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This essay explores the material imperatives of nineteenth-century statistical ambition, at a time when the nature of paper itself underwent rapid change. It expands the concept of paper technologies to include knowledge about the materials themselves, as well as the infrastructures, techniques, and agreements that made it possible for the right kind of paper to be made available for particular purposes. Taking the production of the forms for the Prussian census as a case in point, it argues that the enumeration effort of Prussian census statisticians went far beyond designing a form, collecting information, noting and compiling figures, or creating tables. Paper knowledge to define and control the material substance of the forms mattered as much as political impetus and statistical methods in getting the census right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the intersection of feuilleton writing and musicology in early twentieth-century Germany. Starting from the contemporary concern that music lacked the capacity to express its meanings and that listeners in concert halls could not understand music without intermediaries, I trace the historical actors' quest to resolve that problem by establishing "musical hermeneutics," a method that applied older scholarly traditions of understanding texts empathetically to music. Rather than on the historical evolution of hermeneutical ideas, the essay focuses on the publishing contexts in which one of its main protagonists, the music historian, public intellectual, and feuilleton author Hermann Kretzschmar, worked to found what he saw as a new discipline. I argue that the practice of and discourse on journalism at the time importantly shaped the search for words about musical sounds—for a language in which cultural, political, and social assumptions could be used both to explain the listening experience and to educate the listeners. The language of the feuilleton offered tools to convey observations, interpretations, and instructions on understanding music to a wide audience, far beyond the academy. Although Kretzschmar failed to have this approach incorporated into the musicological curriculum, and hermeneutic methods were not accepted until the late twentieth century, the struggles surrounding hermeneutics in the fin-de-siècle German-speaking world illuminate the role of publishing contexts in generating knowledge on sound. They reveal a complex entanglement of journalism and the humanities at a time before the two fields split into demarcated territories of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a priest's wife, Froibirg, who donated a manuscript to the Bavarian monastery of Benediktbeuern in 1055 and was remembered by the monks as an "uxor presbiteri" until the eighteenth century. Although Froibirg appears in the historical record only once during her lifetime, the broader social and religious contexts of her donation were richly documented by the communities with which she was associated: the monastery of Benediktbeuern, the cathedral community of Augsburg, and the eleventh-century church, which was deeply concerned with the "problem" of clerical marriage around the time of her gift. By focusing on Froibirg and on her social role as a priest's wife at the mid-eleventh century, the paper considers the celibacy movement from the standpoint of individuals and communities, rather than clerical denunciations or restrictive papal legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether the introduction of birthright citizenship in Germany affected immigrant children's educational outcomes at the first three stages of the education system: preschool, primary school, and secondary school. Using a birth date cutoff as a source of exogenous variation, we find that the policy (i) increased immigrant children's participation in noncompulsory preschool education, (ii) had positive effects on key developmental outcomes measured at the end of the preschool period, (iii) caused immigrant children to progress faster through primary school, and (iv) increased the likelihood of them attending the academic track of secondary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers analyses on the Anglo-German agreement in Munich, Germany. It cites that the effort is purpose to read the crap of the paper in order to draw metonym by presenting the country's negotiation in the past, future and contemporary. Moreover, the event will be the process of listening to voices, some polite arguing, a level of emotion and other muttering behind the scenes. In addition, Prime Minister Syrový asserts that the Czechs has accepted the agreement with bleeding hearts and marked by strong resentment.

Based on ethnographic research in Berlin, this paper examines two paradigmatic cases in which real incest is brought into the penumbra of law and subsumed into an imaginary complex superimposed on sexual abuse. It uses them to theorize at a higher level of abstraction about the deployment of myth by the unconscious, the relation between taboo and law, male and female attachments to the child, gender conflict, and changes in the position of the father in the symbolic order of the West. One case focuses on how a child victim translates what had happened into the therapeutic and legal languages of sexual abuse, the other on the father's evolving apprehension of his deed in the course of therapy. I argue that (1) the incest taboo increasingly regulates lineal rather than lateral relations between kin; (2) the imaginary complex construes male sexuality as a security threat to children, resulting in a negative identification with and of male difference, with serious consequences for the family, the heterosexual couple, and the mother-child bond; and (3) the erosion of the incest taboo, and of the authority of the father who was its guarantor, opens up alternative modalities to regulate relations between generations and genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of large banks on the real economy are theoretically ambiguous and politically controversial. I identify quasi-exogenous increases in bank size in postwar Germany. I show that firms did not grow faster after their relationship banks became bigger. In fact, opaque borrowers grew more slowly. The enlarged banks did not increase profits or efficiency but worked with riskier borrowers. Bank managers benefited through higher salaries and media attention. The results are based on newly digitized microdata on German firms and their banks. Overall, the findings reveal that bigger banks do not always raise real growth and can actually harm some borrowers and the real economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Features the 49th Council and General Conference of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions held in Munich, Germany in August 1983. Topics discussed at the conference; Speakers at the conference; Activities that were initiated as part of the event.

