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The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of CCC as an adsorbent material for the acidity removal of RFO, aiming at the application of the oil in biodiesel production. For that, a RCCD was used for FFA removal by applying the CCC and CAC for comparative purposes. In the RCCD removal assays the effect of the Temperature, Agitation and Mass factors were assessed over acidity removal of the oil. Under the best conditions from RCCD, an evaluation of adsorption kinetics was performed, wherein it was observed the equilibrium was reached within 4 h, for the CCC. Also, the influence of the adsorbent dosage was performed. It was verified that 4 g was sufficient to allow the system to reach the maximum FFA removal. Overall, the CCC presented results approximately twice as high than those obtained by the CAC, mainly due to the pore size distribution which led to a “molecular sieving effect” for the CCC adsorbent. It allowed the major diffusion of the FFA molecules inside its narrow-distributed pores, whereas the CAC with a wider pore distribution (up to 260 Å) resulted in the larger molecules competition for the active sites inside the porous structure. The adsorbents’ characterization also evidenced that CCC adsorbent presented a higher content of oxygenated groups in its surface which acted as potential active sites for the FFA molecules resulting in an enhanced adsorbent-adsorbate affinity. Lastly, the wastes generated in the adsorption experiments, were evaluated as to their calorific power resulting in a value of 31,933 J g-1, suggesting that it could be further used for energetic purposes, such as a solid fuel for boilers and furnaces to generate thermal energy. Based on these results, the CCC stands out as a promising material for RFO acidity removal.

In this work, the effect of wheat flour and water replacement by pequi pulp and flour on the bread development and preparation enriched with this fruit was studied. Two experimental designs were used for two independent variables, the first evaluating the wheat flour partial replacement by pequi husk flour (x1) and pequi pulp flour (x2). The second design evaluated the wheat flour and water partial replacement by pequi husk flour (x1) and pequi pulp (x2), respectively. At the same time, a control test was conducted (without the addition of pequi flour and pulp) for comparison. The evaluated dependent variables of the bread quality characteristics were: dough volume; expansion rate; specific volume and density; texture profile and gluten content. It was possible to verify that only the gluten content was influenced by the replacement of wheat flour by pequi husk flour, whereas, only the specific volume was influenced by the replacement of water by pequi pulp. In general, the best replacement range was obtained with the formulation using between 0.75 to 2.5% pequi husk flour; up to 20% pequi pulp flour and between 5 and 35% of pequi pulp. In this work, the effect of wheat flour and water replacement by pequi pulp and flour on the bread development and preparation enriched with this fruit was studied. Two experimental designs were used for two independent variables, the first evaluating the wheat flour partial replacement by pequi husk flour (x1) and pequi pulp flour (x2). The second design evaluated the wheat flour and water partial replacement by pequi husk flour (x1) and pequi pulp (x2), respectively. At the same time, a control test was conducted (without the addition of pequi flour and pulp) for comparison. The evaluated dependent variables of the bread quality characteristics were: dough volume; expansion rate; specific volume and density; texture profile and gluten content. It was possible to verify that only the gluten content was influenced by the replacement of wheat flour by pequi husk flour, whereas, only the specific volume was influenced by the replacement of water by pequi pulp. In general, the best replacement range was obtained with the formulation using between 0.75 to 2.5% pequi husk flour; up to 20% pequi pulp flour and between 5 and 35% of pequi pulp.

In this study, two hundred fifty-seven bacterial isolates from a suppressive soil library were screened to study their secretion of alkali-thermostable xylanases for potential use in cellulose pulp biobleaching. Xylanase activity was evaluated in solid and liquid media using xylan as the carbon source. Isolates were initially evaluated for the degradation of xylan in solid media by the congo red test. Selected strains were evaluated in liquid media for enzymatic activity and determination of total protein concentration using a crude protein extract (CPE). An isolate identified as Bacillus species TC-DT13 produced the highest amount of xylanase (1808 U mL-1). The isolate was active and stable at 70°C and pH 9.0, conditions which are necessary for the paper industry. This isolate can grow and produce xylanase in medium containing wheat fiber as a substrate. The CPE of this isolate was used in preliminary testing on cellulose pulp bleaching; enzyme treatment of the pulp resulted in a 5% increase of whiteness.

