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Georgia Brady Barnhill's book, "Gems of Art on Paper: Illustrated American Fiction and Poetry, 1765–1885," provides a comprehensive and detailed account of the growth of illustrated American fiction and poetry. Barnhill explores the development of the illustration industry, from early experiments to technological advancements, and the evolution of illustrators and craftspeople. The book focuses on a neglected period of book illustration and offers a holistic view of mainstream literary illustration, discussing specific editions, illustration technologies, and important creators. Barnhill's work is a valuable resource for scholars and researchers interested in the history of book illustration in America. [Extracted from the article]

This essay explores the material imperatives of nineteenth-century statistical ambition, at a time when the nature of paper itself underwent rapid change. It expands the concept of paper technologies to include knowledge about the materials themselves, as well as the infrastructures, techniques, and agreements that made it possible for the right kind of paper to be made available for particular purposes. Taking the production of the forms for the Prussian census as a case in point, it argues that the enumeration effort of Prussian census statisticians went far beyond designing a form, collecting information, noting and compiling figures, or creating tables. Paper knowledge to define and control the material substance of the forms mattered as much as political impetus and statistical methods in getting the census right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Women's Labour and the History of the Book in Early Modern England" edited by Valerie Wayne explores the question of whether women have a book history in early modern England. The book utilizes a range of new original sources and analysis to provide a resounding answer that women did indeed have a significant role in the book trade and cultural life during this period. The book is praised for its successes but also acknowledges its limitations, particularly in terms of its focus on English borders and its definition of "woman." Despite these constraints, the book is considered an essential piece of women's history and book history for future scholars and students. [Extracted from the article]

Da Rold likewise addresses the preference for parchment among the Italian humanists, who used paper as a disposable surface suitable for copying texts I in situ i , ultimately to be committed to parchment. In keeping with the interdisciplinary nature of her subject, Da Rold brings to bear a wide range of approaches, paleographical, codicological, as well as economic and literary analysis, and the result will be of interest to medievalists and media historians as well as curators and manuscript catalogers. In the epilogue, Da Rold states that the reception of paper in Medieval England depended on its multiple and diverse "affordances, not its affordability" (210), and that phrase neatly summarizes the central intervention of the book. [Extracted from the article]

There were "affective" swings against color's allure, with the great architect-printmaker Giovanni Battista Piranesi achieving dramatic compositions in black and white, as did the French architect Étienne-Louis Boullée in his monochromatic wash drawings. No substantial work on color in architectural drawing existed until his own, and architectural drawings were notably absent from general studies of color and artworks. The conclusion, "The Anxiety of the Architect", summarizes the book's ideas, underscoring architecture's assertion of a professional identity through drawing, caught as architects were between science and art. [Extracted from the article]

New Light on the Early Tudor Book Trade", 409-81 New Bibliography: Taylor, Gary, "Play Manuscripts, Vectors of Transmission, and Shakespeare's I Henry the fifth i ", 343-78 I Nineteenth Century Collections Online i : Spires, Derrick R., "Order and Access: Dorothy Porter and the Mission of Black Bibliography", 255-75 Nishikawa, Kinohi, " I Mumbo Jumbo i 's Paratextual Condition", 215-54 Notary, Julian: Gwara, Joseph J., "Who Printed I Huon i ? New Light on the Early Tudor Book Trade", 409-81 Black Bibliography Project: Goldsby, Jacqueline, and Meredith L. McGill, "What is "Black" about Black Bibliography?" 161-89; Lee, Jeong Yeon, "Compiling 'A Selected Bibliography of Bibliographies of African American Writing,'" 305-07; Spires, Derrick R., "On Liberation Bibliography: The 2021 BSA Annual Meeting Keynote", 1-20; "Order and Access: Dorothy Porter and the Mission of Black Bibliography", 255-75 Black Book Interactive Project: Goldsby, Jacqueline, and Meredith L. McGill, "What is "Black" about Black Bibliography?" I Morris & Company: Essays on Fine Printing i , 142-45 20th century: Goldsby, Jacqueline, and Meredith L. McGill, "What is "Black" about Black Bibliography?". [Extracted from the article]

The article introduces a small bit of data for Romanticists' consideration, a collection of seventeen commonplace books kept from 1814 to 1817. It explores how Mary and Sarah Leigh and their cousin Maria Leigh used their commonplace books as archives of shared intimacy. The strategies the Leigh sisters used to encode embodied data include linking immaterial ideas with the materiality of the notebook and paratext that teaches how to read the verse in the context of the sisters' lived experience.