The integration of immigrants is the subject of ongoing public debate, and devising measures to enable the assimilation of newcomers ranks high on the political agendas of many countries. This paper focuses on the legal institution of citizenship and analyzes the consequences of birthright citizenship introduced in Germany. We use the exogenous variation provided by the 1999 reform of the German nationality law to study the effect of children's legal status on the integration of immigrant parents. We find that foreign-born parents are most likely to interact with the local community and use the German language if their children are entitled to German citizenship at birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have drawn a line between scientific racism, exemplified in the typological approach of German race scientists, and population-based approaches toward races or human genetic diversity. The postwar time is often understood as a watershed in this respect. My argument is that typological and population-based race concepts cannot be so easily segregated either before or after World War II. In spite of noteworthy differences between the two, on closer inspection, one finds population-based concepts in German race science before World War II as well as typologies and typological aspects in human population genetics after World War II, and continuities between them. In this paper I aim at viewing German race science in its contemporary international context up to the 1960s. With regard to its theoretical groundings, research problems, research designs, methods, practices, results, and interpretations, German race science was far more embedded in contemporary research on human diversity around the world than is generally assumed. Most notably, researchers in the field have been preoccupied with identifying and examining "isolated" and "mixed" populations from the mid-nineteenth century until the present. Yet instead of rendering German race science harmless, this contextualization aims at drawing attention to the generally precarious aspects of research into "human variation" or "human diversity." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research analyzing the importance of human capital for innovation usually focuses on secondary and tertiary education. This paper takes a different perspective by focusing on in-firm training. We argue that continuous training guarantees access to leading-edge knowledge and thus increases a firm's propensity to innovate. Using German establishment-level data, we show a strong association between lagged continuous training and innovation. Applying instrumental variable methods, we cautiously argue that the association between training and innovation is indeed a causal effect. In the quest for a relevant and valid instrument, we exploit legal regulations of the German Works Constitution Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the comparative history of International Science Congresses under Adolf Hitler's Germany, Josef Stalin's Russia and the Cold War United States. Modern scientific internationalism and views of scientists; Role of states in international scientific relations.