Considering the increased generation of solid waste and the difficulty of proper final disposal, it is of utmost importance to study the reuse of solid waste, seeking a beneficial alternative for the population and the environment. This study aimed to produce wood particle boards incorporated with different percentage of waste from the manufacture of labels and tags, commonly known as paper shavings, containing biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), aiming its reuse. Physical, chemical and mechanical tests were performed. The difference in density between the materials used to manufacture the boards influenced the production process as well as the amount of waste added. Values of moisture content and thickness swelling remained within the range set by the regulations. The results for water absorption analysis are in agreement with those in the literature on the incorporation of different types of waste in the boards. According to our findings, it was observed the importance of a homogeneous mixture of the materials, and pH control. The incorporation of waste containing BOPP into particle boards may be a promising disposal alternative for this waste, given the development of a by-product that encourages sustainable development.

Laccases are oxidoreductase enzymes that have the ability to oxidize phenolic substrates. Its biotechnological potential has been greatly explored in many areas as biotechnology industry, bioremediation of dyes, food industry and environmental microbiology. The aim of this study was maximize the laccase production by Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quélet in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using orange waste as substrate. After optimization the capability of the crude laccase to decolorize dyes was analyzed. The fermentation medium in the solid-state was optimized by applying a factorial design. After statistics optimization, laccase activity increased two times. The laccase activity appears to be correlated with the ability of crude extract to decolorize some industrial dyes. The optimized laccase was characterized with respect to optimum pH, influence of temperature and salts. Our results demonstrate that P. pulmonarius was an efficient producer of an important industrial enzyme, laccase, in a cheap solid-state system using orange waste as substrate. Laccases are oxidoreductase enzymes that have the ability to oxidize phenolic substrates. Its biotechnological potential has been greatly explored in many areas as biotechnology industry, bioremediation of dyes, food industry and environmental microbiology. The aim of this study was maximize the laccase production by Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quélet in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using orange waste as substrate. After optimization the capability of the crude laccase to decolorize dyes was analyzed. The fermentation medium in the solid-state was optimized by applying a factorial design. After statistics optimization, laccase activity increased two times. The laccase activity appears to be correlated with the ability of crude extract to decolorize some industrial dyes. The optimized laccase was characterized with respect to optimum pH, influence of temperature and salts. Our results demonstrate that P. pulmonarius was an efficient producer of an important industrial enzyme, laccase, in a cheap solid-state system using orange waste as substrate.

Zinc uptake is essential for crop development; thus, knowledge about soil zinc availability is fundamental for fertilization in periods of higher crop demand. A nonlinear first-order kinetic model has been employed to evaluate zinc availability. Studies usually employ few observations; however, inference in nonlinear models is only valid for sufficiently large samples. An alternative is the Bayesian method, where inferences are made in terms of probability, which is effective even with small samples. The aim of this study was to use Bayesian methodology to evaluate the fitness of a nonlinear first-order kinetic model to describe zinc extraction from soil with sewage sludge using seven different extraction solutions. The analysed data were obtained from an experiment using a completely randomized design and three replicates. Fifteen zinc extractions were evaluated for each extraction solution. Posterior distributions of a study that evaluated the nonlinear first-order kinetic model were used as prior distributions in the present study. Using the full conditionals, samples of posterior marginal distributions were generated using the Gibbs sampler and Metropolis-Hastings algorithms and implemented in R. The Bayesian method allowed the use of posterior distributions of another study that evaluated the model used as prior distributions for parameters in the present study. The posterior full conditional distributions for the parameters were normal distributions and gamma distributions, respectively. The Bayesian method was efficient for the study of the first-order kinetic model to describe zinc extraction from soil with sewage sludge using seven extraction solutions.

