Search

This paper analyzes the impact of planning and designing large power systems on the environment, such as the DSP 400 kV optical cable from the Montenegrin coast to Pljevlja. It is a very complex and multidisciplinary project, and involves the analysis of a number of important factors and cause-effect relationships that such a system can produce. The analysis was guided by the fact that this is an atypical example, from the planned and implemented aspect unknown both on the national and wider regional level. For this reason, it is challenging to shed light on the consequences of any such system and structure, which is specific in many ways, and whose repercussions in the near future are still vague. The paper discussed European and international experiences as well as their perceptions of problems with similar solutions in practice. / В работе представлен анализ планирования и проектиро- вания крупных электроэнергетических систем и прогноз возде- йствия на окружающую среду по проекту: «Детальный ланд- шафтный план (ДЛП) 400 кВ и волоконно-оптические линии свя- зи от Черногорского побережья до г. Плевле. В статье применяется комплексный междисциплинарный анализ ряда релевантных факторов, а также приведен прогноз причинно-следственных связей при эксплуатации энергосистем. Анализ основывается на том, что данный пример атипи- чен, как в аспекте планирования, так и в аспекте выполнения, а на национальном и региональном уровне недостаточно исследо- ван. Поэтому считаем особо важным пролить свет на послед- ствия строительства энергоустановки и ее эксплуатации, не- стандартной во многих вопросах, которые в настоящий мо- мент сложно предусмотреть. В работе также представлены подобные, воплощенные в жизнь, проекты за рубежом и обсуждаются позиции зарубежных специалистов по данному вопросу, основанные на практическом опыте. / U radu se analizira uticaj planiranja i projektovanja velikih elektroenergetskih sistema na životnu sredinu, kao što je Detaljni prostorni plan (DPP) postavljanja 400 kV optičkog kabla od Crnogorskog primorja do Pljevalja. To predstavlja vrlo kompleksan i multidisciplinaran posao i podrazumeva analizu niza bitnih faktora, kao i uzročnoposledičnih veza koje jedan takav sistem može proizvesti. U analizi se rukovodilo činjenicom da se radi o atipičnom primeru, s planerskog i izvedbenog aspekta nepoznatog na nacionalnom, ali i širem regionalnom nivou. Zbog toga je bilo potrebno rasvetliti posledice jednog ovakog sistema i konstrukcije, koji je specifičan po mnogo čemu, i čije se reperkusije u bližoj budućnosti tek mogu nazreti. U istraživanju su razmatrana evropska i svetska iskustva, i njihova percepcija posmatranja problema sa sličnim rešenjima u praksi.

Atlasi i GIS važni su elementi prikaza modela životnog prostora. U radu je predstavljen model upotrebe GIS tehnologije u izradi određenih elemenata atlasnih karata. To podrazumeva definisanje osnovnih matematičkih elemenata karata digitalnog atlasa i mogućih struktura i formi baza prostornih podataka. Geografski elementi atlasnih karata, pretprocesiranje u GIS i strukturiranje karata digitalnog atlasa podržano GIS-om čine osnovne teme rada. Naglašava se mesto GIS tehnologije u procesu izrade atlasnih karata sa dva aspekta. Jedan aspekt predstavlja okvir geografskih informacionih sistema i mogućnosti koje pružaju, a drugi aspekt predstavljaju kartografske metode, odnosno sistem kartografskih metoda u čijem okruženju se izrađuju atlasne karte. / Besides geographic maps, atlases represent the most important cartographic models of environment. Nowadays, contemporary geographic information systems (GIS)are increasingly used ' in planning, designing and predicting the conditions and processes of complex dynamic spatial systems. Collecting data and information for a specific geographical map and GIS represents its basis.

U savremenom društvu ljudi su okruženi mnogim industrijskim postrojenjima na kojima usled havarije, požara ili eksplozije može doći do tehničko-tehnološkog akcidenta, koji može ugroziti ljude nastanjene kako u neposrednoj okolini samog postrojenja, tako i stanovnike nastanjene na većoj udaljenosti. Pored direktnog ugrožavanja ljudi javljaju se i indirektni efekti tehničko tehnološkog akcidenta, koji mogu da budu mnogo opasniji od direktnih efekata. Ovi indirektni efekti ispoljavaju se pre svega iz degradirane i zagađene životne sredine, dugotrajni su i često dovode do bolesti i smrti velikog broja ljudi. U radu se nastoji da se prikažu negativne posledice tehničko tehnološkog akcidenta na elemente ljudske bezbednost prema pristupu tumačenja ljudske bezbednosti sa aspekta održivog razvoja.

This paper proposes an appropriate methodology for ecological risk assessment. The methodology has been applied in the region of Boka Kotorska Bay (Bay), Montenegro. The emphasis of the research is on the analysis of the impact of various stressors on the ecological components of Bay. The consequences of that impact can be seen in an increased level of eutrophication of water environment, mostly through the influence of nitrogen and its compounds. The actual research at/about the region of Boka Kotorska Bay was performed in the period of 2008. The study emphasized the importance of the acquisition, processing and analysis of various ecologically related data for more efficient monitoring and management of the environment. The suggested methodology of the ecological risk assessment is, therefore, a remarkable scientific and expert contribution in the area of environmental protection in our country and in general.

