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This article introduces Turing’s idea of a “paper machine” to identify and understand one important mode of clinical research in the modern hospital, how that research worked, and how office technology and industrialized labor shaped and helped drive it. The unusually rich archives of Berlin psychiatry allow detailed reconstruction of the making of the new diagnostic category “hyperkinetic syndrome” in the 1920s. From the generating of data to the processing of information to the visualizing of the nature and course of the new syndrome in the lives of more than sixty patients, this case study shows how clinical research could be based on the apparatus of the clerks’ room (folders, registers, inventories, and the dispatch of documents), office technologies (new filing systems, preprinted forms, and duplicating machines), and the principles and paper practices of the division and rationalization of labor (charts organizing worktime in complex organizations). The result is an important example of clinical research embedded in the broader history of office technology, industrial labor, and the modern hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1962, Michael Avi-Yonah of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem returned to his excavation of the synagogue site at Caesarea Maritima. His assistant, Avraham Negev, directed the excavation of four small areas east of the synagogue site and was assisted by E. Jerry Vardaman, formerly of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, and later of Mississippi State University. A brief report listed the findings of two domestic structures, mosaic pavements, burials, two fragments of the Twenty-Four Priestly Courses, a "Hellenistic structure," a fragment of a chancel screen, and baskets of Hellenistic pottery. Recently, Vardaman's notes, sketches, and photographs have become available, and they greatly increase our knowledge of those excavations. This paper presents that additional information and correlates it with the information gained from the 1975-1995 excavations in Field G of the Joint Expedition to Caesarea Maritima, a project of the Drew Institute of Archaeological Research of Drew University, directed by the late Robert J. Bull [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on decision of critic Benjamin Forgey to donate his professional papers relating to art and architecture from 1964 to 2006 to the Archives of American Art. The papers include Forgey's critical analysis of the architectural design of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, which has influenced architect Gordon Bunshaft's 1971 design and improved public access to garden. Forgey was previously associated with the "Washington Star" and "Washington Post."

The article deals with the acquisition of the materials from the works of Japanese-born painter and printmaker Yasuo Kuniyoshi by the Archives of American Art. Kuniyoshi's petition for naturalization was not granted until his death in 1953 despite his record as a loyal American artist from the 1920s until his selection to represent the U.S. at 1952 Venice Biennale. He was considered an alien of enemy nationality during World War II even as he actively supported anti-Japanese propaganda.

The article focuses on the papers of Japanese-American artist and teacher Ray Yoshida at the Archives of American Art within the Smithsonian Institution. The author discusses his time teaching at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), explores the materials and sketches included in his papers, and examines a scrapbook dedicated to the Dionne Quintuplets.

This essay analyzes the processes behind the publication of physics papers in two British journals in the 1920s: the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series A and the Philosophical Magazine. On the surface, it looked as though the Philosophical Magazine was managed very informally, while the Proceedings had in place a seemingly rigid system of committee approval and peer review. This essay shows, however, that in practice the two journals were both influenced by networks of expertise that afforded small groups of physicists considerable control over the content of these prestigious scientific publications. This study explores the nature of peer review, suggesting how a historical approach can contribute to contemporary debates. In studying these relationships, the essay also considers the interplay of "classical" and "modern" ideas and physicists in 1920s Britain and cautions against an anachronistic approach to this classification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Has the geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States changed over time? Constructing a large historical linked sample, I show that upward mobility in the early twentieth century was greater for those who grew up in the coastal and industrial regions, in contrast to more recent times, where mobility is higher among persons who were raised in the middle of the country. The historical patterns are not driven by imperfections in record linkage or measurement error in economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the half-century since art historian Francis V. O'Connor's groundbreaking archival research documenting the federal art projects, the record of African American participation remains incomplete. This article examines challenges faced by scholars seeking to redress this imbalance and suggests new ways of understanding the period through a combination of archival research and alternative analytic paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Iraq in the twentieth century, and perhaps the Middle East more broadly, is punctuated by an intellectual shift that has, for the most part, escaped the attention of