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El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el desarrollo de un material y una herramienta que permiten la fabricación de muebles a partir de desechos de papel de oficinas y escuelas. En el método se empleó la metodología TRIZ (Teoría para resolver problemas de inventiva), se establecieron criterios para evaluar el material a desarrollar, y se experimentó con diferentes configuraciones hasta crear un material adecuado para la fabricación de muebles, además, se construyó una herramienta para agilizar el proceso de fabricación. Los muebles fabricados se constituyen únicamente por papel, adhesivo biodegradable, y desechos textiles o pintura base agua para su acabado, y su proceso de fabricación es de fácil transferencia y muy bajo costo. A un año de haber fabricado el primer mueble, éste permanece en óptimas condiciones, a pesar de haber sido sometido a condiciones para las cuales no fue diseñado.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 16-22)., In this paper, we aim to show how important patent research is for technological and scientific development. We expose some of the main characteristics of patents, as well as the advantages that these documents have over the most commonly used sources of information in research, such as scientific and professional papers. We also cover the International Patent Classification, which should be known if one hopes to extract any valuable information from patents. Finally, we put everything into practice with a case of study regarding microgrids in power systems, with high penetration of renewable energy sources. With this study case, we invite the reader to include patent consulting into his or her literature research habits., En este artículo se busca exponer la importancia de la consulta de patentes en el marco del desarrollo científico y tecnológico. Se muestran las características principales de las patentes, así como las ventajas que estos documentos pueden ofrecer sobre las fuentes de información más usadas en la investigación tradicional, como artículos científicos y profesionales. También se expone la Clasificación Internacional de Patentes, que conviene conocer si se quiere extraer información de las patentes exitosamente. Para finalizar, se muestra un ejemplo de la consulta de patentes alrededor del caso de estudio de las microrredes en los sistemas de potencia, con alta penetración de energía renovable. Con este caso estudio se busca invitar al lector a incluir la consulta de patentes entre sus hábitos de búsqueda bibliográfica., Bibliografía: páginas 21-22.

Mobile robotics is being used in different education contexts, such as basic, middle, and high-level education. A literature review showed that 197 papers have been published in this area of knowledge over the past 10 years. Nowadays, Latin America faces a serious problem due to the low student enrollment in engineering programs, where, depending on the country, the ratio of graduate engineers can be 1 per 4500 to 1 per 10 000 people. In Colombia, the SPADIES program of the Ministry of Education affirms that the lack of motivation and interaction with real artifacts relating theory and practice is an important aspect for dropout. In this paper, a platform composed by a set of programmable mobile robots, and a WEB-responsive software tool for programming at different levels of knowledge was implemented. The set of mobile robots included sensors such as proximity, trajectory, light, inertial, and vision; also, communication and user interaction tools, such as Bluetooth and colored LEDs-ring, and a mechanical support for an erasable marker were included. The WEB-responsive tool supports graphical programming for novice; Python programming, for middle; and ANSI-C, for advanced learners. This platform consolidates a hands-on tool to introduce students to STEM concepts. Results are reported in the context of platform functionality, using all three programming environments, and beta tests with real users.

This theme review describes aspects related to bilingualism and its incidence in higher education. Specifically, the author shows a brief overview of what bilingualism means; what the National Bilingual Program started in 2004 and its evolution into Colombia, very well for 2015 entail in terms of their impact on both teaching and learning; and the importance for the Ministry to modify certain aspects regarding bilingualism in education in our country.The paper also includes some studies and theories which support the author’s statements as well as the introduction of some current events at a private university in Sogamoso, Colombia, which are directly related to the matter of bilingualism. Finally, the author presents some conclusions from the present paper.

This paper presents a characterization of the wireless transmission of biomechanical signals in an embedded system, where a TCP protocol is used in an IEEE 802.11 communications network (Wi-Fi). The embedded system under study, called Imocap, allows the collection, analysis and transmission of biomechanical signals in real-time for various applications, among which the analysis of the movement of the lower and upper extremities and the operation of various control systems stand out. To accomplish this, Imocap is equipped with a Wi-Fi transceiver module (ESP8266) and various input and output peripherals. The wireless communication performance of Imocap, exposed in this paper, was analyzed through different tests in miscellaneous conditions like indoors, outdoors and in the presence of interference, noise and other wireless networks. The different test protocols conducted result in the Imocap system: 1) has a maximum effective range of 45.6 m when in Access Point mode; 2) has a maximum effective range of 44.3 m when in Station mode. In indoors and under the same conditions, the Imocap system: 3) has a maximum effective range of 81.25 m2, either Access Point or Station mode. The results showed that the transmission of biomechanical information through Wi-Fi using the TCP protocol is efficient and robust, both indoors and outdoors, even in environments of radio frequency interference. The use of this protocol is emphasized since its use allows the transmission of packages to be carried out in a controlled manner, allowing the error handling and recovery. In this way, it is possible to carry out efficient and robust wireless communication through embedded and portable devices, focusing mainly on areas such as medicine, telemedicine and telerehabilitation.

