the systems dynamics approach. In this study, an introduction has been expressed to the human's need for food and the position of wheat as the primary source of food in meeting this need in Iran. System dynamics is one of the most commonly used approaches for modeling and simulating environmental and socio-economic phenomena. The wheat production system covering environmental, economic, and social subsystems has been taken into consideration as a case to model the problem. Key factors affecting wheat production have been collected based on a literature review. 50 years historical data for essential factors such as rain, wheat harvesting area, agricultural technology, fertilizers, population, wheat imports, and exports have been used in modeling and hence in the mathematical formulation of the problem. Based on the history of these factors and related research, the dynamic hypothesis of the problem has been defined, and the causal diagrams of the relationships between critical factors and the wheat production have been developed. After modeling and formulation, the problem has been simulated and validated. Then, various scenarios have been proposed and simulated for the sustainability of the wheat production system, and the results have been addressed. The scenarios for changing the machinery level, reducing chemical fertilizer's use, increasing organic fertilizer use, and rainfall fluctuations have been simulated one by one, and their combinations have been simulated, respectively. Findings: The simulation results indicated that the production of wheat is highly sensitive to precipitation and technology levels in the field. Therefore, it is better to focus more on such two factors and to have more concentration on them. Since water is the most crucial resource in wheat production, it would be better to concentrate the research and development efforts on water management technologies in the field. Due to the high sensitivity of wheat production to precipitation fluctuations and technology levels, more investment and better plans should be provided for the better and more efficient use of the two sources. Research limitations/implications: While numerous factors such as pesticides, seeds, planting and harvesting, irrigation methods, management, human resources, and related requirements affect wheat production, due to the large scale of this research, only the most critical factors were selected for the study. Examining the behavior of each of the above-mentioned factors will result in a better awareness of the existing reality and better planning for wheat production. Practical implications: The wheat production system includes environmental, economic, and social subsystems as well as numerous and complex relationships between the human and the environment. The systemic nature of such interdependencies and interactions needs systematic approaches and integrated assessment tools. Identifying and modeling correctly the intrinsic characteristics of the wheat production system assure preserves or increases its essential results over the time and help governmental organizations and institutes to move towards sustainable development and to set policies that encourage positive changes. Social implications: Since the proposed model is expected to help the government and agricultural institutions in planning wheat production efficiently, it will make the country move towards selfsufficiency in wheat production, which in turn results in psychological and social security in terms of food and increases social sustainability. Originality/value: To the best knowledge of the authors, there is no comprehensive investigation on the sustainability of wheat production in Iran. The literature review indicates that the agricultural context is almost limited to a particular zone and this problem has not been addressed on the national scale. Thus, this is the first research that examines such a problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to introduce necessity and possibility equality constraints in a real case, developing and improving fuzzy network DEA models by using proposed relations and creating a suitable and applicable framework for situations with uncertain and ambiguous data with multi-stage and network structure. Design/methodology/approach: First, the defuzzification relations of necessity equality constraints have been introduced. Then a new fuzzy network DEA model using proposed relations has been developed. After presenting the appropriate mathematical model and due to the infrastructural role of the electricity industry in the country's economy, electricity industry network structure, and uncertainty in some data of the electricity industry, the proposed fuzzy network DEA (FNDEA) has been used based on the possibility theory to evaluate all efficiency and sub-efficiency scores of Iran regional power companies. Findings: For evaluating the efficiency of the proposed FNDEA, the designed fuzzy network DEA has been used to calculate all efficiency and sub-efficiency scores of Iran's regional power companies. According to the results, the proposed research approach can be used as an efficient tool for performance evaluation in processes similar to network-fuzzy nature. Research limitations/implications: For future studies, FNDEA-SBM could be reformulated using a credibility measure which is considered as an average of the Pos/Nec measure, and a general fuzzy measure that is equal to the convex combination of Pos and Nec measures. Also, the adjustable fuzzy DEA model (AFDEA), which was proposed by Peykani could be adopted to equality constraints using Theorem 1. The novel fuzzy concepts such as Z-number, fuzzy type-2, and random fuzzy variables model (for more details see Azadeh & Kokabi (2016), Qin, Liu, Liu and Wang (2009), and Tavana, Shiraz, Hatami-Marbini, Agrell and Paryab (Tavana et al., 2013). In addition, further investigation into the evaluation and ranking of DMUs in different contexts and real-life case studies with fuzzy data can be carried out by applying the proposed model. Practical implications: The results of the proposed fuzzy network DEA model based on the possibility and necessity measures provided useful managerial implications for the efficiency and subefficiency evaluation of regional power companies. The study proved the usefulness of fuzzy network DEA as a decision-making tool in processes similar to network-fuzzy nature. Social implications: Due to the infrastructural role of the electricity industry in the country's economy, it is significant to evaluate the overall efficiency and sub-efficiencies of generation, transmission, and distribution centers of regional power companies. Allocating the optimal resources in the generation, transmission, and distribution centers of regional power companies based on the proper criteria increases the efficiency of the electricity industry and the quality of the level of welfare of the community. Originality/value: Concerning the necessity (Nec) measure, there is a lack of any procedure or formula to deal with equality chance constraints and this is one of the main challenges in possibility theory; therefore, in this paper and for the first time a solution has been provided to deal with such a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Iran, the Rural Hadi Project is recognized as the first organized and comprehensive national effort to spatially organize villages. It is the most extensive and costly project that has been implemented in geographical areas in the country in order to develop villages. In a simple definition, Hadi Plan is a plan that aims at organizing and modifying the existing texture, the amounts of future expansion, and the way of using lands for various functions, such as residential, commercial, and agricultural lands, facilities and equipment, and general rural needs, as the case may be, in the form of approval for spatial plans and settlements. It determines rural or regional master plans. Taking an approach based on the limitation of physical changes in rural development, several projects have been implemented, all of which have sought rural development. Therefore, it is referred to as a comprehensive rural development plan and the most important tool for rural development management in Iran. One of the important measures that can help strengthen and sustain the positive effects of Hadi Plan is the pathology of the Rural Hadi Plan. In fact, this will lead to awareness of the experts’ views and opinions and identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the plan. Rural communities are perhaps the best evaluators of the functional impairments of Hadi Plan. According to the above, the main questions of the present study were as follows: What are the most important structural damages of the Rural Hadi Plan? What are the most important operational and executive solutions to eliminate the identified damages? 2- Methodology The present qualitative research was conducted within the framework of the interpretiveconstructive paradigm and its governing method of analysis was thematic analysis. The statistical and target population included the experts and specialists of the Rural Hadi Project. The community included all the individuals at the provincial level and even the nationally recognized experts, who had scientific expertise and executive background for preparing and implementing the master plan. These people included the officials and senior managers, as well as the experts of the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution, surveyors, consultants for preparing the master plan, contractors, consulting engineering companies, the fourth factor, and so on. The relevant data were collected through in-depth semi-structured individual interviews and group interviews, which were based on the theoretical saturation. 