scholars. It might be characterized as a shift from a problem of representation introduced by the rise of left-wing politics, to a problem of experience created by its failure. This shift registers in the work of writers and artists, where the depiction of the social world gave way to an exploration of states of being. The paradigm for that turn inward in modern art was set by the artist Kadhim Haidar, in a series of paintings exhibited at the National Museum of Modern Art in Baghdad, in 1965, under the title The Epic of the Martyr [ Malḥamat al-shahīd ]. The paintings reconstructed imagery from the mourning processions that annually commemorate the martyrdom of the Prophet Muhammad's grandson, al-Husayn. This paper argues that the ritual imagery contains a grammar of experience, forged in the early history of Islam, that linked justice to a state of being, and that the transposition of the imagery into painting activated that grammar in the artwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a project-based critical making in design analysis of two jewelry publications (Lapidary Journal and Metalsmith), the way artistic communities seek to promote creative achievement and a sharing of knowledge is revealed. The observations detailed through this project show how content and design of industry publications reinforce differences in communities and perceived artistic success between academic and mass market production. To discern how print publications of the late twentieth century have either reinforced or attempted to circumvent these interpretations, this study investigates how content and visual imagery are used in these periodicals. The author reviews publications from the year 2000, categorizes each page by content into categories, and identifies key design strategies. The results of the study indicate a high level of artist/maker feature articles in Metalsmith and a high level of advertising and technical information in Lapidary Journal. Decisions are made as to what strategies should prevail when seeking to archive important information at the cross section of these two communities. [This article is a revision of a paper presented at the College Art Association conference session "10th Critical Craft Forum: Craft Scholarship in the Next Ten Years," held in New York, New York, in February 2019.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses why Robert Bork's The Antitrust Paradox appears to have had such influence on the Supreme Court, leading the Court to largely adopt the Chicago school analysis of antitrust issues. It attributes this influence to Bork's endorsement of the per se prohibition of price-fixing--not embraced by all others of the Chicago school--which Bork claimed required the Court to rethink its treatment of vertical restraints. The paper also attributes the influence to Bork's emphasis on neutral principles for judicial decision making, to Bork's service as solicitor general, to the delayed publication of his book until after that service, and to the appointment of John Paul Stevens to the Court. Although it has not been generally publicized, Stevens, like Bork, was heavily influenced by Aaron Director and was well aware of the many economic criticisms of the Court's antitrust opinions published in this Journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces the history of refereeing at specialist scientific journals and at funding bodies and shows that it was only in the late twentieth century that peer review came to be seen as a process central to scientific practice. Throughout the nineteenth century and into much of the twentieth, external referee reports were considered an optional part of journal editing or grant making. The idea that refereeing is a requirement for scientific legitimacy seems to have arisen first in the Cold War United States. In the 1970s, in the wake of a series of attacks on scientific funding, American scientists faced a dilemma: there was increasing pressure for science to be accountable to those who funded it, but scientists wanted to ensure their continuing influence over funding decisions. Scientists and their supporters cast expert refereeing—or “peer review,” as it was increasingly called—as the crucial process that ensured the credibility of science as a whole. Taking funding decisions out of expert hands, they argued, would be a corruption of science itself. This public elevation of peer review both reinforced and spread the belief that only peer-reviewed science was scientifically legitimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 1920s, inspired by the work of Ivan Pavlov, many American psychiatrists, physiologists, and psychologists turned to the animal laboratory. Focusing on the work of W. Horsley Gantt, this essay will explore the use of the conditional reflex method in the study of “experimental neurosis.” Concentrating on the interaction between thought and material operations in Gantt’s Pavlovian Laboratory, the essay will show how idiosyncratic emotional reactions and behaviors among experimental animals were used to address the issue of individuality in science, medicine, and society. It was through working with the dog that individuality was identified as an incessant problem that could be utilized in laboratory practice, as a necessary focus of psychiatric medicine, and as a means of defending science from excessive determinism and stereotyped thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I draw on Peruvian government responses circa 1950 to the Alianza Popular RevolucionariaAmericana, an underground political party, to identify the features of a distinctive, mid-twentieth-century corruption/anti-corruption complex. I also show how this earlier complex differs from its contemporary counterpart. In the neoliberal present, concerns with corruption emerge