Search

[eng] Circular migrations have played an important role in multiple migratory episodes in the past and present. They have also increasingly been a source of interest for political institutions. Based on the Triple Win theory, governments and other public and private institutions perceive these migrations as a way to alleviate labour shortages, brain drain and fight against illegal migration. However, the differential impact of these migrations in source and host societies is a factor sometimes neglected by the literature, despite being potentially important for our understanding of a variety of key social and economic indicators. This thesis analyses circular migrations in Spain during the rural exodus, 1955-1973. To do so it focuses on a key scenario of internal migration during this period, intimately related to this typology of migratory flows: the formation of the tourism labour market in Spain, with particular attention to the main tourist region, the Balearic Islands. The Spanish tourism boom is characterised by an intense process of structural change with crucial socio-economic ramifications in the short and long term, shaping the economic specialisation of the Spanish economy and some of the characteristics of its labour market. The process of labour market formation in this sector was based on intense migrant assimilation shaped by circular migratory flows, which in the mid-XX was a notable and distinctive component of international and internal population mobility in comparison with other European countries. Thus, the study of this historical episode addresses the relationship between the persistence of circular internal migrations in Spain and the development of the tourism industry, labour market inequality, migrants’ location choices and their levels of social mobility during the period. The study of circular migrations and tourism employment both in the past and present involves significant methodological obstacles, given the scarcity of sources and methods appropriate for the distinctive features of this phenomenon. To overcome them, one contribution of this thesis is an array of novel micro and macro quantitative and qualitative sources from archival work in combination with methodological and conceptual innovations akin to recent studies such as that of Dustmann and Görlach (2016). The present study integrates both empirical quantitative and qualitative approaches to respond to two sets of guiding questions. Firstly, the process of labour market formation is studied to explore the role and impact of circular migration on the model of industrial relations and levels of labour market inequality in the host regions. Secondly, from this analysis, three main questions arise that are answered in the following chapters: Did circular migration play a significant role in fostering firm expansion? Why did some households from southern Spain decide to migrate to tourist regions and persist in migrating circularly over several years? Did the temporariness of the migration significantly explain the differential levels of social mobility? A key result of this work is that the development of tourism in this period implied the formation of a new labour market, where both intra and interregional circular migration became crucial for the level of growth recorded. The short-term impact of this migration was in accordance with most of the assumptions of the Triple Win Model: circular migrants helped the expansion of firms which benefited the social mobility of locals and long-term migrants in the hospitality and tourism-related economy, and circular migrants found in the tourism regions abundant seasonal jobs with lower comparative human capital requirements than other destinations and better wages than in their place of origin. However, this pattern of tourism development also meant a higher level of labour inequality and significant constraints for future economic and socio-ecological adaptation. The temporariness was an important factor to understand these results. The author’s interpretation concludes that most circular migratory movements were the result of voluntary and non-voluntary returns. While voluntary returns were shaped by the differential capacity of capital accumulation and investment in the areas of origin and destination, most persisted in circular migration because of housing shortages, lack of migratory networks, seasonal labour demand and an inadequate labour regulatory framework. In this context, the empirical results suggest that circular migrants had lower incentives and capacity to acquire host-specific human and social capital, key drivers of occupational upgrading. As the years of circular migration increased the income differential between these migrants and natives and similar but permanent migrants grew higher. As a result, the tourism development under this model of development and institutional framework produced social and economic inequality in the host societies and difficulties in achieving social cohesion in the mid-term. These results highlight the crucial role of public policies that pay attention to the differential nature of circular migrations, particularly regarding housing and employment policies.