3- Discussion Based on the content analysis of the individual and group interviews conducted with managers, experts, specialists, etc., the identified structural damages included 3 comprehensive themes: extraorganizational, technical-executive, and managerial themes. Each of these themes was derived from several organizing themes (a total of 10 organizing themes), which themselves were identified from 105 basic themes. The identified themes in combination led to the formation of serious damages in the process of preparation and implementation of the Rural Hadi Plan. The effectiveness of this national and macro plan faced many challenges. Therefore, providing operational and executive solutions to solve these damages can be as effective as possible in the Rural Hadi Plan. 4- Conclusion Pathology of all development programs and projects can help identify the challenges and issues facing them, present operational-executive solutions to solve problems, and provide the ground for their success as much as possible. Due to the increasing growth of the preparation and implementation of Hadi Plan in rural settlements of the country, the pathology of this design can be effective in further improving its performance. These damages can be grouped into 2 categories: structural and functional. Structural damage in this study meant all the processes related to the Rural Hadi Plan before its impact (its functional effect) on the rural community. The results showed that the most important structural damages of Hadi Plan could be grouped into 3 comprehensive themes: "external organizational", "technical-executive", and "managerial" themes. These resulted in 10 themes the organizer could obtain: damages related to the type of credit and the amount of its allocation, description of the project preparation services and instructions and the criteria for its implementation, handing over the project to the local authorities and maintaining them, preparation of the plan, project implementation monitoring mechanism, consultant (surveyor, design preparation consultant, and fourth agent) and contractor, selection of a village to prepare/review and implement the plan, selection of the type of executive project, schedule of the plan implementation, and approval and notification steps. Due to the uniform process of preparation and implementation of Hadi Plan throughout the country, the results of this study can be generalized to all other provinces in the country. Therefore, the thematic map prepared regarding the structural damage of the conductor design in this research can be used as a basis for solving the damages of Hadi Plan and optimizing its performance in other provinces. Since the output of any scientific study is providing operational and executive solutions to the problem under study, appropriate solutions were presented for each of the identified damages in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Islamic Republic of Iran has suffered a lot over the last 40 years to control and control and prevent social damage and drug abuse. The alarming spread of this issue, especially in the geographical distribution of Isfahan, family and other educational institutions, has faced new doubts and concerns. Therefore, cultural policy makers and urban management need to update information and their findings in order to design more effective plans in this area to provide them as soon as possible perspective on the status quo of addiction. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to answer the question of how geographical distribution of social damage in Isfahan and what are the trends and trends of drug use and its changes, type and age group and gender in Isfahan and what changes have they experienced. Method: This paper is carried out using a secondary analysis of surveys and national research. The results: data of the study, feminized and industrialization of drugs, globalization and, especially at the critical point of Isfahan. The results of this research show that Isfahan has seen a change in pattern of social damage among the age group of young people. The emergence of criminal and criminal families is a new pattern for social damage in the areas and hotbeds of tourism and also the change of the sex composition of social crimes is one of the characteristics of social damage in the geographical area of Isfahan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated approach to the key elements of rural spatial policy-making -including places, people and activities- in the formulation of laws, programs and policies; promotes sustainable rural development. Lack of integrated vision, while having a sectorial approach, in the process of formulating rural development programs in Iran, has caused serious challenge to the sustainable development of these areas. The aim of this paper is analyzing the qualitative content of spatial policies of rural development in Iran. The present paper is a fundamental research in terms of nature; and a developmental research, in terms of purpose. Data analyzing method in this paper is based on qualitative-content-oriented Analysis. Spatial policy subjects, include place-based policies, physical sustainable development, and the institutionalization of sustainable development policies. These categories include 11 indicators (subcategories), constituting the conceptual framework of the research. Qualitative-content Analysis of spatial policies, based on the 11 indicators or sub-categories of the research, 143 codes were obtained, after extracting the unit of meaning, compressing the sentences, and encoding. These codes were categorized in different categories (categories and indicators), respecting their conceptual and thematic relationship. Results showed that of total of 143 codes extracted, the index of planning nature, budgeting, and making Sustainable Development National Strategy, with 21 codes (14.68%) ranked in the first; three indicators of economic dimensions, physical-infrastructural dimensions, and coordination of sectors and Different levels (national and local), ranked the second place with 18 codes (12.58%); and finally the indicator of backwarded-regions protection, with 15 codes (10.48%) ranked the third place. Therefore, the orientation of spatial policies for rural development is towards planning and budgeting factors, physical-infrastructural dimensions, economic, and backwarded regions supporting, while the share of social and environmental factors and the participation of NGOs and the private sector in the formulation of these policies, is little. The Innovational aspect of this paper is its comprehensive analysis of policy-making documents - including five-year development plans, general policies of these plans, general laws and system policies (33 related documents)- using spatial policy indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the level of intelligence, availability, being on demand, convenience, information and humanization of rural public transportation systems, they are more willing to use modern information and communicative technologies. In addition to management services, intelligent transportation systems can provide passengers, drivers, travel agencies and other institutions with other services such as trip planning, tracking, routing and so forth. This paper presents a comprehensive design of rural intelligent transportation system based on cloud and grid computing, RFID, GPS, GPRS, NFC, GIS, etc. through electronic commerce and particularly mobile commerce in order to improve the rural transportation management and presentation of user-centric services. The system designed on this paper regardless of the possible challenges could efficiently cover the problems of Iran rural transportation and it can also be connected to urban transportation system and create numerous benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imagology in comparative literature deals with the study of representations and the image of the others in a travelogue or a literary work. Alterity is one of the conceptions of this branch of history/ literature and in reality; it is an attempt to know the opinion of others about yourself with all the prejudices or derivations made by the writer. In this study, we will see through the writing of an English traveler, James Morier, and Pierre Loti, a French writer, the described image of the customs of the Iranians of the Qajar era. First of all, a general image, positive or negative, which gives in the foreground a vision of self-identification and admiration of the Western "self" focused on the culture of the Eastern (Iranian) "Other" and in a second plan, a negative look according to the current example in the orientalist context in the opposition between the self and the other or the East and the West, Stereotyping and generalization, amplification of conflicts and contradictions, humiliating and insulting. Introduction: One of the ways to study the current customs and culture of any society is to study its culture in the past and therefore travelogues are one of the best sources. This paper investigates the discussion and explanation of the image of the customs and culture of Iranians during the Qajar period, which was drawn in travelogues of two European travelers: English traveler writer James Morier and French traveler writer Pierre Loti. I choose these two tourists with two different nationalities and social status and different purposes of the trip, to study their similar and different ideas and attitudes about Iran and their observation of the culture of the "other" which is different from their own culture. The travel writer, who has been in a foreign country for a long time, identifies himself with another and seeks similarities with his own culture and customs in other cultures and try to demonstrate them as well as emphasizing the difference that he has found. By studying the travelogue of the authors, we will find out their point of view about other