in a context in which the public domain finds itself at risk froman alarming expansion of private appropriating powers. National governments play a key role in reconfiguring the public/private divide, and thus they are directly implicated in corrupt activities. Around 1950, however, it was just the opposite: the private domain was regarded as being under dire threat from an emergent global public. Furthermore, national governments were at the forefront of efforts to prevent the spread of the corrupt globalizing forces that were said to be gathering at the nation's borders. To draw out the distinctiveness of the mid-century corruption/anti-corruption complex, I focus on the distinctive shadow worlds imagined into being around 1950 as government officials sought to protect the nation from corruption. I also explore the peculiar state optic that emerged at mid-century, which mediated government efforts to see the shadow worlds that officials regarded as such a profound danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1960s Loïs Mailou Jones (1905-1998) produced a series of collages that signaled, via text and symbols, her experiences with and protracted study of Haitian Vodou ceremonial practices. Jones began traveling to Haiti in the summer of 1954. This article examines her aesthetic transformation over the next decade—the move from her representational paintings of the 1950s to her abstract collages of the 1960s—and argues that Jones’s eventual turn to collage is connected to her acquisition of a diasporic literacy and her ongoing study of Vodou symbolism, particularly the emblematic drawings known as vèvè. After discussing prior African American artistic engagements with Haiti, trends in modern Haitian art, Jones’s role as cultural ambassador, and the specifics of the multilayered Haitian Vodou rituals, attention turns to the ways in which collage offered the artist an opportunity to experiment with and make sense of an unfamiliar cultural practice. Finally, this focused analysis of Jones’s collages suggests this medium/technique is especially appropriate to diasporic expression because it is predicated on the cut and the subsequent combination of disparate elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How widespread are social network effects? To answer this, I introduce a page-based approach for identifying individuals living in close proximity and compare how the propensity to work in the same industry varies among worker pairs residing in the same versus different areas. Across the 70 largest cities in the early twentieth-century United States, those from the same area are more likely to work in the same industry. On average, the increase in propensity is around 14%–20% of the baseline mean. These effects also tend to be stronger among single women and migrants from the same country of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of critical bibliography has seen critical theory put to work to reappraise the field's foundations, methods, and practices in response, in part, to categories of oppression. Recent advances in feminist, Black, trans, and Indigenous bibliographies are changing our conceptions of what bibliography is and should be. In this article we make the case for queer approaches to bibliography. Drawing on the intertwined relationship between sexuality and textuality, and between queer theory and literature, we survey the vernacular bibliographical practices of "ordinary" queer readers. We then consider the scope for a critical queer bibliography which intersects with other critical bibliographies, discuss the depth, range, and potential of the field in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and outline the prospects for a rapidly emerging subdiscipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research establishes that the rise in life expectancy during the second half of the twentieth century led to larger, but not wealthier, populations. In terms of the neoclassical growth theory, these findings indicate that the potential positive effects of health on human capital and productivity (TFP) are limited. The current paper decomposes this corollary. Specifically, it demonstrates that life expectancy promotes human capital skills, which, according to the neoclassical theory, suggests that the TFP elasticity with respect to health is close to zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the elections of 1980 to 2004 to illustrate that political candidates from opposing parties face different incentives in mentioning foreign policy during campaigns and in taking foreign policy positions. The paper demonstrates that citizens connect their own foreign policy views clearly to their evaluations of Republican candidates, but these same foreign policy opinions are much less likely to affect evaluations of the Democratic party and Democratic candidates. In addition, this paper reveals another significant asymmetry—in a threatening environment, Americans reward candidates and parties perceived to hold hawkish positions but even more severely punish candidates perceived to be dovish. Using two datasets, I find that Americans' opinions on defense spending and diplomacy mattered significantly for the type of political leadership the public preferred at election time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses several visions of civil liberties in America which were espoused by advocates and government actors during the nation's New Deal period in the twentieth century, and it mentions U.S. courts, the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights, and the country's Supreme Court. The efforts of various American states to effectuate labor rights are examined, as well as judicial and state powers in the U.S. Free speech and the American Constitution's First Amendment are examined.