Monthly wage inequality in Germany continued to increase in the early 2000s, which is mainly explained by a rising part-time employment share. After 2010, inequality returned to the level of 2000. About half of the recent decrease is due to the introduction of the national minimum wage in 2015. While employment effects of the minimum wage are negligible, we find strong wage increases among the existing workforce. The minimum wage lowered wage inequality within eastern and western Germany but also led to a convergence of the east-west wage differential. The increased labor incomes were not offset by decreasing social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When current market price depends partly on the expected rate of market price change, it is possible that the market will launch itself onto a price bubble with price being driven by arbitrary, self-fulfilling elements in expectations. The purpose of this paper is to provide some tests of the proposition that bubbles were absent during the German hyperinflation, a proposition we are unable to reject. The test methodology that we propose is general enough to be applied to other historical or contemporary episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a multiregional study of changes in the efficiency and standardization of lithic industries across the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition as a test of the hypothesis that the transition was a result of the development of language. The sites included in the study are Haua Fteah, Libya (Middle and Upper Paleolithic), Grosse Grotte (Middle Paleolithic) and Geissenklösterle (Upper Paleolithic), Germany, and Pech de l'Azé (Middle Paleolithic) and Caminade (Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic), France. In addition to the comparison of the efficiency and standardization of lithic industries, a comparison of Middle and Upper Paleolithic lithic technology is presented. No empirical evidence is found to support the hypothesis that this transition is related to the development of language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meandering rivers are characterized by geomorphic units like cut banks, point bars, and thalwegs. These units arise from interactions between hydrological and geomorphological forces. However, the individual contributions of geomorphic units to whole-river metabolism or nutrient processing are unclear because these quantifications are often done at larger spatial scales. We used closed recirculating chambers to measure benthic gross primary production (GPP), respiration (R), N uptake or release, and P uptake or release at bimonthly intervals over 1 y at different geomorphic units in the Mulde River, Germany. We compared GPP, R, and nutrient processing among a cut bank, a point bar, and the thalweg at a natural meander. We also compared the cut bank of this natural meander with a cut bank fixed by riprap at a human-altered meander. In the natural meander, GPP, R, and nutrient processing rates were higher at the point bar than the cut bank or thalweg. These differences are likely related to larger sediment grain sizes that provide a more stable substrate for microbial communities. A strong interaction between geomorphic units and time for GPP and NH4+ fluxes suggested that differences in nutrient processing rates among geomorphic units were restricted to specific times during the year. Specifically, we found that the nutrient processing rates differed among geomorphic units during the summer, but not winter. Furthermore, in June and August 2017, R was 2 to 3× lower at the cut bank stabilized by riprap than at the natural cut bank. Our results demonstrate that rivers are composed of functionally distinct geomorphic units susceptible to human-induced hydromorphological degradation. However, strong interactions between space and time and large within-geomorphic unit variability propose that local drivers influence ecosystem function, suggesting that we need additional research to resolve these drivers at the scales of geomorphic units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What shapes public support for aid delivery through international organizations (IOs)? Drawing on delegation theory, we propose that concerns about donor governments losing control over aid dampens public support for IO delivery. We theorize and provide examples of how two sets of control concerns animate public preferences: those incurred through shared decision-making in multilateral bodies and those incurred during disbursement and implementation. We hypothesize that information regarding the practice of donors earmarking contributions to IOs should mitigate these concerns and increase public support for IO delivery. Results from original survey experiments administered to nationally representative samples in the United States and Germany provide support for our argument, while open-ended responses illuminate the role of (mis)trust in IOs and governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In chapter 6, Florvil concentrates on Black and Women of Color feminisms and diasporic activism in Germany. In chapter 3, Florvil delves into the complexities of intersectionality and privilege in Black German organizations by taking a closer look at the feminist organization Black Women in Germany (ADEFRA). [Extracted from the article]

We document quasi-experimental evidence against the common assumption in the matching literature that agents have full information on their own preferences. In Germany's university admissions, the first stages of the Gale-Shapley algorithm are implemented in real time, allowing for multiple offers per student. We demonstrate that nonexploding early offers are accepted more often than later offers, despite not being more desirable. These results, together with survey evidence and a theoretical model, are consistent with students' costly discovery of preferences. A novel dynamic multioffer mechanism that batches early offers improves matching efficiency by informing students of offer availability before preference discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Price formation and integration of markets supplied by both farmed and captured fish is studied. Markets for trout and potential substitutes imported to Germany are analysed, and market delineation and market leaders identified. It is found that markets for small portion-sized farmed trout with white meat are related to, rather than completely separate from, other fish markets, and that markets for these trout are more closely linked to markets for captured fish than to farmed salmon. The implications are that although the part of the trout business operating with small freshwater ponds remains relatively unaffected by developments in other fish markets, careful attention should be paid to markets for and management of capture fisheries like cod, halibut, redfish, and mackerel, than to markets for farmed salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale increases in discrimination can lead to dismissals of highly qualified managers. We investigate how expulsions of senior Jewish managers, due to rising discrimination in Nazi Germany, affected large corporations. Firms that lost Jewish managers experienced persistent reductions in stock prices, dividends, and returns on assets. Aggregate market value fell by roughly 1.8% of German GNP because of the expulsions. Managers who served as key connectors to other firms and managers who were highly educated were particularly important for firm performance. The findings imply that individual managers drive firm performance. Discrimination against qualified business leaders causes first-order economic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of the Last Supper on the mid-thirteenth-century west choir screen at Naumburg Cathedral has long bewildered and amused commentators, who have seen in the figures’ robust bodies and emphatic eating gestures evidence of coarseness and rusticity. This study questions the accuracy of the view that the Last Supper was conceived as a peasant meal through analysis of both modern scholarly literature and relevant medieval sources, and offers a new interpretation of the scene’s social content. The first section traces the peasant interpretation through its varying permutations in art historical texts, finding its roots not in the image but rather in the rhetoric of German nationalism that developed after World War I. The second section tests the peasant thesis by holding the Naumburg image up against contemporaneous pictorial and textual representations of manual laborers and concludes that the relief presents a world that is anything but lowly. Even the eating gestures of the apostles—the most idiosyncratic element of the panel, and the subject of the final section of this paper—conforms to guidelines laid out in handbooks of table manners (Tischzuchten) that circulated among the petty nobility in the mid-thirteenth century. As surprising as the apostles’ behavior may appear to modern eyes, medieval sources reveal that the figures demonstrate through their gestures what courtly clerics and laypeople prized as schoene site, or beautiful manners, even as they play out the drama of redemption. Through its elevated setting, I argue, the Naumburg Last Supper casts the treason of Judas in terms of misbehavior at a lord’s feast, thus heightening the ethical import of the scene for an audience of clerics and laypeople trained in the codes of courtesy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the historical origins of ecological thinking about nature in the city based on the case of German cities after World War II. Interaction between the social and material order of the city; Representations of urban space created by botanists studying the rubble areas; Appropriation of urban wastelands as scientific workplaces.