Stieber masterfully weaves together an archive of understudied Haitian print sources beginning in 1804 that demonstrate the development of competing Haitian intellectual traditions, Dessalinean and republican. Although this leaves the final chapters on the twentieth century feeling a bit rushed, Stieber notes the importance of the first decades in establishing "the political and ideological divisions that shaped Haiti's long nineteenth century of post-independence writing" (23). Haiti's Paper War: Post-Independence Writing, Civil War, and the Making of the Republic, 1804-1954. [Extracted from the article]

The Journal of Geology has established a new best-paper award called the Alfred T. Anderson Journal of Geology Best Paper Award, named after Fred Anderson, a former coeditor and editor of the journal. This annual award will recognize the best paper published in the past three years of the journal and will be announced at the annual Geological Society of America conference. The winner will receive a $1,000 cash prize. The first award will be announced at the 2024 GSA meeting in Anaheim, California for the best paper published in the Journal of Geology between 2021 and 2023. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on the Wordsworth-Coleridge Association's call for papers for the Modern Language Association Convention in January 2025. Topics include the bicentenary of William Hazlitt's "The Spirit of the Age," considerations of literary, political, and cultural figures from the Romantic era, and proposals that extend or contest Percy Shelley's views on "the spirit of the age" in his "Defence of Poetry."

IX & X, Plays 2 & 3 i , 248-51 wilde, oscar: Hamby, James, review of Donohue, I The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, Vols. IX & X, Plays 2 & 3 i , 248-51 I Early English Books Online i , reviewed, 114-17 edgar, eleazar: Mansky, Joseph, "The Case of Eleazar Edgar: I Leicester's Commonwealth i and the Book Trade in 1604", 233-41 editing: Bouchard, Mathieu D. S., "A Revised Account of the 1714 I Works of Mr. William Shakespear i ", 419-461; Hamby, James, review of Donohue, I The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, Vols. IX & X, Plays 2 & 3 i , reviewed, 248-51 drama: Hamby, James, review of Donohue, I The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, Vols. [Extracted from the article]

The Journal of African American History is seeking submissions for a special issue on the history of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). HBCUs have played a significant role in the freedom movement and the Black experience since 1837. They have been important centers of intellectualism and have produced influential activists, artists, educators, and scholars. This special issue aims to uncover new stories and expand our understanding of the contributions of HBCUs to various aspects of the Black experience, including ethnomusicology, the arts, humanities, social sciences, activism, democracy, politics, the African Diaspora, and various professions. Manuscripts should be submitted by July 1, 2024. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on the Call for Papers by the Wordsworth-Coleridge Association to be held in New Orleans at the Modern Language Association Convention in January 2025.