What are the narratives that guide the history of science? Certainly one of the more recent ones is "science in action," the emphasis on practices and the imperative of studying science as performed. Perhaps not surprisingly, this story itself has a history; it starts in the early 1960s, when the project "Sources for History of Quantum Physics" was established. The main task of Thomas S. Kuhn, John L. Heilbron, and Paul Forman's work, lasting three years, was to interview the old heroes of quantum mechanics and to archive the spoken word. While giving an account of the project's history, this essay will focus on the process of interviewing and characterize its wider context. Not only does their approach offer us important insights into the shaping of the persona of the scientist; it also represents an important step toward the post-Kuhnian way of doing history of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Bork was one of the key proponents of the traditional Chicago school view of tying and antitrust, which is that tying can never be used to extend or leverage market power from one market to another, so it should also never be an antitrust violation. In this paper, we review the traditional Chicago school perspective and, in particular, Bork's arguments on the topic and then discuss how these arguments relate to the more recent theoretical literature on the subject, which takes a game-theoretic approach. We then discuss Bork's later views on tying concerning the Microsoft case. We include a discussion of whether these later views of tying and antitrust were different from his earlier views or, instead, whether it was the nature of the cases that had changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In The Antitrust Paradox, Robert Bork explored many of antitrust's misadventures. Specifically, Bork severely criticized the Robinson-Patman Act, which he characterized as "antitrust's least glorious hour." In this paper, we explore Bork's criticism of the Robinson-Patman Act along with those of other legal scholars and economists. We analyze the central prohibitions of the act and explore their competitive implications. We also show that the act's unfortunate prohibitions have been muted by the antitrust agencies' benign neglect and three recent Supreme Court decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Bork thought that antitrust restrictions on horizontal mergers should be confined to already highly concentrated markets. Actual policy, which had been much more restrictive, adopted Bork's recommendation in the early 1980s. This paper examines the connection between this policy shift and concentration in the manufacturing sector. I find that concentration, which had been unchanged on average for all of the 20th century, began rising at the same time that merger policy changed. Concentration has increased steadily over the entire post-Bork period. The increase has been especially pronounced in consumer goods industries, which were already becoming more concentrated in the pre-Bork era. I find little difference in the underlying trends between already highly concentrated industries and the rest of manufacturing. Neither slowing growth in domestic manufacturing nor growing imports seem sufficient to explain the increased concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By late 1967, there had been clear signs that China's Cultural Revolution had entered the phase of retrenchment and moderation. Despite continuing radical extravagance, Beijing's efforts revolved around taming the divided mass movement and establishing new organs of local power. In this nationwide milieu, the province of Hunan stood out as a remarkable exception. It was in Hunan that there emerged a diffused yet vigorous movement in opposition to Beijing's attempts to rebuild the Party and state authorities. This movement, the Shengwulian, has been discussed by a number of China scholars. Conventional scholarly wisdom regarding this critical episode, however, seems to be based on several less-than-accurate premises. Using newly available sources, this paper re-examines the Shengwulian episode, with a special focus on how nationally significant issues, radiating out from the political center, played themselves out in relation to local contingencies, cleavages and complex power relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malpractice reforms tend to reduce physicians' liability for harming patients. Because these reforms are passed at the state level, the costs of harming patients vary widely by geographic location. In this paper, I test whether malpractice reforms affect where physicians choose to practice and whether physicians who relocate in response to reforms are particularly prone to commit malpractice. Because a state's own reforms cannot separately distinguish moral hazard from adverse selection, and because those reforms are likely to have direct effects on measures of malpractice via the legal market, I focus attention on neighboring states' reforms. I find that when a state's neighbor passes