Current essay identifies and analyzes how research involving the theme Teachers´ Formation has been shaped within the perspective of the History of Education in Work Group 2 (WG 2) of the annual meetings of the National Association of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Education (ANPED). Papers and posters published in the annual meetings over the last ten years (from 2003 to 2012) are analyzed. The methodology involved the identification and analysis of the research papers and posters published in the proceedings of the meetings. A survey of all papers and posters published in the proceedings of WG 2 was undertaken identifying, through a survey on the last decade, those which involved the theme Teachers´ Formation, coupled to the most investigated periods by the researchers who dealt with this specific theme. El presente trabajo identifica y analiza cómo se han formado las investigaciones involucrando la temática de la Formación de Profesores en la perspectiva de la Historia de la Educación, en el Grupo de Trabajo 02 de las reuniones anuales de la Asociación Nacional de Postgrado e Investigación en Educación (ANPED). Para ello, se analizan los trabajos y pósteres que fueron publicados en las reuniones anuales de los últimos diez años, o sea de2003 a 2012. Para dar cabo del objetivo propuesto, la metodología empleada involucró la identificación y el estudio de las publicaciones de los Anales de las reuniones. De tal manera, fue hecha una averiguación del total de trabajos y pósteres publicados en los anales por el GT 2, identificando a través de un balance de la última década, los que envolvían la temática de la formación de profesores, así como los períodos más estudiados por los investigadores que se adentran en la temática. O presente trabalho identifica e analisa como vêm se conformando as pesquisas envolvendo a temática da Formação de Professores na perspectiva da História da Educação, no Grupo de Trabalho 2 das reuniões anuais da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Educação (ANPED). Para tanto, analisam-se os trabalhos e pôsteres que foram publicados nas reuniões anuais dos últimos dez anos, isto é de 2003 a 2012. Para dar conta do objetivo proposto, a metodologia empregada envolveu a identificação e o estudo das publicações dos Anais das reuniões. De tal maneira, fez-se um levantamento do total de trabalhos e pôsteres publicados nos anais pelo GT 2, identificando por meio de um balanço da última década, os que envolviam a temática da formação de professores, bem como os períodos mais investigados pelos pesquisadores que se adentram na temática.

Acerola is a tropical fruit characterized by a high content of vitamin C. The food sorption isotherms reflect the way that the water binds to the food. This study aimed to fit mathematical models to the adsorption isotherms of the acerola pulp powder obtained by spray-drying, and. It was used acerola pulp containing 17.1% (m m -1 ) maltodextrin, and a spray-dryer with drying air temperature of 154°C. The mathematical models of GAB, BET, Henderson, and Oswin were applied to determine the isotherms, using temperatures of 25, 35 and 45°C. The hygroscopicity, degree of caking and solubility analysis were performed to characterize the powders. The powder showed hygroscopicity of 5.18, degree of caking of 3.67 and solubility of 94.88%. The evaluated mathematical models showed mean relative errors ranging from 10.18 to 29.13% and a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) ranging from 0.939 to 0.977. At 25°C, the Oswin model was the best fitted, whereas at 35 and 45°C the best fitting was obtained by the Henderson model. Type III (J-shape) isotherms were obtained, typical of high-sugar foods. The powder showed a low hygroscopicity and degree of caking in addition to a high solubility.

The production of enzymes using agro-industrial waste is a low cost alternative for the reuse of byproducts, with the subsequent impact decrease on the environment. Current analysis produced xylanase using fungus Aspergillus niger , with two types of wastewater generated during the pulp chemical bleaching phase as inducers. Xylanase was produced by submerged liquid fermentation and factorial design optimized parameters that influence production (concentration of wastewater and production period). Initial culture conditions (pH, temperature and agitation) were optimized independently. Alkaline wastewater was more effective than acidic wastewater for the induction of xylanase in optimized conditions: 50% of culture medium, 7-day production, 30°C, pH 6.0 and agitation at 160 rpm. Despite different results, acidic and alkaline wastewaters induced xylanase production by A. niger when employed in concentrations lower than or equal to 50% of culture medium and in the most optimal conditions described above. Alkaline wastewater is highlighted as the most efficient for such production.