Queer history and queer bibliography have taught us that names matter. This paper uses queer history and methodology to rethink nomenclature related to the early modern conception of the family printing dynasty and to show how heteronormative assumptions manifest in metadata and other forms of bibliographic description. It asserts that classification and the creation of metadata have never been neutral acts. Drawing on radical challenges to systems of knowledge organization made by librarians from the 1970s onwards, it suggests that such systems can and should restructure around new ideas of family that take into account queer lives, histories, and language. For the early modern period, this means acknowledging dynastic structures that were frequently nonnormative, deviating from the traditional business inheritance from father to son. To demonstrate the shortcomings of current metadata practices and the potential for reassessment, this paper utilizes three case studies related to the vague use of the terms "widow" and "heir" in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French, Flemish, and Dutch imprints. It presents practical solutions in making metadata more accurate, including a new perspective on the print workshop as a space of collaboration, an expansion in roles expressed within a record, and increased emphasis on interoperability and open linked data. Rethinking systems of power—and acknowledging the labor that cataloging and metadata creation entail—allow for a queer bibliography that acknowledges the messiness of identity and legacy but is also precise and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay draws on ideas from the history of the natural sciences—on "personae" and "paper technology"—to explain how the subculture of social anthropology emerged at the London School of Economics in the 1930s. It argues that the figure of the social anthropologist coalesced around a number of practices and symbols that Bronislaw Malinowski had done much to imbue with charisma and that his students attempted to reproduce in their own research. Historians have proposed that part of social anthropology's success lay in its practitioners' ability to foster a fictive individualism in their writing, cultivating an inward attitude of experience founded on acts of the self upon the self. This essay shows that the kind of knowledge produced in Malinowski's seminar was, in fact, a highly sociable, rather than an individualistic, affair. Social anthropologists in the 1930s constructed a mutually constitutive relationship of field and seminar. These were connected spaces, held together in the act of fieldwork—a practice that transcended and linked the geographical distance between the metropole and the periphery in the crucial years of the discipline's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes a set of poems written on banqueting trenchers aimed at literalizing the considerations of the material text by exploring poems on things. Topics covered include reason for scarcity of research on "non-paper" literature, trenchers as sources of texts and images, trenchers in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and in Ashmolean Museum and impact of material on depth and meaning of content.

The preservation of paper-based artifacts is an essential issue for collection management in academic libraries. In recent years, the library science profession has often favored reformatting through microfilm or digitization, assuming too quickly that information matters, whereas an artifact's medium does not. However, much recent humanities scholarship has demonstrated the significance of physical artifacts per se. In fact, it is often the most cutting-edge scholarship on race, gender, and history that requires the physical artifact itself for research. Although librarians obviously cannot save every physical artifact, any decision on which artifacts to preserve, deaccession, or reformat (and, for that matter, on how to reformat) requires an understanding of the importance of the original physical format. Since texts acquire meaning through an intricate interplay between physical form and abstract information, the reduction of texts to abstract information alone evinces a misunderstanding of the artifacts in our care and an inadequate theory on which to base preservation decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces a call for papers by the Wordsworth-Coleridge Association for the Modern Language Association Convention in 2025 on the topic of "romanticism and the spirit of the age," with a focus on reevaluating the concept of "spirit" in Romanticism.

An interview is presented with Martin Brückner, director of the Winterthur Program in American Material Topics discussed include the book "The Social Life of Maps in America, 1750–1860;" the book "The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands" by Mark Catesby; and looking at early American maps and other forms of print culture.

Embedded librarianship is an inevitable outcome of the information era. Since the concept of embedded librarianship emerged in 2004, a flurry of papers have been published. In China, many related research papers have also been published, but few of them focus on the practice of embedded librarianship in libraries of Chinese universities. This article investigates the current progress and practice of embedded librarianship in China. A total of 84 Chinese university libraries were surveyed. This article demonstrates that a few university libraries have achieved promising embedded practices, but most remain in the initial stages. Most librarians do not clearly understand the concept of embedded librarianship. To date, the embedded model is still in the transforming stage, and incentive mechanisms and evaluation systems have not been perfected. Based on these results, some suggestions are proposed to accelerate the development of embedded librarianship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a university's information resource center, the library has always provided services for teachers and students. However, there is a lack of in-depth research on the relationship between the allocation of library resources and the competitiveness of universities in innovation and entrepreneurship (CUIE). Clarifying that relationship could help optimize library resources to enhance CUIE and enrich the empirical research system of library science. Based on clarifying the composition of library resources, correlation and regression analyses were used to verify the effect of library resource allocation on CUIE. The results show that human, academic, and spatial resources of the library can improve CUIE. The quality of human resources is more important than quantity for CUIE. For academic resources, electronic resources play a greater role than paper resources in CUIE, and spatial resources have the least effect. To maximize CUIE, the university library must optimize its resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces Turing’s idea of a “paper machine” to identify and understand one important mode of clinical research in the modern hospital, how that research worked, and how office technology and industrialized labor shaped and helped drive it. The unusually rich archives of Berlin psychiatry allow detailed reconstruction of the making of the new diagnostic category “hyperkinetic syndrome” in the 1920s. From the generating of data to the processing of information to the visualizing of the nature and course of the new syndrome in the lives of more than sixty patients, this case study shows how clinical research could be based on the apparatus of the clerks’ room (folders, registers, inventories, and the dispatch of documents), office technologies (new filing systems, preprinted forms, and duplicating machines), and the principles and paper practices of the division and rationalization of labor (charts organizing worktime in complex organizations). The result is an important example of clinical research embedded in the broader history of office technology, industrial labor, and the modern hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America has announced the recipients of the 2024 BSA Fellowship Awards. The fellowship program supports research in books and textual artifacts in both traditional and emerging formats. The recipients include scholars from various disciplines, such as history, art, literature, and more. Additionally, the Mitchell Prize for Research on British Serials was awarded to Dr. Kelly Plante for her dissertation on death writing in the Atlantic World. The Society is also calling for volunteers for various committees and working groups, emphasizing the importance of diversity and inclusion in their selection process. They are also reviewing their Equity Action Plan and organizing events that align with their mission. [Extracted from the article]