cultures and elements that may consciously or unconsciously have affected their views. Method: In this study, which is conducted in an interdisciplinary method, the principles of the pictorial method is attempted, also, the socio-historical axis is particularly emphasized. The concepts of this approach are: "stereotype", "format pattern", "prejudice" and "image". To clearly understand the images presented by Morier and Loti of Iranian culture and customs, their narration of this culture is categorized into two levels of positive and negative views. In some cases, Morier and Loti have taken a positive and admirable look at this issue in the form of empathy and admiration and examined some cases of negative and degrading views in the form of stereotyping and generalization, magnification of confrontation, and contradictions, and humiliation. Conclusion: The illustration of the culture of foreign countries can be divided into two general categories: images that are the result of direct communication, and images that are formed based on other presentations. It must be considered that every image of a nation, its customs, and culture has gone through three stages; stereotyping, formed patterns, and prejudice. Thus, the image illustrated by travel writers about a nation is not pure reality; it is highly influenced by what already exists in the minds of travel writers. It is often accompanied by the premise that there are standards of rationality and truth only in our land and in our culture. In many cases both writers, Morier and Loti, have contrasted the East with the West, mentioned some contrasts between the two nations with a superior humiliating look, As they are from the West which is considered in their mind as a new civilized part of the world,. This idea Is so deep that even after several travels to the East and observing the culture by themselves self they still, Consciously or unconsciously, write according to this belief. In the travelogue of Morier we also can find the similarity in some cases between the Iranian and European costumesTherefore, it can be concluded that in his point of view, Iranian customs and traditions are similar to the ancient West, and Loti, like Moriah, admire some time Iranian culture but in most cases, he seeks to generalize negative images to Iranian and generally Asian. Such generalizations about the customs of Iranians and Iran as an Islamic country are the features of these two travelogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Regarding urban population growth and importance of time and cost in the societies of today, subway systems have faced with demand increase and passengers waiting time have prolonged. In urban transportation systems especially in subways, the passengers waiting time influences the society satisfaction deeply. Since the emersion of rail network, time and scheduling as important challenges have been emerged. Then the periodic train planning as one of the best solutions was introduced to decrease passenger waiting time, reduce travel length, and increase transportation safety. This challenge should be solved by subway managers. Due to the limited number of trains and equipment on subway lines and increase of their cost-effectiveness in reducing passenger waiting times at intersections, an attempt has been made in this paper to reduce waiting time using optimization models that often do not impose costs on the system. In addition, another aim of this paper is to fill the existing research gap in this area. Design/methodology/approach: This paper aims to calculate the weights of intersections stations in order to minimize the passenger waiting time through goal programming (Khalili Damghani et al. 2015; Mosadeghi et al. 2010). Many studies have been done on train scheduling and transportation mathematical modelling all around the world (Moghaddam and Mahlooji, 2017; Sadeghieh and Dehnavi-Arani, 2019). The aim of this paper is to minimize the deviation from desirable situation through goal programming. The main function of the proposed model is formulated again along with new construction, auxiliary variables and optimum values. It consists of variables with the concept of “deviation of desirable situation”. In this paper, both of the deviations of desirable situations are shown by dip and din which are undesired and should be minimized to achieve the optimum value. For this purpose, the fourth line of Tehran subway system and its intersections sections are considered as the real world problem. Findings: The model is solved by Lingo and optimum values are calculated. The model is developed based on goal programming and it can reduce the passenger waiting time and satisfaction which results in increased acceptance of public transportation in society. These findings are compared with current values of time tables for first and last movements. Findings indicated that the proposed model can reduce the passenger current waiting time by 42%. Research limitations/implications: In this paper, the accurate amount of passenger population was determined in a day based on lines, separately. Also, it was difficult to collect study data from the Tehran subway system organization. The proposed approach resulted in reduced passenger waiting time. Suggestions for further study include examining and analyzing the factors causing train delay and comparing the results of each single line with another; using simulation method to develop an optimization model for time tabling of train movement in order to optimize energy consumption; calculating and optimizing the number of subway station staff; and optimizing models to design the subway station network. Practical implications: As Tehran public transportation system is extending to cover more urban regions, the intersection stations will increase. Therefore, the role of these stations will be more tangible. Each intersection station scheduling affects the train movements in other stations and this continues throughout the length of the network. It means that each delay and pause will influence the other intersections, increasingly. The subway system managers can employ this model on other lines and reduce the waiting time of passengers in the whole Tehran subway. Social implications: As mentioned earlier, the waiting time of passengers in different stations, especially in intersections, is an important factor in using subway system as an effective public transportation system. It will increase or decrease the rate of subway usage. More public transportation usage leads to less air pollution, less traffic and faster travels in the city, which are all desirable for society. Originality/value: In this paper, a goal programming model was proposed to minimize the deviations in the objective function and subsequently, the passenger waiting time in intersection stations. As the intersection stations are increased, the role of the proposed method can be considered as a solution for public transportation in different cities of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shiraz and Mamasani Conquest by Manoochehr Khan Motamed-al-Dowleh Gorji and his dominance over this land and the whole Fars State, from 1834 to1836 AD is one of the most important historical events in Fars and Iran during the Qajar dynasty. In his manuscript, ‘Madayih Al-Motamedieh’, written in his name to describe his political life, intentionally or unintentionally, the events that happened during these two years are briefly and practically distorted. Unfortunately, in other first-hand sources, only brief and repetitive references to this period have been made. This paper aims at explaining Shiraz and Mamasani Conquest by Manoochehr Khan Motamed-al-Dowleh and his political style in Fars based on first-hand sources. Moreover, this article also discusses the importance of why the state of Fars has been so important in the eyes of the Qajar government and has always been the center of discord and policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anīs al-Mu’menīn is the Name of an old, little-known book by Mohammad ibn Ishaq Hamawi (938 AH), who is known as "Fażluddīn Abharī". This book is one of the prominent examples of Imams' biographies in the early Safavid period, in which the author appeared as a competent historiantheologian and wrote the Imams' life history according to his needs of time. Therefore, the present article tried to understand the components of Fażluddīn's historiography by reading the text of Anīs alMu’menīn with a descriptive-analytical method. The question was whether there was a connection between the way of his historiography in the book of Anīs al-Mu’menīn with the political and cultural conditions of the time when the text was written. The results of this analysis showed that the text of Anīs al-Mu’menīn focused on the three components of establishing legitimacy of the Imamate of the Imams (AS) by focusing on proving the legitimacy of Imam Ali's (AS) succession, secularization of Sunnis by marginalizing the caliphs, especially the first three caliphs, and alienation of the Sufists based on the marginalization of Abu Muslim and its narrators. These components were strongly influenced by the events of Hamavi's era, such as the religious unification policy of the Safavids, the need for the Iranian society to recognize the virtues and callings of Imams (AS), the disagreement between Shia and Sunni discourse, and the competition between Shia scholars and jurists with Sufis Qezelbash or in other words, the confrontation between Feqahati Shia and popular or Sufi Shia in the first half of the 10th century of Hijri. Introduction One of the main activities of Shiites in the field of historiography in different periods has been writing the Imams’ biographies. One of the periods, in which writing of the Imams’ biographies has flourished, is the Safavid period, which has not been researched despite its