Successful protection of environment is mostly based on high-quality assessment of potential and present risks. Environmental risk management is a complex process which includes: identification, assessment and control of risk, namely taking measures in order to minimize the risk to an acceptable level. Environmental risk management methodology: In addition to these phases in the management of environmental risk, appropriate measures that affect the reduction of risk occurrence should be implemented: - normative and legal regulations (laws and regulations), - appropriate organizational structures in society, and - establishing quality monitoring of environment. The emphasis is placed on the application of assessment methodologies (three-model concept), as the most important aspect of successful management of environmental risk. Risk assessment methodology - European concept: The first concept of ecological risk assessment methodology is based on the so-called European model-concept. In order to better understand this ecological risk assessment methodology, two concepts - hazard and risk - are introduced. The European concept of environmental risk assessment has the following phases in its implementation: identification of hazard (danger), identification of consequences (if there is hazard), estimate of the scale of consequences, estimate of consequence probability and risk assessment (also called risk characterization). The European concept is often used to assess risk in the environment as a model for addressing the distribution of stressors along the source - path - receptor line. Risk assessment methodology - Canadian concept: The second concept of the methodology of environmental risk assessment is based on the so-called Canadian model-concept. The assessment of ecological risk includes risk arising from natural events (floods, extreme weather conditions, etc.), technological processes and products, agents (chemical, biological, radiological, etc.) and industrial activities that may pose threats to ecosystems, flora, fauna and humans. This model-concept gives a three-phase assessment where the assessor tries to determine whether a specific place may be subject to assessment, to characterize the level of risk and to confirm or refute the findings of the first phase, collecting information and corrective measures, or to establish basic requirements for environment protection. Risk assessment methodology - American concept: The third methodological approach to environmental risk assessment is developed by the U.S. Agency for Environmental Protection, 'U.S. EPA'. This model primarily involves the implementation of environmental risk assessment under the conditions of anthropogenic impact on environment, without aiming at solving problems of natural environmental risks, although this methodology can be applied in this environment segment as well. The methodology gives a clear distinction between a scientific (phase of estimation) and a non-scientific (planning) part of assessment. The phases of estimation given by this model are: problem formulation, risk analysis and risk characterization. Conclusion: Concepts and methodologies of all three models-concepts of assessment are mostly reduced to a common goal: how to reduce existing or avoid potential risks. However, it should be noted that the implementation of appropriate management and ecological risk assessment does not guarantee that risks will be avoided or that the implementation of these processes will be successful.

In accordance with the requirements for the protection and development of environment, the usage of spatial data represents a specific need for different kinds of geographical and cartographical information. Theoretical and practical understanding of these requirements, with existing experiences and the use of appropriate standards, help in the process of solving particular ecological problems. In this paper, the analysis (theoretical understanding of the problem) and the comparison of models will try to point out the importance, requirements and possibilities of using existing data from different geo-topographical materials such as charts at different scales in analog as well as digital forms. Sources of information about an area: Cartographic-analytic collecting of spatial information for environmental purposes is carried out mainly from the following sources: satellite images, geographic information systems / Environmental Information Systems (GIS / EIS), Geo-topographic materials in analogue and digital (especially maps) forms and physical measurements of ambient environment. Types of maps which can be used for environmental protection: Base maps are widely used mostly for military purposes. Being highly detailed, these maps can be largely used for the purposes of environmental protection, especially topographic maps of a scale of 1:25 000 to 1:200 000 and 1:250 000. Thematic maps primarily give information on specific locations and specific content. For the purposes of environmental protection and improvement, thematic maps with specific topics are constructed most frequently. Combined maps are specific and they are a combination of base and thematic maps. These are, for example, political, travel, touristic, hydrological, and synoptic maps. Synthetic maps show the results and analysis of data collected. They cannot display all the characteristics or information related to the environment, especially data about complex ecosystems. Conclusion: For the purposes of environmental protection and improvement, the existing geo-topographic materials can be used, especially maps in the analogue and digital form. Based on the content and topics depicted, there are many different types of maps. All maps, especially those with the specific content important for environment, have highly variable characteristics. The geo-topographic materials of different scales and shapes, both in analogue and digital forms, in the Military Geographic Institute (MGI) are a good basis for environmental protection and improvement purposes.

Savremeni vazduhoplovi predstavljaju složene sisteme koje treba efikasno i u određenom roku ispitati sa osnovnim ciljem da se utvrdi kvalitet leta u opsegu proračunom datih ograničenja, performansi leta unutar projektovane anvelope i stabilnost i upravljivost u toku izvođenja zahtevanih manevara. Ispitivanja u letu mogu biti usmerena i ka istraživanju drugih fenomena koji se ne mogu ustanoviti na drugi način. Ispitivanje u letu je od presudne važnosti, a s obzirom na to da je to poslednja faza stvaranja letelice, jer se samo u realnim uslovima upotrebe mogu potvrditi svi inicijalni zahtevi projektovanja i verifikovati njene performanse uz maksimalno vođenje računa o bezbednosti ispitivanja. Ispitivanje u letu sprovodi se po tačno definisanom programu koji mora zadovoljiti veliki broj civilnih i vojnih vazduhoplovnih propisa. Specifičnost ove faze stvaranja letelice je u tome što obezbeđuje povratnu informaciju timu konstruktora o opravdanosti njihove procene ili daje prostor za alternativu u projektu. Pored toga, konstruktori stiču uvid u saglasnost projekta sa zadatim specifikacijama i ponašanju letelice u stvarnim uslovima aplikacije. Vazduhoplovni opitni centar u Batajnici spada u red savremenih opitnih centara. Pored vojnih aplikacija raspolaže i svim civilnim ovlašćenjima koja mu omogućuju tržišni nastup u zemlji i inostranstvu.