Nea Paphos, the Hellenistic-Roman capital of Cyprus, was established according to a regular Hippodamian street grid in the Hellenistic period. The city has been subjected to continuous archaeological research since the 1960s. Despite this, the possibilities for reconstructing its fabric were severely limited. This paper aims to gain a more in-depth understanding of the ways in which computational methods can be used in the analysis of ancient urban planning and the reconstruction of its elements, using the similarity of urban processes and social behavior in ancient Greek cities as its main premise. Therefore, a study based on Network and Space Syntax analysis was conducted for cities with a well-recognized urban layout of the Late Classical and Hellenistic periods, namely Olynthus and Priene, and other, less archaeologically explored harbor towns of the Hellenistic period, such as Piraeus and Ptolemais. The results of these studies were then extrapolated to hypothetical reconstructions of Nea Paphos in the Hellenistic period, mainly to propose the location of the main public buildings and to model the urban traffic. This methodology is experimental in its nature. The aim of this paper is to try to assess to what extent the adopted workflow can be useful in reconstructing the landscape of ancient cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawn from research conducted with the families of child victims of a terrorist attack (on Army Public School) in Pakistan, this paper examines how these victim families make sense of contingencies of loss, suffering, and victimhood in their struggle for equal compensation and benefits of care and compassion. Compensating lives in warfare has not received attention in the discussion on the social life of militarism in anthropology. Monetary compensation and benefits of care have fueled modern military conflicts and effective preparation for them, mobilized civilian populations, and justified civilian deaths as collateral loss. This paper suggests that attention to differential grievability of life and restitution shows how biopolitical modes of inclusion and exclusion define citizenship. If militarization pervades the social life of modern states, a study of the politics of compassion and compensation and of the psychic violence of the pecuniary value of human life shows how victims of war do not remain passive subjects but challenge disparity in values accorded to their lives. Uneven compensation of lives lost in war and the masking of this unevenness in the language of debt and willing sacrifice also reflect an unequal citizenship in life, however, providing a way to demand care and justice and disrupting the monetization of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the novel "The Aspen Papers" by Henry James is presented. It explores the intricate arabesque of plot and counterplot among characters. It depicts the illicit paternity in the novel as the male character became involved in a suspicious relationship between the two women. An overview of the story is also presented.

Examines the difficulties in identifying and tracking paper stocks in London, England. Role of paper in the history of bibliographical scholarship; Difficulties in identifying sheet quality, paper quantity and watermarks; Analogy of author Carter Hailey relevant to identifying tracking paper; Impact of technological innovations on book study and book history.

The Journal of Geology has established a new best-paper award called the Alfred T. Anderson Journal of Geology Best Paper Award, named after Fred Anderson, a former coeditor and editor of the journal. This annual award will recognize the best paper published in the past three years of the journal and will be announced at the annual Geological Society of America conference. The winner will receive a $1,000 cash prize. The first award will be announced at the 2024 GSA meeting in Anaheim, California for the best paper published in the Journal of Geology between 2021 and 2023. [Extracted from the article]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including climatic adaptation in arctic and tropical poikilotherms, warning against the use of ratios in ecophysiological research, and historic research papers.