importance. Therefore, in this research, one of the prominent examples of the Imams’ biographies in the Safavid period, i.e., the book of Anīs al-Mu’menīn written by Mohammad ibn Ishaq Hamavi, was investigated. Hamavi is among the preachers, hadith scholars, and historians of the Shia religion in the 10th century of Hijri. As a Persian-speaking Iranian scholar, he was the link between the religious civil institution and the mass of people. It can be guessed that the government's support for him by allowing him to have a religious platform in mosques (a mass media) and write his works has played an important role in increasing his fame and influence in the public on the one hand and implementing the religious programs of Shah Tahmasb's era on the other hand. Therefore, the study of Anīs al-Mu’menīn helped us to reveal a part of the concerns and methods of the newly established religious institution of Shia in the Safavid era to stabilize and change popular beliefs based on the special beliefs of that institution. Therefore, understanding the reason for writing the book of Anīs al-Mu’menīn by knowing the historiographical features of the work was the subject of the present research. Materials & Methods To understand the historiography of Hamavi, the text of Anīs al-Mu’menīn and the main sources of the Safavid era were carefully studied to identify the relationship between the text, the author, and the historical-cultural and political situations of his time. Understanding this relationship could clarify the components of his historiography. In fact, no work was written in a vacuum. The three factors of author, context, and time had an effect on the reason for producing the text. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Hamavi wrote his book entitled Anīs al-Mu’menīn during the time of Shah Tahmasb in 938 AH. With the cooperation of Shia scholars and jurists, he formed a Shia religious structure to manage the Shia attitude in the Iranian society. Mohaqeq Karaki was one of the scholars, who had a significant role in this new structure and integration of the Shia religion in the Iranian society. He considered the cultural approach more efficient than the political and military conflict for stabilizing Shiism in Iran. In this cultural process for religious conversion in Iran, Karaki's students, including Fażluddīn Hamavi, helped him. It was in line with this cultural goal that Hamavi wrote the text of Anīs al-Mu’menīn. The first central component of the text was the proof of the authenticity of the Imamate of the twelve Shia Imams. In fact, this issue proved the authenticity of Shiism. The second component of the text, which Hamavi took help from was alienation of the Sunnis. His focuses in establishing the components of Imamate and proselytizing the Sunnis were on the righteousness of Imam Ali (AS) and rejection and marginalization of the first three caliphs, respectively. The third component of the text was alienation of the Sufis, which was done with the marginalization of Abu Moslem because Hamavi’s other goal was discrediting Shia folk concepts and Sufi rituals. Therefore, in the text of “Anīs al-Mu’menīn”, Abu Moslem as the hero of the Sufis and the name of Abu Moslem as their important tool were rejected and marginalized in various ways. In fact, the main purpose of writing the book of Anīs al-Mu’menīn was to prove the legitimacy of the Shia Imamate based on reading Shia jurisprudence, not Sufi and popular Shia. Therefore, in this text, Hamavi fought against rivals and the competing ideas. In short, these competing ideas showed themselves in two areas: the component of rejecting Sunan with emphasis on the marginalization of the caliphs and the very important component of rejecting Sufism based on the marginalization of Abu Moslem. Therefore, Hamavi took help from these last two components to prove the authenticity of the Shiite Imamate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The automobile industry is a leading industry in Iran. It is one of the industries that have the greatest impact on environmental pollution, so its movement towards sustainable production by observing world-class production standards can help the prosperity of the industry. This paper aims to propose a performance evaluation model with a sustainable production approach at the global level in Iran's automotive industry. Design/methodology/approach: In this research, by using library studies and using the Metasynthesis approach, the influencing factors on the evaluation of sustainable production performance and the evaluation of world-class performance have been extracted. Also, using the opinions of 10 experts in the automotive industry, the influencing indicators have been screened. Then, based on the expert's opinions and the use of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), the desired performance evaluation model has been designed. Finally, the model has been validated using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method and the Goodness of Fit (GOF) index. Findings: The results indicated that the performance evaluation model with a world-class sustainable production approach had 13 indicators in 6 levels .The most influential indicators in this model were the sanctions and managerial concepts. The social concepts were identified as the most impressionable indicators. Also, among the factors, sanctions with a 79% impact on managerial concepts and a 76% impact on innovation had the most impact. Research limitations/implications: The findings of this study were a result of the knowledge and empirical views of the industry experts, which, like other qualitative research, affected the generalizability of the findings. Also, according to the studied sample, the results cannot be generalized to other industries. For future study, it is recommended to implement this model in other industries, particularly in the industries that have significant environmental damage. Examining the barriers to moving towards world-class sustainable production in the automobile industry, as well as providing a mathematical model with the possibility of dual-purpose usage during the sanctions and the removal of the sanctions, are the other suggestions for future study. Practical implications: Considering the importance of innovation and technological concepts in this model and their impact on the movement of the Iranian automobile industry towards sustainability and world-class production, suitable investments in such sectors can lead to the improvement of automobile companies. Also, creating a relationship between the industry and the university to produce knowledge and pay attention to the knowledge-based companies will cover the technological gaps in the automobile industry. Social implications: In the proposed model, the environmental and social issues were mentioned as impressionable indicators, and was indicated that paying attention to the issues of sustainability and world-class production will lead to the improvement of the mentioned indicators. Changing the attitude in the industry, from design to production, will also reduce environmental pollution while increasing quality and flexibility along with reducing prices will lead to the end users’ increased satisfaction. Originality/value: The integration of sustainable production indicators and world-class production and their impact on the automotive industry, and the examination of managerial and technological indicators among sustainable production indicators are the innovations of this study. Also, examining ‘sanction’ as an independent index in the model and determining the impact of the sanction on the automobile industry can be considered as another innovation aspect of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the northeast of Iran, there are some outcrops of high-Mg ultramafic volcanic rocks. These rocks have been interpreted as an ideal ophiolite sequence related to the closure of Paleo-Tethys. According to detailed field observations, the komatiitic lava flows in Shandiz- Virani- Mashhad Complex (SVMC) and Fariman Complex (FC) are interlayered with the Upper Paleozoic submarine turbiditic sediments (Carboniferous- Permian). These rocks have a wide range of volcanic facies and according to the lithofacies characteristics, are divided into three groups of differentiated, undifferentiated lava flows and pillow lavas with a variety of volcanic textures and glass groundmass and with the main minerals of olivine, chromian spinel, clinopyroxene and amphibole. In this paper, the komatiitic nature of these rocks has been proven by explicit evidence from the field features petrography, internal stratigraphy and mineral chemistry. Also, the interaction of a mantle plume with the late Paleozoic (Permian) northeast subduction zone of Paleo-Tethys in NE Iran is considered as the suitable petrogenetic model involved in the genesis of the Komatiitic magma. This model can well justify and interpret the various geochemical characteristics of the studied rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zagros Mountains range as the most important face of topography in western Iran can affect the activity of precipitation systems in addition to the effect of orography on the occurrence of precipitation. The objective of this paper is to analyze the enhancing effect of the Zagros Mountains on the Sudanese system. For this purpose, three one-day rainfall samples including December 2, 1999, March 30, 2012, and March 20, 2015 were selected and analyzed using factor analysis among one-day Sudanese rainfall systems during the period from 1996 to 2017. The method used was synoptic analysis of atmospheric parameters and rainfall interpolation model in GIS environment. This study demonstrated that the warm air stream and contact of the Sudanese system with the western and southwestern slopes of Zagros reduced the geo-potential height and formatted a