Premise of research. Periderm is a protective secondary tissue that replaces the epidermis in stems and roots having secondary growth. The first periderm most commonly originates immediately below the epidermis, but in some species, it arises deeper in the stem, usually in the primary phloem. Periderm is a common feature of extant plants and has been reported in numerous fossil taxa. Here we investigate the presence of this tissue in a Carboniferous representative of the cladoxylopsids, an extinct group related to the ferns s.l. Methodology. We describe anatomically preserved stems of Cladoxylon taeniatum with a well-preserved periderm from Tournaisian deposits in France and Germany. We also provide a short review of the current state of our knowledge on periderm production in Paleozoic plants, especially in relation to secondary vascular growth. Pivotal results. The new specimens are 7–15 mm in diameter. They have a well-developed secondary xylem and a thin periderm that has a deep-seated origin in the innermost part of the cortex. This shows that Cladoxylon had the ability to accommodate secondary vascular growth with the production of a periderm that replaced the cortex and epidermis. Cladoxylon taeniatum is, to date, the only cladoxylopsid in which this feature is described, and it increases the diversity of anatomical strategies for secondary growth documented in the group. Changes in the nature and geometrical distribution of tissue between typical stems with a cortex and stems with a periderm suggest that C. taeniatum was non-self-supporting, a growth habit that also differs from that of most other older cladoxylopsids. Conclusions. The new specimens increase the diversity of Paleozoic plants that produced both secondary vascular tissues and a periderm. Our review highlights the fact that anatomical homologies between the structures called "periderm" in these various taxa remain unclear; numerous questions about the origins of the periderm and the possible relation between secondary vascular growth and periderm production remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the years after 1945, German Protestant church leaders and lay intellectuals emerged as ubiquitous critics of the war crimes trials conducted by the Allied occupation governments. Marshaling the financial resources and international connections of the newly formed Protestant Church in Germany, a network of church administrators, theologians, and jurists petitioned occupation authorities for the release of hundreds of convicted Nazi perpetrators. While a generation of critical scholarship has linked the campaign against war crimes trials to the persistence of Protestant nationalism in Allied-occupied Germany, this article argues that the campaign also marked an inflection point in postwar German politics. Protestant church leaders and jurists not only echoed popular attacks on Allied "victors' justice" but also developed a novel language of human rights that would shape their later interventions in West German politics. Rejecting the dominant contemporary discourses of human rights, rooted in Catholic natural law or American exceptionalism, Protestant trial opponents recentered human rights around a theology of human fallibility in order to criticize the alleged excesses of political justice. Yet even as they promoted tendentious accounts of the Nazi past, Protestant leaders contributed to institutionalizing human rights in West German politics. By the 1950s, veterans of the postwar amnesty campaigns would defend the rights of conscientious objectors and recognition of Germany's territorial losses. The Protestant campaign against war crimes trials demonstrates how human rights gained power in postwar Germany as a political language that bridged nationalist and internationalist commitments, with ambiguous consequences for the consolidation of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encourages "Art Documentation" readers with overseas connections to forward contacts of those associated with art libraries in Latin America, Africa and Asia for the participation in the 49th International Federation of Library Associations conference in Munich, Germany in 1983. Remarks from Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA) 1983 Chairperson Nancy Allen regarding the works of the ARLIS/NA International Relations Committee; Significance of the International Relations Column to the committee; Periodicals that are already actively reporting the many projects that take place between Lisbon and Lima.