[eng] In countries in the developed world, income inequality is increasing, while technological and societal changes open labour market opportunities for women. At the same time they are undergoing an important demographical transition with decreasing fertility and increasing population ageing. All these trends affect the decisions that different generations make over the life-cycle. In this thesis, I investigate the role that these trends play for education, fertility, and pensions. In the second chapter of this thesis, I investigate how income inequality is affecting education attainment. An important difference between countries with low and high levels of social mobility is the extent of upward mobility of children from low income families. This is mainly explained by the probability of high school dropout. I develop a model with three levels of education in which children facing a credit constraint choose which level of education to attain. I find in an empirical exercise that in the U. S. the opportunity cost of education is more important in explaining the high school dropout rate of men than the return on education. The model and the empirical results imply that a policy that reduces the opportunity cost of education and is paid by higher taxation on graduates, reducing the return on education, could decrease dropout rates. In the third chapter, I analyse the decline in fertility in Germany. Decomposing the decline in completed fertility in Germany of the cohorts of women born between 1930 and 1965, I observe two distinct stages: In the first stage the decline in fertility is due to a decrease in intensive fertility (number of children per women with at least one child), whereas in the second stage the decline is due to a decrease in extensive fertility (increase in childlessness). Based on an event study approach, I argue that there are high opportunity cost of having children for women in terms of working time independent of their education level. Based on these findings, I develop an overlapping generations model with childlessness and quantity/quality trade-off driven by the time cost of children. In a calibration exercise, this model is able to generate the decline in intensive fertility as well as the increase in childlessness that I observe in the data with an decrease in the gender wage gap. The forth chapter of my thesis is a joint work with Gianko Michailidis on the effect of population ageing and income inequality on public education and pensions. We developed an overlapping generations model with public and private education, a pay-as-you-go pension system, endogenous fertility, and probabilistic voting on pensions and education spending. In this model, an increase in income inequality increases public education and pensions spending per enrolled student and retiree, respectively, and decreases the participation in public education and fertility. An increase in the share of retirees in the economy decreases the per student spending on public education and pensions, while decreasing the participation in public education and the fertility rate. Empirical evidences from OECD countries confirm our theoretical predictions regarding education spending.

[spa] La presente tesis doctoral se define como una contribución al campo de estudio de las redes sociales y los procesos migratorios transnacionales. Sus presupuestos teóricos consideran que la migración constituye, por sí misma, un proceso continuo de creación y búsqueda de redes sociales, que debe ser analizado dentro de la experiencia cotidiana de estos individuos y sus hogares transnacionales. Pero, al mismo tiempo, los procesos migratorios se definen, también, como auténticos proyectos de movilidad social (Aysa-Lastra y Cachón, 2013). Son muchas las motivaciones que llevan a los individuos a emprender un proceso migratorio, pero el denominador común a las diferentes experiencias individuales, es el objetivo de mejorar su posición social y la del resto de su familia. Para ello, los hogares transnacionales ponen en marcha una serie de estrategias y mecanismos de acción mediante los que despliegan y movilizan los diferentes recursos que poseen y de los que disponen, con el fin de alcanzar trayectorias de movilidad ascendentes. Entre estos recursos, las redes sociales ocupan un lugar destacado, tanto por su importante papel dentro de la experiencia migratoria, como por su capacidad de conectar a los individuos a través de los distintos contextos geográficos y espacios sociales entre los que se desplazan (Portes, 1998; Hirchsman, 2007; Levitt, 2007). Y es que, en un contexto de hipermovilidad (Naïr, 2010), la posición en la escala ocupacional no puede ser utilizada como único indicador para dar cuenta de las trayectorias de ascenso y descenso social de la población migrante. El análisis de los diferentes cambios de posiciones que los individuos experimentan a lo largo de su proyecto migratorio, como parte de sus estrategias de ascenso social, implica la articulación de diferentes variables como el prestigio social, los recursos sociales, las remesas transnacionales... De este modo, estos indicadores se vinculan no sólo con la clase social del individuo respecto a la jerarquía social, sino también con distintos planos y dimensiones de su estrategia y experiencia migratoria, que deben ser considerados y analizados dentro de sus trayectorias de movilidad social, en la línea de lo expuesto desde la producción científica por trabajados como los realizados por Marcu (2018), o Erel y Ryan (2018). En base a este marco teórico, el objetivo principal de la esta compilación ha sido desarrollar un marco operativo para el estudio de las estrategias de movilidad social transnacional puestas en marcha por la población migrante de origen latinoamericano, y definir cuál es el resultado de las mismas en términos de trayectorias de movilidad social. Asimsimo, esta investigación ha tratado de abordar, de forma específica, el papel que los activos derivados de la participación de la población migrante de origen latinoamericano en redes sociales transnacionales desempeñan en la definición estas estrategias y trayectorias. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un diseño de investigación que combinó el uso de metodologías cuantitativa y cualitativa en base a un enfoque longitudinal. Concretamente, en primer lugar, se desarrolló una explotación de la Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes 2007 (ENI 2007, INE). A través de este análisis se buscó llevar a cabo una primera aproximación a la experiencia migratoria de la población latinoamericana residente en España, y caracterizar los distintos factores que conforman y definen sus estrategias transnacionales de ascenso social. A continuación, se llevó a cabo una metodología cualitativa cuyo principal punto de referencia fue la voz y narraciones de los hogares migrantes. En base a la misma, se desarrolló un trabajo de campo multisituado en Galicia y Cataluña como contextos receptores, apoyado en la realización de entrevistas en profundidad y en el desarrollo de historias de vida con distintos colectivos de población de origen latinoamericano Los principales resultados obtenidos de la combinación de ambas estrategias metodológicas, conceptualizan las estrategias de movilidad social como ejes fundamentales de proyectos migratorios más amplios, que se caracterizan por una naturaleza marcadamente familiar. La migración es entendida por sus protagonistas cómo un proyecto transnacional a través del cual se busca conseguir una mejor posición social, a nivel individual, y/o de forma colectiva. Cabe destacar la importancia de las redes transnacionales como parte de sus proyectos de movilidad espacial y social. Los migrantes latinoamericanos, conscientes del potencial asociado a las redes sociales, invierten un importante número de recursos productivos y afectivos en la construcción y mantenimiento de estas relaciones, con el fin de conseguir una posición social ventajosa en la jerarquía social transnacional.

[spa] La igualdad de oportunidades para la movilidad social se erige como uno de los objetivos centrales en todas las sociedades y democracias modernas que buscan garantizar la cohesión social. Son varios los países de América Latina y la OCDE que se encuentran preocupados por la rigidez de sus estructuras de movilidad, esto es, por la forma y grado en que las ventajas y desventajas se transmiten entre generaciones afectando a las más jóvenes, en especial a los individuos comprendidos entre 30 y 45 años de edad. Esta tesis busca contribuir al conocimiento de las dinámicas estructurales e institucionales que permiten explicar el comportamiento de la movilidad social y educativa en una selección de países de Europa (España, Suecia, Reino Unido y Alemania) y en una muestra de países latinoamericanos (Chile, México y Uruguay). El interés por conocer la fuerza y el modo en que los orígenes y trasfondos familiares (family backgrounds) se hallan relacionados con los logros alcanzados por las generaciones jóvenes constituye el pilar de esta investigación. El método que se aplica es esencialmente comparativo y fundamentado en el análisis de tasas de movilidad social y niveles de fluidez social a partir de modelos log-lineales entre países. Así se podrá identificar patrones de movilidad intergeneracional absoluta y relativa tanto social como educativa, constatar las relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre orígenes (O) y destinos (D) de clase social y educativos, y explicar sus similitudes y diferencias desde un enfoque comparativo de los regímenes socio-institucionales del bienestar considerados como unidades de análisis. Mi objetivo es, no solo generar nueva evidencia empírica, sino sobre todo contrastar cómo se relaciona la movilidad y fluidez social y educativa intergeneracional con los diferentes regímenes de bienestar latinoamericanos (Chile, México y Uruguay) en contraste con los regímenes de bienestar europeos (Suecia, Reino Unido, Alemania y España). Conserva especial interés analizar las transformaciones y cambios que experimentan las pautas y tendencias de movilidad social y educativa de las generaciones jóvenes en un escenario en que los efectos de los procesos de globalización de las sociedades modernas afectan los cursos de vida y las estructuras de oportunidades de las generaciones jóvenes. Para ello es necesaria tanto la perspectiva comparada que relaciona la generación joven con generaciones antecesoras, como la internacional que pone en relación sociedades con regímenes de bienestar y tiempos de industrialización diferenciales. En el mundo globalizado actual la dimensión de lo “generacional” (generación), y con especial atención en los análisis de la movilidad social y educativa intergeneracional, cobra particular relevancia e interés, esto es, en contextos en que los niveles de ingreso y protección laboral de la generación de trabajadores que se encuentran en su última