positive vorticity field. Positive vorticity blow to the southeast and inland slopes of Zagros caused upward movements on these slopes. At higher levels of atmosphere, cold air blow in adjacent to warm air blow area of lower levels of atmosphere reduced the geo-potential height of the atmosphere and enhanced the upward movement of the atmosphere. Thus, suitable thermodynamic conditions were provided for the growth and reinforcement of convective clouds and heavy rainfall over the topography surface. In this study, it was found that in all the studied rainfall samples, entrance direction of the system and humidity to region has followed from width and length of wave in middle layer of atmosphere. The results showed that the maximum precipitation was observed in the slopes located in direction of Sudanese rainfall system entrance. Also, precipitation changes on steep slopes of Zagros were also greater than other levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to propose a comprehensive performance evaluation model with emphasis on service performance metrics in the service-product supply chain rather than the production supply chain in the home appliance industry and using neural-fuzzy networks for performance evaluation. The present study is typically a descriptive-exploratory research with survey approach in which, data analysis has been conducted using quantitative method and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. For the purpose of this study, a sample of 58 home appliance companies has been selected and Smart-PLS, SPSS and Matlab software have been used for data analysis. Findings indicated 10 main constructs and 29 performance criteria obtained for evaluating the performance of service supply chain and fuzzy neural networks of several home appliance companies. Introduction: Based on predictions, services are a key component of the growth of the global economy in future (Arnold et al. 2011). Acording to Jane and Kumar (2012), services play a critical role in a supply chain. Also, according to Wang et al. (2015), a "product" or "service" must exist in each supply chain which is produced by the upstream sectors and delivered to downstream. Recently due to increasing customer expectations, companies’ competition has been replaced by the supply chains competition and as a result, competition has been increased in the simultaneous supply of products and services. This has led to challenges in integrating companies and in coordinating the materials, information and financial flow that were previously overlooked. Accordingly, a new managerial philosophy has been developed known as Product-Service Supply Chain (PSSC) (Stanley & Wisner, 2002). This study seeks to develop a performance evaluation model for the product-service supply chain in the home appliance industry, which is finally solved using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Design/Approach: In this paper, performance evaluation constructs and criteria of service supply chain are identified by reviewing the literature and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and then, the performance evaluation of service supply chains in Iran's home appliance industry has been performed using these constructs, criteria and ANFIS. Findings and Discussion: Based on the findings, ten main extracted constructs can be suggested for the performance evaluation of the supply chain. They include "Operational Performance (OP)", "Strategic Performance (SP)", "Financial Performance (FP)", "Performance of Information and Communication Technology (PICT)", “Return Performance” (REP), “Risk Performance (RIP)”, “Logistic Performance (LP)”, “Market Performance (MP)”, “Internal Structure Performance (PIS)” and “Growth and Innovation Performance (PGI)”, among which, the Strategic Performance (SP) and Return Performance (REP) are the most important and the least important constructs, respectively. Conclusions Based on the findings, the following practical recommendations are suggested to the companies:  Enhancing the demand forecasts performance and utilizing more appropriate methods and software to improve forecasts in demand and order management areas.  Improving the return management status by increased attention and more investment in return management processes.  Effective investment in service development management to enhance the R&D services performance.  Utilizing risk management approaches and methods to identify and take preventive actions on the risks in the companies’ service supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement: Nowadays, phrases such as fast paced world, rapid environmental changes, fast transportation, and so on, are much heard. In the era of acceleration, humans are advised not to get lagged from the speed convoy. Accordingly, a new paradigm, called slow-city, is emerging. Slow- Cities movement was created in 1986, as a cultural movement to enhance the quality of life and reducing speed in urban areas. The movement initially began with the idea of cooking slow foods, against fast food, also protesting against McDonald's food chain, then gradually developed. Purpose: Esfahan with a history of Sustainable urbanization; is moving towards being a fast-city in the current age. Disorderliness in traditional quarters, car-basedness, creating broad highways, Unplanned density-selling, a lot of fastfood shops, lack of attention to greenways, etc., encourage people to join this acceleration. One of the objectives of this research is the analysis of slow-city indicators in Isfahan; and this assessment for Isfahan, with a chronic acceleration, can be considered as an effective solution in slow and enjoyable urban development. Methodology: This paper is based on the slow-city indicing, which benefiting from the combination of objective and subjective indices from different sources, first fulfills the process of codification and domesticitation of indices; then, analyzes about 50 slowing indicators in Isfahan's 15 regions, through combining objective methods (data collection based in the objective indices and standards), and fieldquestionnaire methods, using elites' opinions. Results: results showed that regions 3, 5 and 10 had the highest rank in terms of slow-city indicators, and the second rank included regions 6, 1, and 15. The worst situation was for regions 8, 13 and 9, having lowest scores in this ranking. Innovation: Due to the less attention having been paid in Iran and especially in Isfahan to the slowcity indicators, this research is considered innovative in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early Islamic centuries (1st to 3rd A.H) are significant in every scholarly study of different periods in Iranian history due to their intense transformation and profound developments within the Iranian society and also the encounter of Zoroastrian and Islamic worldviews and different methods of resistance against Arab domination. Zoroastrianism, as a religion, lost its dominant position and was gradually replaced by Islam. Thus, maintaining the integrity of Zoroastrian society became the main concern of the Zoroastrian priests, which can evidently be witnessed in apocalyptic texts of Zoroastrian faith. Accordingly, resistance against Arab invaders lost its initial violence and political fervor and took in a new momentum in the form of maintaining the integrity of Zoroastrian religion and society and concentration on the doomsday and spiritual salvation. Zoroastrian apocalyptic texts contained teachings that tried to adapt different fields of life in Iranian society facing spread of Islam and the Arab domination of Iran. Although the history of these texts returns to oral narratives before Sasanians, but after the transition of Iranian society from oral literature to Sasanian writing literature and the compilation of Zoroastrian texts in Islamic period, the writing of apocalyptic texts also became important. By reviewing these texts, it would be possible to find out important political and social changes of Iranian society in the first Islamic centuries. Within this framework, the rise of non- Zoroastrian Iranian movements during the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.H against the Caliphate were deemed as a dangerous heresy and a serious challenge to Zoroastrian social identity and were vehemently criticized in Zoroastrian apocalyptic texts. In other words, in the condition that there was no hope for Zoroastrian government to be restored, the preservation of the religious integrity of the people became a concern for the Zoroastrian clergy that became an apocalyptic cultural model, which was threatened by political and religious movements such as Behāfarīd, Abu Muslim and Bābak uprisings (that had a sectarian or non-Zoroastrian nature) in addition to the Arabs and the caliphate. Since these texts were written and analyzed at the same time as political events, it can be said that apocalyptic literature has been partly indicative of the reaction of Zoroastrian society to its events. In the other words, the suppression of local sustainability along the lack of belief of society towards the fall of Sasanian provided the necessary grounds for the emergence of apocalyptic literature and its related teachings. These teachings opposed all political and religious actions which were challenging for Zoroastrians in order to preserve their social identity in that difficult and complicated condition. Regardless of the social, political, and religious aspects of the movements, their leaders sought to combine the ideas of ancient religion in order to gain support of different groups of people who were incompatible from religious point of view. But this led to their defeat and the emergence of numerous religious and political sects, which themselves were the heritage of contradictions and enhanced intellectual and cultural tensions. From the point of view of the Zoroastrian