The this paper contains the results obtained during the interpretation of soil resistiivity data, to the work performed corresponding in the city of Monterrey, Casanare, Colombia The main objeetive of this research was given to find the optimal point where the grounding of a substation which consists of an electronic system or plant generator or transmitter of radio frequency would by located. The main objective of this reseacrh was given to find the optimal point where the grounding of a substation, which consists of an electronic system or plant generator or transmitter of radio frequency would by located. The paper presents a description of geophysical method of telluric currents, the methodology and the results obtained from 21 points of measurements, in a regular network. It is the resistivity map and map of isolines of the area allowing you to differentiate between different areas.

Resumen El artículo socializa los resultados parciales que surgen del análisis y la revisión de los catálogos de las editoriales independientes bogotanas (Colombia) y cordobesas (Argentina), que realizan publicaciones orientadas a un público infantil y juvenil. Esto se acompaña, a modo de contexto, de una problematización que ha traído consigo la influencia de políticas públicas en temas sobre promoción de lectura coincidente con el florecimiento de editoriales independientes en toda la región en el subsector editorial infantil y juvenil. Metodológicamente, con una estrategia comparativa, se cotejaron los catálogos y las implicaciones de estos dispositivos en una ventana de observación de cinco años. Se revisaron variables como la unidad interna del sistema, la congruencia conversacional de los textos, la pertinencia al contexto, los géneros recurrentes, su apuesta frente al mercado, la estética y poética, y el diseño editorial. Esto se complementó con entrevistas semiestructuradas con los editores, que permitieron discutir lo observado. Abstract This paper discusses the partial results that arise from the analysis and revision of the catalogues of the independent publishing houses of Bogotá (Colombia) and Córdoba (Argentina) which publications are aimed at children and young people. This is accompanied, as a context by a problematization that has brought with the influence of public policies on issues in reading promotion synchronized with the flourishing of independent publishers throughout the region in the children's and youth publishing subsector. Methodologically, with a comparative strategy, the catalogues and the implications of these devices were compared in a five-year observation window. We reviewed variables such as the internal unity of the system, the conversational congruence of texts, the relevance to the context, the recurrent genres, their commitment to the market, aesthetics and poetics, and editorial design. This was complemented with semi-structured interviews with the editors, which allowed for a discussion of what was observed.

Resumen En este trabajo se proponen dos metodologías para minimizar los posibles errores en las piezas terminadas por fallas en la herramienta de taladrado, la primera se realiza antes de iniciar el mecanizado, donde se verifican las posiciones iniciales de la herramienta con respecto a la pieza, el ángulo de corte, diámetro y longitud de la misma. La segunda es durante el mecanizado, donde por medio de una interacción continua con el software Mach3®, se verifica el ángulo de corte y la longitud de la broca, todo esto para realizar una retroalimentación con el usuario y determinar el estado actual de la herramienta. En este desarrollo se utilizaron técnicas de visión de máquina de bajo costo computacional, para disminuir tiempos en el procesamiento, y obtener una representación de la escena lo más real posible. Por último, se evalúan las metodologías propuestas en un caso de estudio específico donde se prueba su eficiencia. Abstract In this paper two methodologies are proposed to minimize the possible errors in the finished parts due to fault in the drilling tool, the first is done before starting the machining, where the initial positions of the tool are verified with respect to the piece, the cutting angle, diameter and length of it. The second is during the machining, through a continuous interaction with the Mach3® software, the cutting angle and the length of the drill are verified, all this to perform a feedback with the user and determine the current state of the tool. In this development, computer vision techniques of low computational cost were used to reduce processing times and obtain a representation of the scene as real as possible. Finally, the proposed methodologies are evaluated in a specific case study where their efficiency is proven.

