1. The HST See Change Program. I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries
- Author
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Gemini Observatory, National Science Foundation (US), National Research Council of Canada, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brasil), Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, European Southern Observatory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), German Research Foundation, European Commission, Hayden, Brian, Rubin, David, Boone, Kyle, Aldering, Greg, Nordin, Jakob, Brodwin, Mark, Deustua, Susana, Dixon, Sam, Fagrelius, Parker, Fruchter, Andrew S., Eisenhardt, Peter, Gonzalez, Anthony, Gupta, Ravi, Hook, Isobel, Lidman, Chris, Luther, Kyle, Muzzin, Adam, Raha, Zachary, Ruiz-Lapuente, Pilar, Saunders, Clare, Sofiatti, Caroline, Stanford, Adam, Suzuki, Nao, Webb, Tracy, Williams, Steven C., Wilson, Gillian, Yen, Mike, Amanullah, Rahman, Barbary, Kyle, Böhringer, Hans, Chappell, Greta, Cunha, Carlos, Currie, Miles, Fassbender, Rene, Gladders, Michael, Goobar, Ariel, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Hoekstra, Henk, Huang, Xiaosheng, Huterer, Dragan, Jee, M. James, Kim, Alex, Kowalski, Marek, Linder, Eric, Meyers, Joshua E., Pain, Reynald, Perlmutter, Saul, Richard, Johan, Rosati, Piero, Rozo, Eduardo, Rykoff, Eli, Santos, Joana, Spadafora, Anthony, Stern, Daniel, Wechsler, Risa, Gemini Observatory, National Science Foundation (US), National Research Council of Canada, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brasil), Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, European Southern Observatory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), German Research Foundation, European Commission, Hayden, Brian, Rubin, David, Boone, Kyle, Aldering, Greg, Nordin, Jakob, Brodwin, Mark, Deustua, Susana, Dixon, Sam, Fagrelius, Parker, Fruchter, Andrew S., Eisenhardt, Peter, Gonzalez, Anthony, Gupta, Ravi, Hook, Isobel, Lidman, Chris, Luther, Kyle, Muzzin, Adam, Raha, Zachary, Ruiz-Lapuente, Pilar, Saunders, Clare, Sofiatti, Caroline, Stanford, Adam, Suzuki, Nao, Webb, Tracy, Williams, Steven C., Wilson, Gillian, Yen, Mike, Amanullah, Rahman, Barbary, Kyle, Böhringer, Hans, Chappell, Greta, Cunha, Carlos, Currie, Miles, Fassbender, Rene, Gladders, Michael, Goobar, Ariel, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Hoekstra, Henk, Huang, Xiaosheng, Huterer, Dragan, Jee, M. James, Kim, Alex, Kowalski, Marek, Linder, Eric, Meyers, Joshua E., Pain, Reynald, Perlmutter, Saul, Richard, Johan, Rosati, Piero, Rozo, Eduardo, Rykoff, Eli, Santos, Joana, Spadafora, Anthony, Stern, Daniel, and Wechsler, Risa
- Abstract
The See Change survey was designed to make z > 1 cosmological measurements by efficiently discovering high-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and improving cluster mass measurements through weak lensing. This survey observed twelve galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spanning the redshift range z = 1.13-1.75, discovering 57 likely transients and 27 likely SNe Ia at z ~ 0.8-2.3. As in similar previous surveys, this proved to be a highly efficient use of HST for supernova observations; the See Change survey additionally tested the feasibility of maintaining, or further increasing, the efficiency at yet higher redshifts, where we have less detailed information on the expected cluster masses and star formation rates. We find that the resulting number of SNe Ia per orbit is a factor of ~8 higher than for a field search, and 45% of our orbits contained an active SN Ia within 22 rest-frame days of peak, with one of the clusters by itself yielding 6 of the SNe Ia. We present the survey design, pipeline, and supernova discoveries. Novel features include fully blinded supernova searches, the first random forest candidate classifier for undersampled IR data (with a 50% detection threshold within 0.05 mag of human searchers), real-time forward-modeling photometry of candidates, and semi-automated photometric classifications and follow-up forecasts. We also describe the spectroscopic follow-up, instrumental in measuring host galaxy redshifts. The cosmology analysis of our sample will be presented in a companion paper. * Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by AURA, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555, under programs 13677, 14327.
- Published
- 2021