apocalyptic texts, these movements were not only in the interest of the national and religious interests of the Zoroastrian community, but also threatened their coherence and integrity. The emergence of such movements, especially in the second and third centuries A.H, showed that despite the emphasis of the Zoroastrian clergy on the refusal of the Zoroastrians to cooperate with them, a wide range of society, hoping to escape Arab domination or to improve its economic conditions and social status accompanied these movements. Regardless of the political results of the movements, which often failed, its harmful consequences in the vulnerability of Zoroastrian community's unity and solidarity should be mentioned. In apocalyptic Zoroastrian texts, the leaders of these movements, such as Abu Muslim and Bābak, were condemned and their uprising was mentioned as apocalyptic catastrophe. On the other hand, the beliefs of the followers of Abu Muslim and Bābak as the promised saviors shows domination of apocalyptic thoughts in Iranian society in that period. On the other words, viewpoint of some Iranians towards Abu Muslim, Bābak and other leaders of movements against caliphate as religious leaders and promised saviors, was influenced by apocalyptic concepts of Zoroastrianism such as expectation and emergence of a savior. This paper aims to study the evolutions in the first Islamic centuries from Zoroastrian world-view in Iranian society, applying written evidence from 11th century (A.D), with descriptive and analytical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multi-objective function is proposed for optimal placement of the capacitors in radial distribution networks considering the effect of harmonics. In addition to the voltage profile, active losses and installation cost, the resonant phenomenon caused by the harmonics is also included in proposed objective function. The PSO meta-initiative method has been employed in order to optimize the function. A novel approach has been introduced to analyze the harmonic load flow in distribution networks. The proposed method is based on four matrices that are constant during the load flow. Therefore, in this method, the repeater counters and the harmonic frequencies are the only variables. Due to the elimination of backward-forward sweeps in this approach, the calculations are fast and accurate. This method has been implemented on a standard 14-bus system and a real power distribution network in Lorestan province, Iran. Simulation results confirm the accuracy and speed of the proposed load flow method as well as the effectiveness of the proposed method for optimal placement of the capacitors in the harmonic polluted networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deterioration is a fact which has influenced most of the historic cities of Iran. What is certain in such cities, this problem has hampered the growth of the urban texture and is pushing it around. Therefore, in addition to destroying the internal texture of the historic parts of the city, it is creating huge costs upon the city by emerging new contexts. The current paper approach is descriptive-analyticand the method is combination of both field studies and documental methods. The research was conducted by using both SWOT and AHP techniques and also Expert choice software. In this research, we have assessed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of urban deteriorated contexts of Dogonbadan city. The findings obtained from above model indicate that in terms of strengths, providing renewal and development plans of deteriorated context (ultimate weight= 0.315) , Existing urban services including: water, electricity, gas,.. (ultimate weight= 0.274) and confortable accessibility to urban center market and other parts of the town (ultimate weight= 0.193) are the most important factors. In the context of weaknesses, high unemployment rate (ultimate rate= 0.284), low income (ultimate weight= 0.195) and inappropriate streets (ultimate weight= 0.158), are the most important factors respectively. In terms of opportunities, locating in Oil City Dogonbadan (ultimate weight= 0.41), proximity to shopping centers of the city (ultimate weight= 0.184) and existence of residential areas around the texture (ultimate weight= 0.123), are the most important factors. And ultimately, among the threats, the factors such as: The increasing influx of immigrants into the context (ultimate weight= 0.349), negative attitudes towards living in these textures (ultimate weight= 0.216) and disregard to public participation (ultimate weight= 0.198), are the most important factors. Final analyzes in this research has led to efficient strategies to optimize and improve the urban deteriorated contexts in the Dogonbadan which have been given as details in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airlines brands are getting new identities in the electronic age. Because of growing new technologies like internet, there will be new strategic opportunities for airline companies to position their brand. On the other hand, Religious Tourism's Industry has a sustainable market in Iran, because of cultural issues. A lot of passengers prefer to do their religious travels with an airline company. Religious tourism, with its cultural nature provides airlines with strategic opportunities. E-Brand can play an important role in this regard. In this paper we review some these opportunities and challenges. This paper is a descriptive comparative that wrote by investigating a variety of books and papers. The results show if an airline company likes to survive in the changing world, it should change its brand identity toward an E-Brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to design and regulate the Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) of supplier development, determine the importance of different categories of supplier development (SD), and suggest appropriate activities based on the results for the development of suppliers in the automotive industry. Design/methodology/approach: To design ANFIS, Grid Partitioning, Subtractive Clustering, and FCM have been used. Then, they have been regulated using Back Propagation (BP), Hybrid, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Differential Evolution (DE), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) methods. A five-step procedure has been used for sensitivity analysis of the supplier development categories. By comparing the results of the regulated systems, the most appropriate ones were selected. Also, based on the supplier development score in different categories separately, the supplier development score was predicted for 53 strategic suppliers in the automotive industry. By sensitivity analysis, SD-related categories were prioritized to guide automotive industry manufacturers to use SD-related activities. Findings: Findings indicated that the FCM compared to the other two methods; meta-heuristic regulation methods compared to BP and Hybrid, and ACO, DE, and GA compared to PSO led to better results. The ACO in all systems, the DE in four systems, and the GA in two categories were identified as the dominant methods, while the PSO was not dominant in any of the categories. This finding implies the priority of meta-heuristic algorithms as ACO> DE> GA> PSO, based on the data of this study. The results of the correlation between the scores of the ANFIS and the average scores of the experts show that the designed ANFIS has high accuracy. Practical implications: The results of this study will direct manufacturers' investments and direct involvement in SD. The findings encourage manufacturers and suppliers of the Iranian automotive industry first to activities related to the development of environmental capabilities and then activities related to the development of three other categories. The managers of Iran's automotive industry are suggested to apply the activities related to the development of suppliers' environmental capabilities. These activities include evaluating the supplier's environmental performance and feedback, sharing environmental information, ethics and social responsibility, obtaining environmental and social certifications, developing programs to improve the quality of life of target communities, green procurement, and environmental awareness, logistics activities Inversion, and joint efforts to improve performance are sustainable. Originality/value: This study was one of the first in-house studies to compare the results of metaheuristic algorithms compatible with ANFIS in the field of SD. In addition, in terms of implementation, it offered suitable SD activities to car manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital and its major components and dimensions are related to social values, norms, institutions, and performances of activists and its improvement depends on factors that can lead to the development and expansion of social trust, participation, and unity. The development and spread of social perspectives, values, and norms can create social constructs that lead to social capital and in that way cause the improvement and development in any society. One of these ways is the mass media and how to make use of them. Some scholars believe that together with the spread of communication technologies and their use in Iran, the awareness and general knowledge of the youth has increased rapidly and has led to a cultural development and consequently to the increase of the social capital. Some others have pointed to the reduction of social interactions among the youth and the flow of information in a society being one-way and consider them as the cause of reduction in the social unity within any society. Some sociologists consider mass media as the cause of a permanent social trust (Coleman, 1999). Others believe that it is a tool to dominate masses culturally through turning it into a cultural