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http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509810563The forestry sector plays an important role in the socioeconomic and environmental Brazilian context, therefore the improvement of the knowledge about forest soil becomes essential for its sustainable use as a conservation base of natural heritage as resource for economical development. Forest soil can be characterized by pedogenesis occurred under influence of a forestry typology or under a currently natural or cultivated forest coverage. Differentiating forest soils from those occupied with other uses helps the understanding of possible alterations related to vegetal coverage and the developing of better management strategies to soil and forest use. Nevertheless, there is no consensus about this term because the soils present variations according to the forest characteristics, stimulating the discussion concerning its interpretation and applicability. This review aimed to analyze the utilization of forest soil concept, highlighting the differentiation characteristics and the relation with coverage type, natural or cultivated. Aspects related to deposition, quality and management of residues, nutrients cycling, soil compaction and site productivity are emphasized. The forest soil concept is widely used by specific literature and useful to collect specific information and to plan the sustainable use of soil and forest. The improvement of knowledge about these resources provides the creation of a common identity, supporting comparative studies and consolidating the research regarding to this theme.

A qualidade da análise granulométrica é imprescindível para a adequada classificação textural dos solos e enquadramento no Zoneamento Agroclimático. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar metodologias de controle de qualidade das análises granulométricas. Foram coletadas amostras de solos com diferentes texturas, as quais foram analisadas por cinco laboratórios. O controle da qualidade foi realizado utilizando duas metodologias, uma proposta pelo Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) e a outra pela Rede Oficial de Laboratórios de Análise de Solo e de Tecido Vegetal dos Estados do RS e SC (ROLAS). Verificou-se maior número de inconformidades para as frações argila e silte, independentemente do método, sendo que o método da ROLAS apresentou maior número de inconformidades (76% das amostras), principalmente para amostras com teores mais elevados dessas frações. A metodologia da ROLAS com utilização da mediana é mais rigorosa no controle da qualidade das análises.The quality of particle size analysis is essential for correct soil textural classification and defining the Brazilian Agroclimatic Zoning. The objectives were to evaluate methods of particle size analysis and develop a spreadsheet for use in quality control analyzes. We collected 50 soil samples with different particle size distribution, in RS and SC states of Brazil, which were analyzed by five laboratories in the two states that perform the soil particle size analysis using two methods: one proposed by the Campinas Agronomic Institute (IAC) and the other by the Network of Soil and Plant Tissue Analysis Laboratories of the states of RS and SC (ROLAS). A greater number of disparities were observed for the clay and sand fractions regardless of the method. The ROLAS method had a higher number of mismatches (76% of samples), especially for samples with higher contents of those two fractions. The use of the median value in the ROLAS methodology is more rigorous in analysis quality control.

The forestry sector plays an important role in the socioeconomic and environmental Brazilian context, therefore the improvement of the knowledge about forest soil becomes essential for its sustainable use as a conservation base of natural heritage as resource for economical development. Forest soil can be characterized by pedogenesis occurred under influence of a forestry typology or under a currently natural or cultivated forest coverage. Differentiating forest soils from those occupied with other uses helps the understanding of possible alterations related to vegetal coverage and the developing of better management strategies to soil and forest use. Nevertheless, there is no consensus about this term because the soils present variations according to the forest characteristics, stimulating the discussion concerning its interpretation and applicability. This review aimed to analyze the utilization of forest soil concept, highlighting the differentiation characteristics and the relation with coverage type, natural or cultivated. Aspects related to deposition, quality and management of residues, nutrients cycling, soil compaction and site productivity are emphasized. The forest soil concept is widely used by specific literature and useful to collect specific information and to plan the sustainable use of soil and forest. The improvement of knowledge about these resources provides the creation of a common identity, supporting comparative studies and consolidating the research regarding to this theme.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050987564This study aimed to define the critical limits of physico-hidric attributes to areas under forest and pasture and to evaluate the intensity of compression of these uses in a Hapludalf in South Brazil. The use of soils were: Native Forest – formed for arboreal species; Pasture – five years old, constituted of Brachiaria brizantha associated with Paspalum lourai and Trifolium sp.; Eucalipto 20 - Eucalyptus saligna with 20 years old, installed under conventional tillage; Eucalipto 4,5 - Eucalyptus saligna under 2nd rotation, 4.5 years old. It was evaluated the hydraulic conductivity, macro, micro and total porosity and bulk density. The eucalyptus is a potential crop to be used in recovering degraded areas with no commercial objective. Soil compression increase bulk density and decrease macroporosity and total porosity until the layer of 0.40 m in eucalyptus for commercial use and until 0.10 m in pasture. Values based on restriction and yield of annual crops or in the least limiting water range have potential to be used as restrictive values for perennial and pasture crops.