This paper begins with an analysis of Tennie's account of hominin culture: the claims that cumulative culture depends on a distinctive form of social learning; that that form of social learning is absent in the great apes; that its archaeological signature in the hominin lineage is late; and, finally, that the forms of social learning available to apes and probably earlier hominins only accelerated their pathways to skills they could acquire for themselves. This synthesis is bold, and influential, and hence an appropriate target of critical reflection. But the further aim of the paper is to develop an alternative view of cumulative culture and its relation to our lineage. It accepts the view that copying is one aspect of cumulative culture. But the paper argues that cumulative culture depends as well on integrating information from a variety of social and nonsocial sources and through an array of sensory modalities. It is not mostly a matter of copying from models but is socially guided re-creation of the model's skill. On this alternative view of cumulative culture, first, copying plays a less central role, and, second, cultures become cumulative not just through the incremental improvement of existing capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a critical normative analysis of charter schools. It categorizes and evaluates the main arguments in defense of charters: market competition, improved learning outcomes, autonomy and innovation, and their potential to function as "counterpublics." After finding each argument wanting, the paper proposes a tripartite critique of charters based on (i) their deleterious effects on social solidarity, (ii) the procedural injustice involved in access, and (iii) their substantively unjust outcomes. We show how charter schools undermine social and political solidarity by fragmenting communities into more homogenous subsets. Although they purport to be equally open to all, charters covertly rely on morally arbitrary characteristics such as class, race, and disability in admissions. Finally, we argue that they unfairly reduce the quality of education for some students, thus resulting in substantively unjust outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While sustained public attention is often associated with the politicization of an issue, this paper argues that certain dominant strands of public discourse in relation to animal advocacy in fact serve to depoliticize the movement. Public discussion often equates animal advocacy with veganism, with the latter typically framed or understood as an individual's dietary or lifestyle choice. Furthermore, animal activists are often associated with criminal, or even terrorist, behavior—as was highlighted when the Australian Prime Minister labelled animal activists as "green-collared criminals" in the wake of a public protest. In this paper, the implications of these two public narratives about animal activism is discussed with reference to two examples from Australia: the media coverage of a day of coordinated protests that took place on April 8, 2019, and the New South Wales state parliamentary debates surrounding the Right to Farm Bill 2019. By developing a multi-dimensional conceptual analysis of (de)politicization, this paper argues that the "veganization" (as a form of "issue-privatization") and criminalization of animal activists in public discourse are both forms of depoliticization, in that they frame activists' messages as, respectively, either more appropriately belonging within the private sphere of personal choice, or as not related to the public good at all. I conclude that to avoid the delegitimization that these discursive processes may entail, animal advocates need to develop counter-narratives that emphasize how their claims can support the strengthening of existing democratic institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for the presence and legibility of non-elite exempla within Livy's first pentad and makes a case for the study of non-elite exempla in other Roman literary works. The paper makes use of several case studies to argue that non-elite exempla within Livy are treated differently, being built around specific non-threatening virtues, primarily pietas. It finds that Livian non-elite exempla are complex and have serious issues with regards to agency and the potential for emulation. The paper also examines why Livy deployed these non-elite exemplary stories. To conclude, the paper engages with Matthew Roller's 2018 "Model of Roman Exemplarity," ultimately arguing that this model does not account for the complications of Livy's non-elite exempla , and that changes and allowances need to be made with Roller's model in order to apply it to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on quality signal development typically focuses on signals with production costs; less is known about signals that lack production costs (conventional signals). Here, I test the condition dependence and heritability of the facial patterns that function as a conventional signal of quality in Polistes dominulus wasps. Two aspects of facial patterns are compared: (1) amount of black pigment (no signal value) and (2) disruption in the black pigment's distribution (quality signal). When colonies received the same diet, they produced offspring with similar facial patterns and both traits were heritable. However, experimental diet manipulation substantially influenced quality signal development. Wasps fed unlimited caterpillars developed more disrupted facial patterns than wasps fed a restricted diet. Further, signal heritability was obscured following the diet treatment. In contrast, the nonsignaling trait was not influenced by the diet treatment and remained heritable. Overall, the quality signal in P. dominulus is condition dependent and heritable, but its heritability may be obscured by environmental variance. The nonsignaling aspect of wasp facial patterns is not condition dependent and is more consistently heritable across environments. Therefore, the information a signal conveys may be influenced by its developmental properties rather than its honesty-ensuring cost or the pigments that constitute it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses some of the consequences of the use of paper in Mexico. Emphasis on the materiality of the paper; Paper as the point of orientation for examining different worldviews; Confrontation with the otherness of Nahua people of Ixhualtlan de Madero in Mexico; Significance of paper in the Nahua culture.