This paper presents a study carried out in a Brazilian pellet industry in order to determine the main properties of sugarcane bagasse pellets. Materials and methods are in accordance with standards from the Associacao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas (ABNT), Agencia de Protecao Ambiental (EPA) and European Pellets Standard. The pellet properties mean values found in this study are: diameter (9.70 mm), length (22.70 mm), bulk density (726.32 kgm -3 ), mechanical durability (98.2%), moisture (5.49%), heating value (16.0 MJ kg -1 ), ash content (8.70%), fixed carbon (14.03%), volatile matter (77.27%), nitrogen (0.28%), sulphur (0.02%) and chlorine (< 0.02 %). The results are compared with those obtained from the literature and discussed according to international standards for biomass pellets, wood pellets and solid biofuel. The comparative analysis showed that there are differences between the results found in our study in comparison with other studies and international standards. The paper also presents the production process energy consumption and cost analysis.

The Flash Profile is a descriptive analysis method derived from Free-Choice Profile, in which each taster chooses and uses his/her own words to evaluate the product while comparing several attributes. Four passion fruit juices were analyzed, two juices were produced with concentrated juice, one with pulp and one with reconstituted juice; all juices had different levels of sugar, some had gum and dyes. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties (color, titratable acidity and solid content) as well as sensory analysis like Flash profile and affective test. In physicochemical characterization and in Flash Profile, the juice A (pulp) had higher solid content and consistence, the juice B (concentrated juice) was the least acidic and presented the lowest value of soluble solids and presented strong aroma and flavor of passion-fruit, the juice C (reconstituted juice) was pale yellow and showed artificial flavor and the juice D (concentrated juice) was the most acidic, consistent with the natural flavor. In the acceptance test, all the juices scored 5-6, indicating that panelists tasters neither liked nor disliked. Flash Profile proved to be an easy and rapid technique showing a good correlation between panelists and the attributes and confirmed the results of physicochemical characterization.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-21T17:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-24T14:41:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN2179-8427-2013-02-03-62-69.pdf: 202775 bytes, checksum: 8f4a6f9d33b3a81a7759308bdc7c6ef0 (MD5) O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as relações existentes entre o ensino superior com os demais níveis de ensino. No Brasil, alguns desafios foram lançados para o cumprimento de melhoria no ensino/aprendizagem que abrange um desenvolvimento científico com o envolvimento de várias instâncias, dentre elas, a ciência e a sociedade. Para tanto, segundo o Plano Nacional de Pós-Graduação- PNPG, a estreita relação entre ciência e sociedade requer uma formação cultural-científica que deve ter início no ensino superior, com a formação de professores, e que esses conhecimentos possam acompanhar a sociedade, perpassando todos os níveis de ensino que antecedem a formação superior. Dessa forma, analisaremos a formação de professores como um dos eixos da nossa discussão, procurando entender que em diferentes momentos, homens se atentaram para a re/organização da sociedade, no sentido de mestres/professores terem o conhecimento que possibilitava transmitir aos indivíduos um aprendizado teórico que favorecesse a reflexão na prática. Assim, nos fundamentamos em alguns clássicos, como Boaventura de Bagnoregio (1217-1274), que trataram sobre a formação de professores (as) em períodos distintos, expressando a preocupação com a qualidade no ensino e em documentos que tratam sobre a situação da educação no Brasil. The objective of this paper is to present the relationship between higher education with other levels of education. In Brazil, some challenges were launched to fulfill improvement in teaching / learning covering a scientific development with the involvement of several bodies, among them the science and society. Therefore, according to the National Postgraduate-PNPG, the close relationship between science and society requires a scientific-cultural training that should start in higher education, teacher training, and that this knowledge can follow the company, traversing all levels of education prior to higher education. Thus, we analyze the formation of teachers as one of the pillars of our discussion, trying to understand that at different times, men have paid attention to the re/organization of society, to masters/teachers have the knowledge that enabled individuals to convey an apprenticeship favoring the theoretical reflection on practice. So, we have considered some classics, as Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, that dealt on the training of teachers (as) in different periods, expressing concern about the quality of teaching and documents dealing with the situation of education in Brazil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de História, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis, Assis, Avenida Dom Antonio, 2100, Tenis Clube, CEP 19800000, SP, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de História, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis, Assis, Avenida Dom Antonio, 2100, Tenis Clube, CEP 19800000, SP, Brasil