a cap on noneconomic damages, both the physician-to-population ratio and the malpractice rate fall. This suggests that physicians who relocate in response to noneconomic damages caps are more likely to commit malpractice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how international politics affects trade in the absence of empires or wars.We first show that deterioration of relations between the United States and another country, measured by divergence in their United Nations General Assembly voting patterns, reduced U.S. imports from that country during 1962-2000. Though statistically significant, the magnitude of the effect of political distance on trade is small. Indeed, we show that except for petroleum and some chemical products, U.S. imports are not affected by international politics. American firms, however, diversify their oil imports significantly away from political opponents of the United States. Oil trade is often associated with backward vertical foreign direct investment that is subject to the expropriation risk. In contrast to the usual claim that oil is a strategic commodity, we provide suggestive evidence that trade in products when rents are appropriable is more likely to be affected by international politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the wide-ranging contributions of German artist Jimmy Ernst as a writer, teacher, and painter. It states that the Archives of American Art acquired the Jimmy Ernst papers in 2012 through the generosity of his children. It notes that the Jimmy Ernst papers will be a fundamental collection of primary resources for scholars representing the emergence of Abstract Surrealism in America. It focuses the individual recognition given to Ernst for his interpretation of the jazz music through making visual the cycles of improvised melodies, painting, and tangled passages of collage and oil.

This paper uses data from income tax returns (1915-98), wage tax returns (1919-98), and inheritance tax returns (1902-94) in order to compute homogeneous, yearly estimates of income, wage, and wealth inequality for twentieth-century France. The main conclusion is that the decline in income inequality that took place during the first half of the century was mostly accidental. In France, and possibly in a number of other countries as well, wage inequality has been extremely stable in the long run, and the secular decline in income inequality is for the most part a capital income phenomenon. Holders of large fortunes were badly hurt by major shocks during the 1914-45 period, and they were never able to fully recover from these shocks, probably because of the dynamic effects of progressive taxation on capital accumulation and pretax income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to neoliberal hegemony during the last quarter of the twentieth century is generally portrayed as a contest between Hayekians and Keynesians. This portrayal overlooks the brief but potent effervescence of the neo-Malthusian movement. Biologists Garrett Hardin, Paul Ehrlich, and Donella Meadows led a social movement that pursued environmentalist governance wherein scarce resources and population growth were managed by command-and-control instruments, Pigouvian taxation, and coercion. The neoclassical mainstream of economics conceded to the neo-Malthusian upstarts that if a "backstop" energy source was not discovered, then there were indeed "limits to growth," but neoliberals eventually devised alternative environmental frameworks, such as Elinor Ostrom's "commons" and John Dales's "cap-and-trade." The first significant clash between neoliberals and neo-Malthusians came in the form of a bet between Julian Simon and Paul Ehrlich over commodity prices during the 1980s. This article reconstructs the broader context of their confrontation, as well as the theoretical influences on Simon's cornucopian framework of "resourceship." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study agency frictions in the US Congress. We examine the long-standing hypothesis that political elites engage in conflict because they fail to internalize the associated costs. We compare the voting behavior of legislators with draft age sons versus draft age daughters during the conscription-era wars of the twentieth century. We estimate that having a draft age son reduces proconscription voting by 7–11 percentage points. Support for conscription recovers when a legislator's son ages out of eligibility. We establish that agency problems contribute to political conflict and that politicians are influenced by private incentives orthogonal to political concerns or ideological preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers targeting strategies that can help reduce poverty. Topics discussed include the ways in which the targeting rules used in the study can help identify which socioeconomic groups should be prioritized, the factors that affect the efficiency of the targeting rules and the role of multidimensional indices in the determination of efficient targeting rules for reducing poverty.