industry (Horkheimer & Adorno, 2002; Ritzer, 1996). Horkheimer and Adorno in their article titled, "Culture Industry" argue that, "Nowadays, culture influences everything. The TV, cinema, and publications have established a system that is unified, exactly like a whole. Obviously, culture has been turned into an industry and follows the rules of production in the market (Horkheimer & Adorno, 2002). In their view, this industry tries to change the satisfaction of the audience and in this way provide for their needs to have fun and hubbies. In addition, Ritzer considers the culture industry to be "logical and bureaucratized constructs" (like television channels) which influence culture (Ritzer, 1996). Robert Putnam has used the concept of social capital in relation to the studies on social communication in the U.S. The main theme of his work on American society was that after 1960, it has shown a uniform trend towards isolation from the social life. He considers mass media as one of the major reasons for such a phenomenon. The subject of his study was the lack of social capital in the U.S., which is related to the fears, and hopes of many people. His studies have attracted the attention of many experts, policy makers, and even a large number of young people. Putnam considers social capital as good and lack of it as bad and calls for actions to restore societies to health. He believes that the growing number of media technologies especially that of television is the main reason of laziness among Americans. In Putnam's view, television is the main reason of Americans' isolation and reduction of social capital through the disconnection of social interactions. He thinks that watching TV has not replaced social interactions and has not led to inner satisfaction among Americans since he believes that those who watch many television programs despise it gradually and enjoy less (Field, 2008). Putnam argues that spending time on social media especially television prevents human beings from thinking about serious social issues. Examples of reduction in the rate of involvement in voluntary activities and helping those in need originates from the excessive attraction of the youth towards television and radio programs and the Internet. It seems that what the media transfer to the youth reflects the point that what image do we have of ourselves as citizens (Field, 2008). Thus the purpose of this paper is to study the impact that TV programs and Satellite channels have on social capital among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world having multiple identities, national, local, international, religious, occupational, gender, professional, group, tribal, linguistic and so on is a part of the requirements of social life. This paper seeks to investigate the elements formulating Islamic-Iranian identity in the current period. This period has experienced strong progress in all aspects of science, art, and literature, which has in turn brought about new needs and problems. What is clear is the fact that with the advent of the twentieth century and its idiosyncrasies, human beings appear to be bewildered, frustrated, alienated from themselves. Philosophers, intellectuals and ordinary people are confronted with a state of confusion, asking themselves: Who am I? What am I? Why am I here? With an understanding of the complexity of multiple identities, the big question that remains is: What factors affect the Islamic Identity in the present period and how these elements contribute to formulation, prosperity, and decline of this identity? In reply to this question, we put this hypothesis to the test: Islamic Iranian identity under the influence of various interactive elements and numerous actors will be organized through self-organizing and its injuries are treated through self-healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psilotum nudum is an ancestral epiphytic of the monilophytes which has been recently reported from Hyrcanian forests. It was already introduced as an epiphytic species from some patchy habitats in the lowland parts of Hyrcanian forests. Moreover, Psilotum nudum was reviewed using morphological and anatomical characteristics in two different populations in central parts of Hyrcanian zone. The results showed that there were no significant differences between morphological and anatomical characteristics. The aerial stems of the plant were linear, chlorophyllous, and dichotomously branched. Leaves were much reduced, simple, scale-like, and without ligules. Synangium was composed of 3- locular capsule-like sporangia. Also, stele type in apex aerial stem and aerial stem was actinostele; and it was haplostele type in rhizome. In this paper, a new locality of this species growing on the rocky sites was reported in Ata-kuh of Guilan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the study of the taxonomy of one hundred accessions of Aegilops cylindica collected all around the country, and also Iranian materials and type specimens and related species housed in the Natural History Museum Vienna (W), the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin (B), were studied morphologically. The results showed that morphological traits such as length of spike, length of awn, number of spikelet in each spike, presence/absence of hair on spikelets and rachis were highly variable among the studied materials. Based on the results of this study A. cylindica was recognized as having three varieties, all new records, for Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to design a business re-engineering model in the banking industry with an emphasis on customer-orientation. This study was an exploratory mixed method with two qualitative (Grounded Theory) and quantitative sections. The statistical population in the quantitative and qualitative sections was the elites of the banking industry of Iran with a PhD in Business Administration, and managers and experts in the banking industry, respectively. In the qualitative section, 11 elites of the banking industry were selected by the theoretical sampling method and in the quantitative section, a sample of 385 individuals was selected based on Morgan Table and using the probability sampling method. In the qualitative and quantitative parts, the semi-structured deep interview and the questionnaire were used to obtain the data. The validity and reliability of the qualitative part were confirmed by the feedback of the participants and receiving the opinions of colleagues. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the convergent validity and its reliability was approved using Cronbach’s alpha. The coding method was used to obtain the research hypotheses and the structural equation modeling was used to investigate the research hypotheses. The result of the research was the achievement of a model that includes 26 variables and five important factors (providing maximum benefits to stakeholders, the speed and cheapness of services, the application of rules and standards, the observance of banking management frameworks, and the creation and improvement of banking procedures leading to the customers of the banking industry) and confirmed the positive impact of each of the five model factors on customer-oriented banking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hub location problem is further used in transportation and telecommunication networks (airlines, post delivery services, etc.) so origin-destination pairs, receive or send commodities via special facilities called Hub. Hub median problem with multiple allocation is an NP-hard problem which includes both locating hub facilities and allocating non-hub nodes to hubs as minimizes total transportation and location costs. In this paper, the hub median problem is considered in an environment which network flow varies during the time periods and the capacities of hubs and arcs are unlimited. Also opening and closing hubs in different periods of planning horizon are permitted. The model and the proposed algorithm for this problem were considered to Iran airlines network using real passenger flows data. Computational results state that the dynamic network compared with static model has lower cost and whatever the number of time periods in dynamic case increases, the cost will be reduced as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, e-recruiting is one of the most successful e-commerce applications as a method for quickly reaching a large pool of the potential job seekers. The capability of advanced e-recruiting tools has enabled recruiters to quickly identify and hire qualified candidates, and to build ongoing relationships with prospective employees. The aim of this paper is to review and analyze the E-recruitment in Iranian banks and insurance industry. And content analysis was used to achieve this. In other words, in this study The website content was analyzed by researchers. These organizations are selected based on the ranking of the top 100 organizations in 1390. The results of this study indicate that Most of these organizations have at least part of the electronic recruitment and Obviously, these organizations have understood the importance of the electronic recruitment. also in this organizations more have been emphasized on advertisement and HR Policies and activities. also these organizations had less attention to recruitment process, internship, Types of employment, HR Vision, Announcing the results & Post Resume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the practice of using corporate websites to recruit job applicants has increased steadily. The aim of this paper is to review and analyze the E- recruitment in Iran. in this article, we examine e-recruitment situation in premier 100 Iranian organizations through websites content analysis. These top 100 organizations were introduced by the IMI in 1390. This ranking is based on organization