Biodiesel is a clean renewable fuel used as alternative energy source to diesel and it is commercialized as a minor component in diesel blends. Similarly to diesel, biodiesel spill is a source of contamination for the ecosystem making necessary to provide effective remediation strategies. Bioremediation is a technology that has been applied with success to clean up hydrocarbon-contaminated environments. In this study, fungal bioaugmentation strategy was compared with natural attenuation during bioremediation of a sandy soil contaminated with diesel, biodiesel and blends (B20 and B50). Respirometric assays simulating the contamination of soil were carried out in Bartha flasks used to measure microbial CO 2 production. Penicillium sp. AV4 isolated from the wastewater of a biodiesel factory has the ability to degrade the fuels and was used in bioaugmentation. After 111 days, CO 2 evolution demonstrated no significant difference in soil microbial activity between fungal augmentation and natural attenuation treatments for all fuels. The lack of influence of Penicillium sp. AV4 can be related to its inability to compete with soil microorganisms and/or increase its metabolic activity. During natural attenuation, B50 showed a higher CO 2 production, followed by the B100, B20 and diesel, which is less biodegradable. Therefore, from a biodegradation perspective, biodiesel could be more beneficial than diesel during bioremediation spill.

Membranes processes, in particular, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, represent an important alternative for treatment of contaminated waters. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the removal of the carbamates: carbaryl, carbofuran and methomyl at different concentrations from water fortified with these compounds. A pilot nanofiltration unit, operating in the tangential flow, provided with a membrane in the spiral configuration, Model NF90-4040 (Dow Filmtec Membranes) was used. Two types of fortified water with carbamates were performed: distilled water and pond water. Nanofiltration tests with distilled water were performed in a closed system, in order to maintain a constant concentration of carbamates in the feed water. In this case, the efficiency of carbamates removal was greater or equal than 89, 100 and 74% for carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl, respectively. When using pond water, the removal of carbamates was higher or equal: 98, 100 and 90% for carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl, respectively. The results indicate that by nanofiltration, it is possible to obtain drinking water from the contaminated water with carbamates, according to international guidelines.

Vinasse, main residue of the sugarcane industry, has high pollutant content, being subjected to the use in biogas production due to the high content of organic matter non-toxic to microbial action. For a consolidated process, it is necessary to study parameters that influence the process, in which the amount of inoculum is one of the major factors in the biological process of biogas production. This study investigated the influence of the amount of manure as inoculum (0.5 to 5.5%) during the biodigestion process, evaluating variables such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, biogas production, methane concentration, total solids and total phosphorus and nitrogen contents, as well as microbiological analysis in the sludge remaining in the digester. Biodigestion occurred normally, with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 days, with an acidogenic phase, subsequent stabilization of pH and biogas production. The vinasse had COD and total solids reduced during biodigestion by around 67 and 40%, respectively. Biogas production was increased after the fifth day. Among the three studied conditions, there was no significant increase in efficiency of inoculum use and it can be used the lowest amount, 0.5 % (m v-1).

Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All., known popularly as jacaranda-da-bahia, it is a plentiful species known for the exploration of its wood. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis (CCA/UFPB), in Areia, Paraiba State, with the objective of determining appropriate methodology for testing germination and vigor of D. nigra seeds. The experiment was carried out in an entirely randomized design in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme, with 2 temperatures (25 and 20-30oC) and 7 substrates (between sand, between vermiculite, Bioplant ® , Plantmax ® , between and on paper blotting paper, and towel paper), with four replications with 25 seeds each. The evaluated characteristics were: germination (%), first germination count (%), germination speed index (GSI), length and dry mass of seedlings. The best combinations for conducting germination and vigor tests with seeds of D. nigra were: temperature of 25°C and the substrate between vermiculite, on paper blotting paper and paper towel (roll); temperature of 20-30°C the substrate Bioplant ® and Plantmax ® .