This essay analyzes the exhibition “Scienza Universale,” which was to be a central part of the 1942 world’s fair in Rome. Although in the end World War II kept the fair from happening, the plans for the exhibit were finished, and they allow for an in-depth analysis of the propagandistic uses of science in fascist Italy. The essay investigates what the regime sought to accomplish with a public display of science, why it chose to stress science’s universal character, and how various stakeholders’ motives played out in the exhibit design. Although fascism is not generally known for either its embrace of science or its internationalism, in this instance both played a major role in the way the state presented itself. “Universal Science,” as depicted in the exhibit, carried messages that were meant to promote a fascist conception of civilization and world order and to stake out Italy’s position vis-à-vis Nazi Germany in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most famous Chinese intellectuals of the twentieth century, Chao Yuen Ren is known primarily for his founding of modern Chinese linguistics. This essay examines a less familiar part of his career: cybernetics. When he taught at Berkeley in 1947, he read Norbert Wiener’s book manuscript and gravitated toward the subject. His participation in the 1953 Macy Conference marked the beginning of his decades-long work that used the concepts of feedback and information to understand language in general and Chinese in particular. This essay argues that Chao’s exploration of cybernetics was influenced not only by the rise of information science in the midcentury United States but also by the movement to modernize the Chinese language two decades earlier. His phonetic research for dialect surveys, involvement in language reform, and appropriation of structuralism when he worked in China in the 1920s and 1930s shaped his cybernetic interpretations of language in the 1950s and 1960s. This article enriches the current historiography of information science,which stresses disunity and internationalism, by showing how an East Asian context affected an aspect of the early development of cybernetics. It also demonstrates the value of an immigrant scientist’s intellectual biography for studies of transnational science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about African American activist Malcolm Little, better known as Malcolm X, and his fight for the cause of racial justice, focusing on his prison years. Topics discussed include Malcolm being incarcerated in three Massachusetts state prisons from 1946 to 1952, and the book "The Autobiography of Malcolm X", and his assassination at 39 years of age.

This essay uses the sociological concept of the "data double" to investigate the changing political economy of personal data in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and up to today. It reviews secondary sources and examines select primary sources to argue for the ascendance of the double over the last two centuries and establishes a three-part periodization for personal data. In the first act, personal data worked mainly in aggregated form to help construct social imaginaries. FromWorldWar I until the 1970s, the power of personal data shifted toward the use of aggregates to fit individuals into the mass. Today, in the third act, individuals generate many data doubles that are commodified, capitalized, collected, celebrated, and often out of the control of those they represent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, age at first marriage was lowest and the education gap between husbands and wives was highest during the 1950s. The conventional explanation for such a negative correlation is that early marriage leads to earlier and higher fertility, which in turn prevents women from acquiring education. Here, we propose that early marriages enabled couples to overcome credit constraints in education. A model that includes this motive and mechanism can replicate not only the marriage and education patterns observed in the middle of the century in the United States but also the overall trends over the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African American artist Charles White grounded his aesthetic practice in radical left politics and the belief that the representation of black people communicated a universal mandate of freedom. This essay explores how White's faith in a cosmopolitan politicized aesthetic was formed, deployed, and ultimately challenged leading up to his 1966 exhibition at the Heritage Gallery in Los Angeles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the work of the American artist Mark Tobey. Particular focus is given to how his paintings relate to the American Modernist movement. Additional topics discussed include his 1942 painting "E Pluribus Unum," his work for the periodical "Vogue" and the book "Mark Tobey: The World of the Market."

The article focuses on the documentation of museum exhibitions at the end of the 20th century. It cites that several museums are setting up home pages on the World Wide Web to offer information on their collections. It states that digital files deteriorate after 10 to 20 years, causing all information to be lost. It emphasizes the benefits of museum documentation to scholars.