Can leveraging family history reduce xenophobia? Building on theories of group identity, we show that a family history of forced relocation leaves an imprint on future generations and can be activated to increase sympathy toward refugees. We provide evidence from Greece and Germany, two countries that vividly felt the European refugee crisis, and that witnessed large-scale forced displacement of their own populations during the twentieth century. Combining historical and survey data with an experimental manipulation, we show that mentioning the parallels between past and present differentially increases pledged monetary donations and attitudinal measures of sympathy for refugees among respondents with forcibly displaced ancestors. This differential effect is also present among respondents without a family history of forced migration who live in places with high historical concentration of refugees. Our findings highlight the role of identity and shared experience for reducing out-group discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration debates have emphasized migrants' (in)ability to integrate into European societies. Accordingly, historians have viewed the mass post-1945 postcolonial and labor migration as a European story, a unidirectional path whose consequences manifested within host country borders. Such has been the portrayal of Turkish migrants, who came to West Germany as guest workers in 1961 and now constitute Germany's largest ethnic minority. This article complicates this narrative with a transnational approach. It argues that Turkish guest worker families were highly mobile border crossers who traveled throughout Western Europe and took annual vacations to their homeland. These seasonal remigrations, undertaken by virtually every family, entailed a treacherous three-day car ride across Central Europe and the Balkans at the height of the cold war. The drive traversed an international highway (Europastraße 5) extending from West Germany to Turkey through neutral Austria, socialist Yugoslavia, and communist Bulgaria. Migrants' unsavory experiences on this highway confirmed their perceptions of East/West divides and demonstrated the Iron Curtain's porosity. Moreover, the cars and "Western" consumer goods they transported reshaped their identities, fueling the development of the derogatory moniker Almancı , a Turkish term connoting emigrants' cultural estrangement and "Germanization." The notion that a migrant could become German demonstrates that those in the homeland could intervene from afar in debates about German identity amid rising xenophobia: although many derided Turks as unable to integrate, they had integrated enough to be considered "Germanized" and to encounter difficulties reintegrating into Turkey. This mundane act of vacation travel carried international, national, and personal implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes some facts on female work in Germany and presents some recent econometric explorations. The econometric method adopted is the TOBIT procedure, which allows one to estimate labor supply functions including both hours worked and participation. The general finding is that it is necessary to distinguish among several groups of females: while work participation of young single women decreased substantially, married women have a higher participation rate today than in earlier years. In addition, income elasticities of labor supply and their decomposition are estimated but several caveats regarding these estimates are in order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The era of Gregorian Reform saw a surge in the production of illuminated codices, for books were indispensable in cultivating the return to prescribed religious observances. This renewal had strong roots in Italy where illuminated manuscripts were produced in good number for export. Pride of place among these volumes belongs to the Vulgate edition of the Italian Giant Bibles. The Giant Bibles became something of an international denomination in Romanesque art and it is possible to find reflections of these Italian volumes in the scriptoria of Northern Europe. The interest of this paper is to point out the influence of the type of ornamental vocabulary found in Italian Giant Bibles on Romanesque book production at Weingarten abbey in Swabia. This reference to Italianate models is situated against the historical background of the Hirsau reform and the patronage of the Guelphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Share prices in the equity markets of the U.S., Great Britain, Germany and Japan do behave as if there exists one multinational equity market. Share prices in the non U.S. countries were shown to be related to and affected by the price changes in the U.S. equity market. This, however, does not rule out the possibility that share prices in each national component of the market move together in addition to the market-wide movements. The purpose of this article is to measure and describe those share-price fluctuations associated uniquely with their country of origin, and then, on the basis of those price changes to identify and estimate the country factor in share-price movements in the equity markets of Great Britain, Germany and Japan. The identification and estimation of the country factors in share-price movements are done in two levels of data. In the first stage indices of share prices are examined and in the second the country factors are estimated on the basis of a sample of individual shares.