Este artigo traz uma proposta de leitura interdisciplinar a partir da exploração da paródia como roteiro de leitura do texto infantojuvenil. Por sua dualidade, a paródia tanto dialoga com o passado cultural, quanto faz um autoquestionamento da forma como é narrada. Como exemplo, analisa-se a forma paródica como a mulher questiona o espaço patriarcal no conto A moça tecelã, de Marina Colasanti. Metodologicamente, propõe-se a formação crítica do leitor a partir de uma leitura híbrida dos elementos culturais, considerando os conceitos de paródia e ironia propostos por Umberto Eco e Linda Hutcheon. This paper presents a proposal for interdisciplinary reading from the exploitation of parody as a guide to read the children and teenager text. Due to its duality, the parody both dialogues with the cultural past, as it does a self-questioning about the way how it is narrated. As example, it is analyzed the parodical form as the woman questions the patriarchal space in the short-story A moça tecelã, by Marina Colasanti. Methodologically, it is proposed the critical formation of the reader from a hybrid reading of cultural elements considering the concepts of parody and irony proposed by Umberto Eco and Linda Hutcheon.

The study of composting technique becomes relevant to management of organic waste generated in an undertaking agricultural research. Therefore, this paper aimed to evaluate the efficiency of stabilization of organic matter in two composting systems: controlled (plowings and irrigations fortnightly) and natural. It has been tested two piles (controlled and natural) during 120 days in four treatments: soy straw (T1), wheat straw (T2), tree pruning (T3), mixture of soy and wheat straw and tree pruning (T4) with organic residues from the recycling program + soybeans. There was monitoring of temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C, N, C/N ratio and reduction of mass and volume. In the controlled treatments, the thermophilic phase was lower, the moisture was in the ideal ratio for the process (with lower values in the natural treatments), and there was a decrease of 3-4 times of the values of EC and the higher reductions of mass and volume. In all treatments, the values of pH were neutral and the C/N ratio declined 37-50%, assuming final values of matured composts. It has been concluded that regardless of mixtures of waste, the controlled treatments, in the period of 120 days, were more efficient in stabilize the organic material.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of an integrated membrane process for purification of polyphenol and genipin components from genipap fruit extract. Optimal conditions for aqueous extraction of polyphenols from genipap fruit pulp were at 71°C for 49 min using a fruit pulp:water ratio of 1:3 (w w -1 ). Microfiltration with membranes of different pore sizes (0.22, 0.3 and 0.8 µm) resulted in a clarified permeate with similar physical-chemical properties, but the permeate flux through the 0.8 µm membrane was higher than through the other membranes. The sequential ultrafiltration process reduced even more total and soluble solids of the microfiltered extract. Purities of polyphenols and genipin were, respectively, 2.5 and 1.2 times greater in the permeate than in the feed stream. Application of ultrasound during the ultrafiltration increased the steady state permeate flux and the purities of polyphenols and genipin in the permeate stream. Results suggest application of microfiltration as a clarification step followed by the ultrasound assisted ultrafiltration to produce a purified genipap extract with high contents of polyphenols and genipin.

Curaua (Ananas erictifolius) fiber was investigated as sorbent of diesel and biodiesel oils, and compared with peat, which is used commercially. The sorption tests were carried out for the unclassified fiber and within the granulometry ranges ≤ 180; 180-425; 425-850 and 850-3350 μm, in the times 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 1440 min. The sorbents were also submitted to a physycal-chemical and energetic characterization. The unclassified curaua fiber presented a medium sorption capacity of the diesel oil of 1.12 g oil g fiber -1 , similar to the one found for peat, which was 1.25 g oil g peat -1 , whereas the biodiesel sorption was 1.16 g oil g fiber -1 , higher than the peat sorption, 0.85 g oil g peat -1 . The peat showed the highest mean sorption value of both oils in the 180-425 μm granulometry, decreasing with its increase. With the granolumetry increase, the curaua fiber experienced an increase in the biodiesel sorption, but remained constant regarding the diesel sorption. The calorific power of the sorbents after sorption was higher, due to the sorbed oil