In the early twentieth century, Black families, journalists, and reformers positioned movie theaters as dangerous places with potential for crime and immorality. This article takes a look into the physical space of Harlem theaters to assess these fears, investigating the semiprivate public atmosphere of the movies and the various activities other than moviegoing that took place within them. It also considers the unique ways in which Black girls and women engaged in moviegoing in New York, often ignoring the concerns of families and caretakers about theaters, to embrace a means for pleasure and independence as they navigated the urban landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular understandings of segregation often emphasize the Jim Crow South before the 1954 Brown decision and, in many instances, explain continued segregation in schooling as the result of segregated housing patterns. The case of Flint, Michigan, complicates these views, at once illustrating the depth of governmental commitment to segregation in a northern community and showing how segregated schools and neighborhoods helped construct one another. The Flint case also reveals new modes of segregationist thought. Throughout much of the twentieth century, Flint's city leaders thought of segregation as splitting, and they sought to divide their city along racial lines. But they thought of segregation as joining as well. Drawing on various strands of progressive reform and educational thought, Flint's educational, business, and philanthropic leaders believed community bonds would be stronger in segregated neighborhoods anchored by their schools. Flint's "community schools" program worked toward this end, exemplifying the paired embrace of segregation as joining and splitting, and becoming a model for educators in hundreds of cities nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the establishment of the organization the International Economic History Association (IEHA) and its significance to dialogue among economic historians during the Cold War and détente. It examines the significance of the IEHA to academic international diplomacy, the motivation of the organizers of the IEHA to keep the group together through Cold War crises, and the role of the field of economic history in international collaborations during the Cold War. It also discusses the roles of scholars Michael M. Postan, Fernand Braudel, and Ernst Söderlund in organizing the IEHA.

The article focuses on the papers of American artist and author Suzi Gablik at the Archives of American Art within the Smithsonian Institution. The author explains how Gabik became involved with Belgian Surrealist painter René Magritte, explores the journals Gabik kept while abroad in Europe, and discusses her advocacy for social responsibility in art.

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is a milestone of twentieth-century physics. We sketch the history that led to the formulation of the principle, and we recall the objections of Grete Hermann and Niels Bohr. Then we explain that there are in fact two uncertainty principles. One was published by Heisenberg in the Zeitschrift für Physik of March 1927 and subsequently targeted by Bohr and Hermann. The other one was introduced by Earle Kennard in the same journal a couple of months later. While Kennard's principle remains untarnished, the principle of Heisenberg has recently been criticized in a way that is very different from the objections by Bohr and Hermann: there are reasons to believe that Heisenberg's formula is not valid. Experimental results seem to support this claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows how sound was used as an epistemic tool for seismological research during the Cold War, when the ability to distinguish underground nuclear explosions from natural earthquakes, the so-called detection or discrimination problem, became a critical issue of international arms control. In 1960, the psychoacoustician Sheridan Speeth created an "auditory display" for presenting seismographic records to the ear. Despite promising initial results, neither seismologists nor military officials seemed to welcome Speeth's work. I place his efforts within a Cold War framework and show how the sounds of science can be politicized and why it is important to take into account the disciplinary and sociopolitical contexts in which research enterprises are embedded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Civil Disobedience Movement in India from 1930-1932, the article explores how British Imperialism and colonial violence were depicted in the British press and how such reports shaped the public opinion of Great Britain regarding its colonial administration. It considers local accounts written by witnesses of the British Raj's violence against peaceful Indian demonstrators, the writings of investigative journalists covering the events, and compares such information with published press accounts in Great Britain. Other topics include the Indian National Congress, political accountability, and British journalist H. N. Brailsford.

Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, artists began to see the book (and serial publications) as a viable avenue to explore artistic concepts. These publications were more readily available and easily circulated to a broader audience than the traditional venues of art exhibition. Inexpensive modes of reproduction and major changes within the art world during the 1950s and 1960s gave rise to notions of the democratization of art. By examining some pivotal examples of artists' publications in the collection of the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries of the Art Institute of Chicago, the author considers the subversive nature of the format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of transitional research agenda for African Americans in the 20th century. It is believed that globalization should be a significant research agenda in the history of African Americans. The important part played by African Americans in the foundation of the U.S. shows that the country owed a profound debt to them. As part of research agenda, researchers must look at the condition of African Americans in North America.