We study the impact of trade exposure on the job biographies of 2.4 million manufacturing workers in Germany. Rising export opportunities lead to two equally important sources of earnings gains: on the job and employer switches within the same industry. Highly skilled workers benefit the most. Import shocks mostly hurt low-skilled workers, especially when they possess lots of industry-specific human capital. They also destroy workers' rents when separating from high-wage plants, and they leave strongly scarring effects in the event of a mass layoff. We connect our results to the growing theoretical literature on the labor market effects of trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curt Nimuendajú (1883–1945) was a German ethnographer who became a naturalized citizen of Brazil and spent most of his life doing fieldwork among the country's indigenous people. He gained the attention of the anthropological world when he began producing his studies on the Gê-speaking peoples of central Brazil. These sparked an ongoing correspondence with Robert Lowie, who secured American funding for Nimuendajú, advised him on research sites and topics, and translated and edited his manuscripts. Nimuendajú also maintained a brief correspondence with Claude Lévi-Strauss when the latter was a rising anthropologist and the former a mature ethnographer. Together the letters illustrate one form taken by the relations between anthropologists located in global centers and peripheries during years between the two world wars. This introduction contextualizes Nimuendajú's correspondence with both scholars by tracing relevant aspects of his life, his involvement with Brazilian indigenous people, and his impact on lowland South American anthropology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the empirical content of the Roy model, stripped down to sector-specific unobserved heterogeneity and self-selection on the basis of potential outcomes. We characterize sharp bounds on the joint distribution of potential outcomes and testable implications of the Roy model. We apply these bounds to derive a measure of departure from Roy self-selection, so as to identify prime targets for intervention. Special emphasis is put on the case of binary outcomes. We analyze a Roy model of college major choice in Canada and Germany and take a new look at the underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Prussian diplomat and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt, focusing on his study of languages in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, which resulted in his monograph on the history of the culture and language of Java and debates with leading Orientalist scholars. It argues that his global study of languages was one of the largest and last in the interdisciplinary European republic of letters in which scholars communicated despite differences in religion, politics, and language.

Do politicians benefit electorally from connections to banks? Recent research illuminates how banks benefit from political connections, yet we do not know much about the impact of bank connections on a politician's reelection chances. We consider the German system of publicly owned local savings banks to assess whether local politicians who sit on bank boards are likelier to win reelection for their parties. Based on data from 3,214 mayoral elections and 182 savings banks between 2006 and 2015, we find that mayors with a board seat in a savings bank have higher odds of winning reelection than mayors without a board seat. We address concerns about unobserved confounders and show that the electoral benefits of board membership are concentrated among conservative mayors. We also present preliminary evidence that mayors in bank boards increase bank donations to, and prevent branch closures in, their municipalities, which helps us understand why voters reelect them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the debate on "The Two Art Histories," organized by Charles Haxthausen, director of the Williams College Graduate Program in the History of Art, during the Clark Conference held from April 9-10, 1999. His goal was to explore the underlying institutional factors that help these extremes to exist, where and how the two art histories might favorably intersect and whether comparable issues are at play across the national borders of Great Britain, Germany and the U.S.

The article presents information on the International Federation of Library Associations Art Section meetings held in Munich, Germany in August 1983. Officers were re-elected for a final two-year term during the meeting. Ongoing projects of the association were also discussed. The association plans to hold the 1985 meeting in Chicago, Illinois.

The article discusses the activities of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1914 prior to the outbreak of World War I, focusing particularly on how the party had gained popular support and intended to challenge the leadership of Imperial Germany to promote reform for the rights of workers and suffrage by preparing to initiate a general strike in Prussia. It also considers how the war changed the stance of the SPD to unite behind Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg's declaration of war.

The article looks at how enculturated aspects of nationalism, commemoration, and memorialization were challenged in the late twentieth century by transnational movements which challenge the status quo. It begins by providing an overview of the rise of nationalism and commemoration during the long 19th and 20th centuries, focusing especially on Germany and West Germany, with discussions including Argentina and Russia.

We examine heterogeneous treatment effects of a universal child care program in Germany by exploiting variation in attendance caused by a reform that led to a large expansion staggered across municipalities. Drawing on novel administrative data from the full population of compulsory school entry examinations, we find that children with lower (observed and unobserved) gains are more likely to select into child care than children with higher gains. Children from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to attend child care than children from advantaged backgrounds but have larger treatment effects because of their worse outcome when not enrolled in child care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the urban planning and extension of cities in Germany and Spain between 1848 and 1914, focusing particularly on how such improvements enhanced the perceptions and politics of place. Cities discussed include the Spanish cities of Barcelona, Madrid, and Valencia, as well as the German cities of Berlin, Munich, and Cologne. Topics include the influence of Paris, France city planner Georges-Eugène Haussmann on other European cities, the revolutions of 1848 and other uprisings, and photography of cityscapes.

