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Alguns estudos sugerem que infartos cerebrais possam agravar a demência em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA) e que sintomas neuropsiquiátricos sejam comuns tanto na DA quanto na demência vascular (DV). Doença cerebrovascular concomitante à DA incorre na chamada demência mista (DM). OBJETIVOS: Comparar a freqüência e o perfil dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos em uma amostra de pacientes com DA e DM. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários de 70 pacientes com diagnóstico de DA provável e 14 com DM. Informações sobre sintomatologia neuropsiquiátrica foram obtidas por meio dos relatos de familiares e cuidadores. RESULTADOS: A média etária foi de 74,5 anos na DA e 75,1 na DM. O sintoma mais comum na DA foi agitação (61,4%), enquanto na DM foi apatia (71,7%). Na DM, nove (64,3%) pacientes apresentavam > 5 sintomas, enquanto na DA, 40 (57,1%) apresentavam < 4. Quarenta e cinco (64,3%) pacientes com DA tinham > 4 anos de doença; na DM, 10 (71,4%) tinham < 3 anos. Pacientes com DM mostraram menor duração de sintomas (p < 0,05), sugerindo que tenham procurado atendimento médico mais precocemente. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes com DM exibiram maior gravidade de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, fato que pode ter sido responsável pela busca mais precoce de assistência especializada.Some studies suggest that concomitant cerebral infarction may worsen the severity of dementia in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and that neuropsychiatric symptoms are common either in patients with AD and vascular dementia. AD lesions together with cerebrovascular disease is commonly called mixed dementia (MD). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out in medical charts of 70 patients with probable AD and 14 with MD. Information on neuropsychiatric symptoms was based on caregivers' and families' reports. RESULTS: Mean age was 74.5 years in AD and 75.1 in MD. The most common symptom in AD was agitation (61.4%), while in MD apathy was more common (71.7%). In MD, 9 (64.3%) patients had 5 or more symptoms, while in AD, 40 (57.1%) had 4 or less. Forty-five (64.3%) patients with AD had more than 4 years of disease; in MD, 10 (71.4%) had less than 3 years. Patients with MD showed shorter duration of symptoms (p

OBJETIVO: O emprego de antipsicóticos atípicos (AA) no tratamento de sintomas psicológicos e comportamentais das demências (SPCD) tem sido alvo de discussão em relação à eficácia e à segurança. O objetivo deste artigo é propiciar atualização sobre o tema. MÉTODOS: Revisão da literatura publicada nos últimos dez anos com ênfase em metanálises e ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) controlados com placebo. RESULTADOS: Três metanálises e nove ensaios clínicos foram analisados. Há evidências de eficácia clínica para risperidona (1mg/dia), olanzapina (5 a 10mg/dia) e aripiprazol (2 a 15mg/dia) no tratamento de agressividade e/ou SPCD em geral, e para risperidona (1mg/dia) no tratamento de sintomas psicóticos associados à demência. Os eventos adversos comuns com o uso de AA foram sonolência, sintomas extrapiramidais (SEP), incontinência ou infecção do trato urinário e alterações de marcha. O tratamento com AA associou-se a maior risco de eventos cerebrovasculares e de mortalidade em idosos com demência. CONCLUSÃO: Baixas dosagens de risperidona, olanzapina e aripiprazol são eficazes na redução de agressividade e/ou SPCD globais; risperidona é eficaz na redução de sintomas psicóticos associados à demência. Em virtude de esses tratamentos associarem-se a pequeno aumento no risco de eventos cerebrovasculares e mortalidade, seu uso deve ser reservado para sintomatologia moderada/grave.OBJECTIVE: Concerns have been raised about efficacy and adverse events of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). This paper is an update on current evidence of this theme. METHODS: Review of published meta-analysis and randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) in the last ten years. RESULTS: Three meta-analysis and nine RCTs were evaluated. Evidence suggests that risperidone (1mg/day), olanzapine (5 to 10mg/day), and aripiprazole (2 to 15mg/day) are effective in treating aggression and/or BPSD overall; risperidone (1mg/day) reduces psychosis. Adverse events were mainly somnolence, extrapyramidal symptoms, urinary tract infection or incontinence, and abnormal gait with drug treatment. Atypical antipsychotics were associated with increased risk for cerebrovascular adverse events and mortality in elderly patients with dementia. CONCLUSION: Low doses of risperidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole are effective in treating aggression and/or BPSD overall, and risperidone reduces psychosis associated with dementia. In view of the increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse events and mortality, the use of atypical antipsychotics in individuals with dementia should be reserved for patients with moderate/severe behavioural symptoms.

ABSTRACT Objective A large number of psychosocial interventions in dementia are based on music activities and music therapy interventions. We aim at assessing the efficacy of music therapy in the neuropsychiatric symptoms of people with dementia. Methods This systematic review is according to the methodology suggested by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We searched for articles in PubMed, Web of Knowledge Cross Search, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Lilacs/Bireme databases published from 2005 to 2016. The search keywords included “early onset” and “late onset” combined with “dementia”, “Alzheimer”, “vascular dementia”, “mixed dementia”, “frontotemporal dementia”, “neuropsychiatric symptoms”, “behavioral disturbances”, “behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia” and “music therapy”. The studies were categorized according to its efficacy on the decline of neuropsychiatric symptoms and improvement of cognitive function, quality of life and well-being. Results We selected 12 out of 257 papers. Music therapy interventions were applied individually or in group setting, using active or receptive technique. In general, studies indicated the efficacy of music therapy on the decline of depression, agitation and anxiety. There were heterogeneity of interventions, methodological design and instruments of evaluation among the studies. Conclusions Although there are reports of the efficacy of music therapy on the decline of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, the area still needs randomized studies aimed at the solution of important methodological problems like the lack of standardized approaches.