Presents a study which tested social contract theory in an effort to measure reproductive skew in 24 cofoundress associations of paper wasps, Polistes bellicosus. What was used to test the social contracts theory of the wasps; Problems encountered with measuring skew; Details on the social contracts models used in this study; Results of this study.

Who should be the author(s) of an academic paper? This question is becoming increasingly pressing due to the increasing prevalence and scale of scientific collaboration and the corresponding diversity of authorship practices in different disciplines and sub-disciplines. This article addresses the conceptual issues underlying authorship, with an eye to ameliorating authorship practices. The first part of the article distinguishes five roles played by authorship attributions: allocating credit, constructing a speaker, enabling credibility judgements, supporting accountability, and creating an intellectual marketplace. The second part of the article argues that distinguishing these functions helps us see that at least some of the confusions around authorship are due to tensions between these functions. The final part of the article suggests a way to resolve these conceptual confusions. This proposal suggests replacing authorship with a bundle of roles tailored to the functions of authorship—contributor, spokesperson, writer, and guarantor—which can be distributed in a number of different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since its inception, the theory of evolution has been reified into an "-ism": Darwinism. Although biologists today, by and large, do not use the term "Darwinism" in their research, it still enjoys currency in broader academic and societal contexts. "Darwinian approaches" proliferate across the sciences and humanities and, in public discourse, various so-called "Darwinian views on life" are perceived to have ethically and politically laden consequences. What exactly is Darwinism, and how precisely are its nonscientific uses related to the scientific theory of evolution? Some claim the term's meaning should be limited to scientific content, yet others call for its abolition altogether. In this paper, we propose a unified account of these varieties of Darwinism. We show how the theories introduced by Darwin have grounded a "logic" or style of reasoning about phenomena, as well as various ethically and politically charged "worldviews." The full meaning of Darwinism, as well as how this meaning has changed over time, can only be understood through the complex interaction between these dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report is a summary of the History of Science Society Annual Meeting in 2023, which focused on the theme of "Shifting Standards, Creating Change." The meeting explored social justice work in response to global humanitarian crises and the Black Lives Matter movement. It featured panels and papers on topics such as the history of science, restorative projects, and diversity in the field. The report also highlights the winners of the HSS Prizes for 2023, which recognized outstanding contributions to the history of science. The award-winning books and essays cover a range of topics, including early modern European thought on extinction, the use of fish to combat malaria in colonial India, nonbinary gender, the relationship between humans and the sky, and the history of quantification. These works provide valuable insights into the intersections of science, culture, and society throughout history. [Extracted from the article]

The city of Khorsabad (ancient Dūr-Šarrukīn), the newly built capital of Sargon II of Assyria, contained multiple instances of a sequence of five images or symbols (lion, bird, bull, tree, plow) which also appeared shortened to three (lion, tree, plow). What did they mean? There is currently no consensus. This paper proposes a new solution, suggesting that the images a) symbolize specific constellations and b) represent Babylonian/Assyrian words whose sounds "spell out" Sargon's name (this works for both the long and the short version). Combining these two traits, the effect of the symbols was to assert that Sargon's name was written in the heavens, for all eternity, and also to associate him with the gods Anu and Enlil, to whom the constellations in question were linked. It is further suggested that Sargon's name was elsewhere symbolized by a lion passant (pacing lion), through a bilingual pun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]