The article compares the history of educational change in West Germany and France in the post-World War II period between 1945 and 1968. It considers how German education embraced the idea of authority and authoritarianism as opposed to more democratic ideals of other Western nations. Topics include the protests of 1968, student-teacher relationships, public debated over the function of secondary education, democracy and education, and the Cold War.

Both small-scale human societies and personal social networks have a characteristic hierarchical structure with successively inclusive layers of 15, 50, 150, 500, and 1,500 individuals. It has been suggested that these values represent a set of natural social attractors, or "sweet spots," in organizational terms. We exploited the new phenomenon of permanent (i.e., residential) campsites to ask whether these values are present in the size distribution of the numbers of residents in these naturally small-scale communities. In two separate data sets of different grain, we find consistent evidence for sites with 50, 150, 500, and maybe 1,500 residents. We infer that these reflect numerical sizes at which communities may in some way be socially optimal. Our data do not allow us to say why this pattern emerges, but the consistency of the results and the fact that the predetermined sizes of permanent campsites adhere to this pattern suggest that it may arise from the limits on the number of relationships that make an effective community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the fall of the BerlinWall, East Germany experienced an unprecedented temporary drop in fertility driven by economic uncertainty. We show that the children born during this transition period performed worse on a range of educational outcomes from an early age onward. The mothers of these children exhibit personal characteristics and family structures consistent with negative parental selection. Investigating the underlying mechanisms reveals that parental educational input and emotional attachment were also lower for these children. Finally, our ability to compare siblings means that we can reject that our results stem from a time of birth effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the practice of archival editing in Berlin around 1850. The archive as a contested space of knowledge, to which researchers demanded entry and which government authorities only reluctantly made accessible, provides the frame for the study. It aims to examine the strategies and arguments, with which this contest was fought out. How did archival research projects shape the roles of the project coordinators, of the researchers and of the archivists? Which role was assigned to the public in the struggle for access to state archives? The specific project, by which these questions are explored, is the thirty-volume edition of the works of Frederick the Great produced under the auspices of the Prussian Academy of Sciences from 1840 to 1856. The article first outlines the historical background of the research project, starting with a brief biography of Johann David Erdmann Preuß, a scholarly outsider who had initiated the edition. Second, the article addresses the Academy's efforts in gaining access for Preuß to the Prussian state archives, with particular attention to the self-narratives of the various scholarly personae involved in this discussion on archival accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anhalt was a small duchy, and it was divided. The three dukes shared a lot of rights and tasks, and from the time of their unity the archive was one of them. Indeed, it was very rich and contained a lot of useful information, especially for Reformation history. Admitting users was regarded as difficult to deal with, so the dukes decided themselves, and every single user had three dukes talking about his application. This was not effective, but it provided detailed information about using the Anhalt archives. Even in the 1820s, historians had to refer to printed sources. Then, a book by Gustav Adolf Harald Stenzel provoked fierce journalistic debates; among others, the archivist Johann Christian Mann used archival material for his polemic and raised the question of access and denial in public. The doors opened slowly, and the dukes began to allow the use of the archive. Still, users had to submit an application and convince the dukes of the scientific importance and political harmlessness of their task. Leopold von Ranke even preferred to apply to use the archive through the Prussian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On the other hand, some farmers in Anhalt had to undergo a two-year trial to see records from the sixteenth century. Until 1848, using the archives was not a regular occurrence but a series of acts of ducal grace--and grace could be denied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the antibourgeois political philosophy of national socialism in Germany, beginning with the party's political campaigns of 1932 through the end of Nazism in 1945. Topics include middle class support for the National Socialist Party (NSDAP), the political beliefs of German leader Adolph Hitler, Nazism, and the historiography of national socialism.

The production of farmed fish is growing rapidly and presents a sustainable and possibly low-cost alternative to wild fish. Thus, we may expect retail prices of farmed to be lower than prices of wild fish and demand to be less elastic. Otherwise, marketing of farmed fish may generate some extra value that justifies higher prices and may exhibit more elastic demand. To test these hypotheses, we employ monthly household scanner panel data for Germany from 2006 to 2010 for six frozen seafood products that include farmed and wild fish. A QUAIDS model is estimated by a consistent two-step procedure to account for censoring of the dependent variable. We find consumers to be price sensitive, particularly with regard to the high-value seafood species salmon and shrimp. This price elastic market implies that the German seafood industry still has the potential for growing revenues if production increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]