etapa laboral, se ven deteriorados por la cada vez más acelerada obsolescencia de sus destrezas y habilidades para competir con las generaciones más jóvenes, y eventualmente mejor calificadas, de trabajadores llamadas a ocupar los “nuevos” puestos laborales. No obstante, las generaciones jóvenes se enfrentan a nuevos riesgos como la crisis económica, los desgastes del Estado nación benefactor y las recientes transformaciones de los regímenes de bienestar. El análisis de la movilidad social y educativa global, particular, inter-cohortes y transnacional posibilita un mejor conocimiento del escenario estructural de oportunidades que afrontan las generaciones jóvenes., [eng] This thesis seeks to consolidate the knowledge of the structural and institutional dynamics that explain the behavior of social and educational mobility in a selection of European (Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and Germany) and Latin American countries (Chile, Mexico and Uruguay). The interest in knowing the strength and the way in which the origins and the familiar backgrounds are related to the achievements reached by the young generations constitute the base of this research. The method applied is essentially comparative and based on the analysis of the social mobility rates and the levels of social fluidity from the log-linear models between countries. Thus, it is possible to identify patterns of absolute and relative intergenerational mobility, both social and educational, to verify the statistically significant relationships between origins (O) and destinations (D) of social class and educational attainment, and to explain their similarities and differences from a comparative approach of socio-institutional welfare regimes as units of analysis. The goal is not only to generate new empirical evidence, but also to contrast and verify how intergenerational social and educational mobility and fluidity are related to the different Latin American welfare regimes in contrast to European ones. It is of particular interest to analyze the transformations and changes experienced by the patterns and trends of social and educational mobility of the young generations in a scenario where effects of the processes of globalization of modern societies affect the courses of life and the structures of opportunities of these generations. To carry out this is necessary both, the comparative perspective that relates the young generation to former ones and the international perspective that links societies with welfare regimes and times of differential industrialization. In the globalized world, the real dimension of the "generational", and with special attention in the analysis of social and educational intergenerational mobility, is of particular relevance and interest, that is, in contexts in which the income and labor protection levels of the generation of workers who are in their last stage of work, are deteriorated by the increasingly accelerated obsolescence of their skills and abilities in order to compete with the younger generations of workers, eventually better qualified and called to occupy the “new” job positions.

[por] Esta investigação analisa o impacto da formação escolar profissionalizante em música na criação de capital cultural e na mobilidade social ascendente dos seus diplomados. Assume-se como caso de estudo os diplomados e as suas famílias, das quatros escolas profissionais de música no Norte de Portugal. De acordo com as teorias da reprodução e da distinção de Bourdieu, o capital cultural é um importante instrumento na reprodução de desigualdades sociais, pelo que as condições socioculturais familiares de origem são determinantes na diferenciação dos resultados escolares dos descendentes, no desenvolvimento das suas carreiras profissionais, na construção de preferências e nos comportamentos de consumo cultural. As mesmas teorias associam a estratificação social à criação de um gosto popular ou erudito, em função da existência, ou não, de capital cultural, condição necessária à compreensão de códigos e apreciação de bens simbólicos. Por seu lado, a investigação educativa produzida, a partir da década de setenta do século XX, tem vindo a reconhecer à escola e ao efeito-escola um importante papel no sucesso escolar e na definição de trajetórias de vida, invertendo o caráter fatalista da reprodução social familiar de origem. Num paradigma de mobilidade cultural, o atual debate sobre o omnivorismo cultural reconhece, nas sociedades atual, a existência de um novo perfil de participação cultural omnívora, que se traduz num leque alargado de preferências e de consumos, desde a arte erudita a manifestações próprias de subculturas populares. A análise sociológica do consumo acrescenta as trajetórias escolares, ocupações profissionais e estilos de vida como importantes fatores de estruturação do gosto em dialética com os fenómenos do consumo e das hierarquias culturais. Na investigação empírica realizada aplicam-se indicadores que permitem analisar o processo de criação de capital musical, através da socialização escolar, e os comportamentos de consumo cultural, desde a infância à idade adulta. Utilizam-se o questionário aplicado aos diplomados das EPM, complementado com entrevistas aos diretores e quadros pedagógicos intermédios das escolas como instrumentos. Constata-se que a ocupação profissional dos diplomados, o nível máximo de escolaridade atingido e os consumos musicais eruditos estão associados à trajetória