O estabelecimento de culturas está associado a condições restritivas impostas pelo tipo e pelo manejo de solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o intervalo de densidade crítica de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico, considerando a disponibilidade de água para as culturas e os valores restritivos de resistência à penetração (1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5MPa). A amostragem de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico sob plantio direto desde 1989, com estrutura de solo preservada, foi feita nas camadas de 0,00 a 0,10 m e 0,10 a 0,20m. As amostras (oito repetições) foram saturadas em água, equilibradas em diferentes potenciais (-0,001; -0,004; -0,006; -0,033; -0,07 e -0,1MPa) e dois grupos de amostras foram secadas em laboratório, por um período de 7 e 9 dias, perfazendo um total de 128 amostras. Após atingir o equilíbrio, foi avaliada a resistência à penetração e a densidade do solo. Um incremento na resistência à penetração possibilitou maiores intervalos de densidade adequados ao desenvolvimento das plantas, i.e., quando considerada uma resistência à penetração de 2MPa, o intervalo de densidade adequado foi de 1,44Mg m-3 a 1,76Mg m-3 e, para uma resistência de 3MPa, o intervalo foi de 1,53 a 1,88Mg m-3. Valores superiores e inferiores ao intervalo de densidade obtidos são críticos ao desenvolvimento de culturas, considerando a resistência à penetração e a disponibilidade de água.Crop establishment is linked to restrictive conditions imposed by soil type and soil management. This study aimed at evaluating the interval of bulk density critical for a Paleudalf, considering water availability to the crops and restrictive values to the root resistance to penetration (1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0 e 3.5MPa). Soil samples, from a Paleudalf under no-tillage since 1989, with preserved structure were collected in the layers of 0.00 to 0.10m and 0.10 to 0.20m depth. The samples (eight replicates) were saturated in water and balanced different potentials (- 0.001; -0.004; -0.006; -0.033; -0.07 and -0.1MPa), plus 2 groups of soil samples were dried in the laboratory for a period of 7 and 9 days, being a total of 128 samples used in this study. After reaching the balance, the soil resistance to penetration and bulk density were evaluated. An increase in the resistance to penetration allows for large intervals of bulk density no restrictive to the plant development. For instance, when considered a resistance to penetration of 2MPa, the adequate interval of bulk density was 1.44Mg m-3 to 1.76Mg m-3, and for a resistance to penetration of 3MPa the interval was 1.53 to 1.88Mg m-3. Bulk density smaller or larger than interval obtained are critical to the development of plants, considering soil resistance to penetration and water availability.

A compressibilidade do solo é dependente do tipo, da intensidade, da freqüência da força aplicada por máquinas agrícolas e dos sistemas de manejo adotados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da intensidade do tráfego de máquinas agrícolas na compressibilidade de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico sob plantio direto escarificado e compactado. Foram testados os tratamentos: PD = plantio direto desde o ano de 1989; PDE1 = plantio direto escarificado em dezembro de 2002 e fevereiro de 2004; PDE2 = plantio direto escarificado em dezembro de 2004; PDC1, PDC2 e PDC3 = plantio direto com quatro passadas de máquina com massa total de 10Mg em dezembro, respectivamente para os anos agrícolas 2001/2002, 2002/2003 e 2001/2002 - 2002/2003. Amostras com estrutura de solo preservada, na camada de 0,08-0,13m, foram utilizadas para avaliar os parâmetros compressivos do solo. No sistema de plantio direto sob compactação adicional, foram obtidos maiores e menores valores, respectivamente, de densidade e índice de compressão do solo. A densidade e o índice de compressão do solo são parâmetros consistentes e sensíveis para detectar alterações na estrutura do solo. O modelo não-linear (McNabb & BOERSMA, 1993) é uma ferramenta potencial para determinação da densidade do solo sob plantio direto, a partir da densidade inicial e das pressões aplicadas ao solo.Soil compressibility depends on the type, intensity and frequency of the load applied by agricultural machinery and on soil management. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of traffic of agricultural machines on the compressibility of a Paleudalf chisel plough and compacted under no-tillage. In an area under no tillage since 1989, the following treatments were used for sampling: PD = no tillage since 1989; PDE1 = no tillage plus chisel plough in december the year 2002 and february 2004; PDE2 = no tillage plus chisel plough in december 2004; PDC1, PDC2 and PDC3 = no tillage plus four passes of a machine of 10Mg in December, respectively to the agricultural years of 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2001/2002 - 2002/2003. Soil cores were collected at 0.08-0.13m depth to evaluate the compressive parameters of soil. In the no tillage under additional compaction higher and lower values were obtained respectively of bulk density and soil compression index. The bulk density and the soil compression index are concistant and sensitive parameters to detect alterations in the soil structure. The non linear model (McNabb & BOERSMA, 1993) is a potential tool to determine the bulk density of soils under no tillage, starting from the initial bulk density and the loads to be applied in the soil.

This study aimed to define the critical limits of physico-hidric attributes to areas under forest and pasture and to evaluate the intensity of compression of these uses in a Hapludalf in South Brazil. The use of soils were: Native Forest - formed for arboreal species; Pasture - five years old, constituted of Brachiaria brizantha associated with Paspalum lourai and Trifolium sp.; Eucalipto 20 - Eucalyptus saligna with 20 years old, installed under conventional tillage; Eucalipto 4,5 - Eucalyptus saligna under 2nd rotation, 4.5 years old. It was evaluated the hydraulic conductivity, macro, micro and total porosity and bulk density. The eucalypt is a potential crop to be used in recovering degraded areas with no commercial objective. Soil compression increase bulk density and decrease macroporosity and total porosity until the layer of 0.40 m in eucalyptfor commercial use and until 0.10 m in pasture. Values based on restriction and yield of annualcrops or in the least limiting water range have potential to be used as restrictive values for perennial and pasture crops.