revenue. Findings indicate that 64 Iranian organizations had e-recruitment. Also Iranian websites were more concentrated on the form, advertising and human resources activities. Also in Iran, Organizations active in the telecommunications sector, Metal, electrical and electronics, and banks and credit unions have had the highest rate of e-recruitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical Industry in Iran has difficulties such as inappropriate distribution, expired drugs and late drug delivery to patients. To overcome these issues and reach a sustainable development, the environmental and social aspects must be considered beside the economic aspects. In this paper, we address the Pharmaceutical distribution network and design a novel model that helps the distributing companies to decide strategic (determining the main and local distribution centers) and tactical decision (determining the flow) according to the three aspects of sustainability. The solution through the evolutionary algorithms presents the best selection of local distribution centers and the optimum amount of flow of medicine through the network with respect to three aspects of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the rhetorical features and effectiveness of academic commentary in teacher evaluation in the Iranian context. The study analyzes 200 commentaries written by observers in Iran and develops a questionnaire to assess their effectiveness. The results show that the commentaries have a rhetorical structure representative of academic commentary in Iran, with common moves of establishing rapport, presenting evaluation, and closing. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the rhetorical features of academic commentary to gain insight into its purpose and use. The document also includes references to various sources related to classroom observation and evaluation. [Extracted from the article]

Zahir Faryabi (died 1201 AD) is one of the prominent figures and poets of Iran's odes in the 13th century. His Divan has been published several times in Iran and India. The late Yazdgerdi's correction of Zahir Faryabi's Divan, originally published in 2013 by his student Asghar Dadbeh, can be considered the best and most revised correction of Zahir's Divan, but in this version, the corrector did not use older versions, including the version of Noor Usmaniyeh Library, the manuscript of Hakim Oglu, and the manuscript of Safineh Tabriz. We can find some problems in this Divan. To date, many researchers have focused on the late Yazdgerdi's edition and its errors including Seyyed Ali Mirafazli and Sharifi Sahi. They have addressed these problems based on the Safineh Tabriz and the manuscript of the Noor Osmaniye library. In the present study, the authors have addressed some of these shortcomings using the descriptive-analytical method and by comparing the late Yazdgerdi's correction with Hakim Oglu's copy. Hakim Oglu's copy is one of the looted copies of Astana Sheikh Safi in Ardabil, which has no written date, and according to the type of writing and its contents, it was probably written in the 7th century AH from the original copies. The present study shows that by collecting better editions and other collections such as essays and tazkiras, a comprehensive and revised edition of this divan can be available. It can also be used as a reference for researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anis ol-Arefin (Mathnavi of Nakhoda) is a fictional poem. This mathnavi has been written by Agha Mohammad Hosein Sahib Shirazi and is dedicated to Nakhoda. He composed this verse in 1293 A.H. (during the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah) in his old age and when he was the ambassador of Iran in Bengal, India. The purpose of this study is the linguistic analysis of the poem of Anis al-Arefin based on two existing lithographs of this poem. In addition, this text, apart from the linguistic benefits, has explanations and novelties from a literary point of view. This includes historical information about the Qajar era and the rulers, especially Fath Ali Shah and Naser al-Din Shah and some local border guards of India, geographical information, especially about Shiraz and India, and the birthplace and residence of the poet. Anis al-Arefin is noteworthy, readable, and fresh in terms of folk literature, anecdotes, legends, and parables. In addition, the poet of this poem was a political-literary person. This poem is a unique document in knowing the poet and with it you can get some of his personal and family information and get to know some of the political-historical figures that have not been left in history. Since literary works find meaning in a literary system, we also mentioned the connection of this work with other works, especially Khosrow and Shirin of Nizami, with which the poet of Anis al-Arifin wrote this poem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds naturally found in plants. Many flavonoids are the basis of herbal medicines and have effective pharmacological effects. Rutin is one of the flavonoids used as a reagent in the study of flavonoids and is also considered an antioxidant. This study was conducted to isolate and identify rutin-producing endophytic fungi from C. spinosa. Materials and Methods: Sampling was performed in 10 regions of Iran and was taken from different tissues (including leaves, stems, roots, and fruits). After surface disinfection, explants were placed on a PDA medium and the fungal isolates were purified. Molecular identification of isolates was performed by sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. Morphological identification of fungi was performed by microscopic slide preparation and fungus identification keys. Methanolic extract of fungi was prepared by the maceration method and the presence of rutin was investigated using the HPLC technique. Results: A total of 24 fungi were identified. HPLC analysis showed that the peak of standard flavonoids including rutin, quercetin, and apigenin appeared at 3.82, 7.60, and 12.40 min, respectively. Results showed that only two isolates were able to produce rutin. A comparison of the mean production of rutin showed a significant difference between the two fungi. Alternaria alternata M28 (22.94 ppm) had the highest amount of rutin production. Results also showed that rutin production in the mycelial tissue was more than in the extracellular medium, so A. alternata M28 and Paecilomyces maximus M7 had rutin content of about 67.5 and 5.56 times, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Fungal rutin in methanolic extracts was characterized by HPLC. This is the first report showing that endophytic fungi have a potential for rutin production from C. spinosa and more research on these isolates can increase the amount of rutin production in them and lead to the possible commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Khabr National Park is one of the valuable natural resources in Iran, and its cyanobacterial population has not been studied yet. Cyanobacteria are the most important nitrogen-fixing bacteria in all aquatic and terrestrial environments, playing a vital role in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The present study aimed to determine the role of different cyanobacterial species isolated from the grazed and not grazed areas in two cold and warm steppes of Khabr National Park on some soil properties and the effect of the selected cyanobacteria on Secale montanum growth. Materials and Methods: In the present study, cyanobacteria were isolated from a harsh terrestrial ecosystem and cultured on a BG11 medium. Next, the expression of the nifH gene was assayed in all nitrogen fixing isolates using the Real Time-PCR. Then, the best nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (Nodularia. sp.) was selected and its activity was investigated in pot experiments alone and in combination with chemical fertilizer. Three different soils in terms of physical and chemical properties were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the treated soils with Nodularia sp. as a biofertilizer can significantly increase nitrogen content of both agricultural soil and mixed soil. Consequently, Nodularia sp. has the ability to promote some characteristics of the studied soil through improving TN, SOC, SOM, and enzyme activities. Discussion and Conclusion: It can be concluded that the selected cyanobacterium increase soil stability in terms of mechanical fracture and resistance to desiccation and improve soil structure, which is very important, especially in arid and desert soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indians and Iranians, as the oldest Aryan groups, had a special worldview about the forces of good and evil and a special attitude toward the forces that surrounded man and influenced people's lives. Examining the religious attitude of these civilizations toward the power and ability of demons/asuras and their assistants and the influence of demons on human life is one of the important issues that we will address in this research. The main question of this research is: What different or similar attitudes did the ancient Iranians and Indians have toward the ability and performance of evil forces (whether it is possible to give importance and credit to human existence as a competitor or helper against harmful and evil beings)? The results of the present descriptive-analytical research, by analyzing important Indian and Iranian sources, showed that considering the different attitudes of Indians and Iranians toward the origin of demonic forces, there are differences in the belief in the power and ability of evil forces. In the meantime, because the Indians considered the Asuras and daevasto be of the same origin, the influence of the Indian Asuras and their control over humans was more legal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]