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In this article we intend to present some considerations (more than explanations) about the field of meanings of the words homeland and patriotism in Portugal in the aftermath of the Liberal Revolution of 1820. To this end, we will use as a reference a periodical called Patriota Portuense, published between January and December 1821 in Porto. The article is divided into two fundamental parts. Firstly, we will try to understand how the concepts of homeland and patriotism gained popularity in the educated and politicized circles of Enlightened Europe, especially in Spain, France and England. We chose these countries because of their preponderance in the experience of the first Portuguese liberalism and in the interpretations of the concepts under analysis, in the case of the last two even because of the experience and learning that exile will provide. In the second, we will focus on the revolutionary meaning that, with the military pronouncement of 1820, in Portugal, these terms definitively began to be enunciated through the Patriota Portuense. As we consider newspapers to be key analytical instruments for conceptual history, we will try to see, in an unstable political context, what meanings were attributed by this periodical to words and how it tried to act on reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the concepts of modernity of the public space, of liberal exile and Hispanic American experience, the present article intends to examine Cipriano Barata's and Frei Caneca's transcripts in Correio do Rio de Janeiro, in 1823, while its editor João Soares Lisboa was in prison for being accused of "colluding with Republicans". These editions discussed civic virtues, the Emperor's morality, and the idealization of what Soares Lisboa called a "Monarchical-Democratic" government and disseminated, in the Court, the ruling center of the Empire, a project for Brazil that fought the Upper House and defended provincial autonomy in a federal arrangement, with broad citizen participation in government, formation of militias and restriction of the monarch's powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initially understood as a literary category, Romanticism also became a political category, influencing the men who would make Brazil in the 19th century. Occasional poets devoted a good part of their writing to building a new sensibility for a new nation that was wanted in the tropics. To analyze this situation, we used the evidentiary method, searching in those bad poems and poets, which were registered in the periodicals from 1808 to 1850, desires for a new homeland and bearers of a thought and an attitude that we can consider pre-romantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critique of liberalism and its impact on all facets of life is a topic that structures Michel Houellebecq's novels. His last two novels, Submission and Serotonin, point out the dislocation of society into many parts that no longer communicate because they hold different values and occasionally end up clashing. Writing a work of fiction, like the Naturalist novelists, is a way to conduct political and social experiments to produce an analysis of the contemporary world. This analysis is created by a singular voice that imposes its temperament, its obsessions, and its convictions on this representation of reality. This paper will try to expose the character of this voice and the tensions it describes in French society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of implanting liberalism in Portugal represents, in a way, an attempt to consolidate multiple realities, regional and local, in something more homogeneous. From a polyhedral reality, marked, to a greater or lesser degree, by local autonomies and by regional particularisms, the liberal State tries to move towards a political and administrative organization that intends to be rational and monolithic, derived from a political center that defines lines, rights and common duties. Municipalities and regions would integrate into an abstract national whole, like pieces of a puzzle, and individuals, previously organized in multiple ways (in orders, corporations, family networks), would become citizens, in theory equal before the law. But this idea of homogenization is, to a large extent, apparent: the local resistance to the center, evident in the Portuguese example at various times in the first half of the 19th century, and the various proposals for alternative political models, based on the virtuous examples of the local autonomies of the ancient world and medievality, which never really leave the field of political debate, show precisely that the attempt at rational uniformity carried out by the liberals is not as linear as it might at first appear. How are the new spatial and administrative realities related to the experience of res publica by citizens? What is the relevance of the local and regional dimension in this process? And how do these reflections intersect with the question of citizenship itself and how it was conceived in the concrete context of the first half of the Portuguese 19th century? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the serious conflict that opposed the Catholic Church to the liberal State in the 1820s and 1830s, in Portugal, the Church was deprived of its economic base and subject to the state control in the appointment of bishops and parish priests. But unlike other European countries, this cleavage did not, as has been tried, give rise to a relevant “catholic” party. To this end, the State (with the consent of the main parties) avoided any break in the country's Catholic identity, keeping the Catholic religion as an official religion and integrating the hierarchy and other clergy into political functions. At the end of the regime, republicanism grew inspired by a secular anti-clericalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the bicentenary of the Liberal Revolution of 1820, the Revista da FLUP – História in its v.10, nº 2 (2020) publishes a dossier related with this event, that has the objective to allow a reflection on the Portuguese Liberalism, accordingly to the new historiographical tendencies. This theme was object of great interest by Portuguese historians and writers, as well as foreigners, in the 19th and 20th centuries. In fact, the military rebellion of the 24th August 1820 was of vital importance, in the History of Portugal, as it made possible the realization of first elections, by direct suffrage that ever took place in the country and the writing of the first Liberal Constitution in 1822. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]