escolar na EPM e são independentes das condições sociais familiares de origem, num modelo de mobilidade social ascendente intergeracional. Concluiu-se que a ampliação de capital musical construído na socialização escolar aumentou o processo de mobilidade social dos alunos, viabilizando o posterior acesso a ocupações profissionais de maior prestígio. Simultaneamente, assistiu-se a uma mudança dos padrões de consumo musical popular, através da incorporação de preferências pelo reportório musical de tradição europeia ocidental, num modelo de translação cultural independente da estratificação social de classe de origem familiar. No entanto, concluiu-se que o capital musical construído e refletido no gosto e nos comportamentos de consumo em adulto não conduziu os diplomados a um padrão de participação cultural omnívoro, comportamento que atualmente a sociologia de consumo reconhece como atributo das sociedades contemporâneas desenvolvidas., [eng] This dissertation presents an analysis of the impact of musical education in a professional context on the creation of cultural capital and the upward social mobility of its graduates. The case studies here presented include the graduates and their families from four “Professional Schools” located in the North of Portugal. According to Bourdieu’s theories of “reproduction” and “distinction”, cultural capital is an important instrument in the reproduction of social inequality, and the specificities of family sociocultural origins are considered essential to the differentiation of the children school results, their access to professional careers, the construction of their cultural “choices” and their behavior as cultural consumers. The same theories associate social stratification with the creation of “popular” versus high culture taste, as a result of the existence or absence of cultural capital, and as a condition for the understanding and fruition of symbolic codes and goods. Moreover, the educational research produced after the 70s in the XX century, has been recognizing an important role to schooling and to the “schooling-effect” in the success of education and the positive definition of individual life trajectories, as well as it inverts the fatalist character of the reproduction of family sociocultural conditions. Within a paradigm of cultural mobility, the contemporary debate on cultural omnivorism recognizes in today’s society the existence of a new profile of omnivorous cultural participation, which is translated in a wide range of consume preferences, from high art to specific demonstrations of popular subcultures. The sociological analysis of consumption reinforces schooling trajectories, professional occupations and life styles as fundamental factors in the structuring of “taste” within a dialectic process with consumption issues and cultural hierarchies. In the empirical research carried out throughout this work were used indicators which allowed us to analyze the process of the creation of musical capital through the process of schooling socialization and the behaviors of cultural consumption, from childhood to adult age. The graduates from EPM were asked to answer questionnaires, which were complemented with interviews to the directors and intermediate pedagogic management of the schools, as empirical instruments. One realizes that the professional occupation of graduates, the maximum level of schooling reached and their high art musical choices are distinctively associated with the individual schooling trajectory in EPM and, independently of the family social origins, they are inscribed within a model of intergenerational upward social mobility. The conclusion of our analysis is that the widening of the musical capital built within the schooling socializing has increased the process of the students social mobility, enabling the ulterior access to a more prestigious professional occupation. In tandem with this, one recognizes the change and transformation of the patterns of popular musical consumption, via the incorporation of a “preference” for a musical repertoire within the Western European tradition, as a model of cultural translation which is independent from the social stratification of family origin. Notwithstanding, our conclusion is that the acquired musical capital reflected in the “taste” and the consume behavior of the adult individual has not led the graduates to a pattern of cultural omnivorous consumption, which today’s sociology of culture recognizes as an attribute of contemporary developed societies.

Aquesta comunicació vol donar una visió històrica del treball a partir de l’estudi genealògic de la família Guimerà del Vendrell (Tarragona): des del pagès que va arribar al segle XVII fins al gran poeta i dramaturg Àngel Guimerà (1845-1924). El canvi econòmic de la comarca del Penedès cap a una especialització vinícola va ser el factor que va influir més en el canvi del treball al llarg de les generacions d’aquesta família, molt relacionat amb el comerç marítim, les migracions i l’acumulació de capital., This paper is a historic vision of the job with the genealogical study of the Guimera`s family from El Vendrell (Tarragona): from the agriculturalist that came in XVII century to the great poet and theatre’s writer Àngel Guimerà (1845-1924). The economic change of the Penedès Area to a wine production was the principal factor of the generational change of the job in relationship with the maritime trade, the migrations and the quickly riches.