Resumen Con la apertura de nuevos mercados basados en el conocimiento, cobra importancia el desarrollo de marcas que vayan a tono con el estilo de vida de cada consumidor, un reto para las pymes que siempre han subestimado su capacidad de construir su propia identidad corporativa. El objetivo de este documento es analizar cómo a través del reposicionamiento de la marca, se puede lograr la competitividad de las empresas sin importar el tamaño del negocio, solamente considerando la indagación constante del mercado. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo donde se definieron tres categorías de análisis: reposicionamiento como estrategia, la construcción de la marca y la competitividad en las pymes. Estas categorías se identificaron en 54 documentos, correspondientes a artículos científicos, libros y proyectos de grado recuperados de bases de datos académicas. Se concluye que reposicionar una marca amerita el diseño e implementación de sistemas de planeación, comunicación y monitoreo, en donde todas las áreas de la organización participan, con miras a enfocar sus actividades económicas y/o sociales en función de uno o varios mercados. Abstract The opening of new markets based on knowledge takes importance in the development of brands that are related to the lifestyle of the consumer. It is a challenge for the Pymes that have always underestimated their capacity to construct their own corporate identity. The aim of this paper is to analyze how through the repositioning of the brand, the enterprise competitiveness can be achieved no matter the size of the business, considering the constant investigation of the market. A descriptive study was developed in which three categories of analysis were defined: repositioning as a strategy, the construction of the brand and the competitiveness of Pymes. These categories were identified in 54 documents that correspond to scientific articles, books and thesis from academic databases. It is concluded that repositioning a brand demands the design and implementation of planning, communication and monitoring systems, in which all the areas of the organization participate in order to focus their economic and social activities in function of one or more markets.

This paper presents the results of a case study carried out in a warehouse, and, in particular, the technical data obtained from field visits and a proposal for energy saving. The proposal entails incorporating a cogeneration system based on a motor generator (400 kWe ISO) to produce electrical energy, and an absorption cooling system (75 TR) that uses residual heat to generate air-conditioning. The absorption chiller consumed 54% less energy than the conventional air-conditioning system. Moreover, the produced energy can supply the plant’s total consumption, in addition to offering an excess of 57,312 kWh per month, which was reflected in the analysis of energy for sale to users with a high domestic consumption rate (DAC, for its Spanish acronym). The proposal’s total investment is USD 1,091,258, with a net monthly savings of USD 30,901, and an investment payback period of 2.9 years, which indicates the viability of this project according to its energy characteristics, notwithstanding that it is for a service provider company.

Copulas have become a useful tool for modeling data when the dependence among random variables exists and the multivariate normality assumption is not fulfilled. The copulas have been applied in several fields. In finance, copulas are used in asset modeling and risk management. In biomedical studies, copulas are used to model correlated lifetimes and competitive risks [1]. In engineering, copulas are used in multivariate process control and hydrological modeling [2]. The interest in modeling multivariate problems involving dependent variables is generalized in several areas, making this methodology in a convenient way to model the dependence structure of random variables. However, in practice there is not a standard method for selecting a copula among several possible models, so that the choice of an appropriate copula is one of the greatest challenges facing the researcher. In this paper some graphical methods for detecting dependencies among random variables are discussed.

Páginas 15-51., There are minerals that boost economic growth and which are essential for the development of sustainable technologies. These critical raw materials (CRMs) were determined by models created for complex economies. This paper aims to examine the mineral policies regarding CRMs of the main Latin-American economies, and the role of their respective National Innovation Systems (NIS) in the pursuit of greater economic complexity. This is achieved through a comparative assessment method applied to the mineral policies of the principal nations of the region —Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia and Chile. In this way, we found that due to the simplicity of these economies, as well as mineral policies that disregard their respective NIS, the increase of the economic complexity of the states in question is compromised. This is characterized by the exiguous value added through the interaction of knowledge and capabilities regarding their mineral resources and industry, Existen minerales dinamizadores de crecimiento económico, fundamentales para el desarrollo de tecnologías sostenibles. Estas materias primas críticas (MPC) son determinadas por modelos creados para economías complejas. El objetivo de este artículo es examinar las políticas minerales de materias primas críticas en las principales economías de América Latina, y el papel de sus respectivos sistemas nacionales de innovación (SNI), en búsqueda de mayor complejidad económica, mediante un método de evaluación comparativo aplicado a la política mineral de las principales naciones de esta zona —Brasil, México, Argentina, Colombia y Chile—. Descubrimos que debido a la simplicidad de estas economías y de políticas minerales que desestiman sus respectivos sistemas nacionales de innovación, se compromete el aumento de la complejidad económica de los Estados en cuestión, la cual se caracteriza por la precaria adición de valor mediante la interacción de conocimiento y capacidades en relación con sus recursos minerales e industria., Existem minérios que impulsam o crescimento econômico e são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias sustentáveis, estas Matérias Primas Criticas (MPC) são determinadas mediante modelos criados pelas economias complexas. Portanto, o artigo tem por objetivo examinar as políticas minerais de MPC nas economias Latino Americanas de destaque, e o papel do respetivo Sistema Nacional de Inovação (SNI) na procura de uma maior complexidade econômica. Isto, por meio de um método de avaliação comparativa de política mineral, aplicado nos principais países da América Latina -Brasil, México, Argentina, Colômbia e Chile-. Desta maneira a gente descobriu que devido à simplicidade destas economias, e de políticas minerais que desestimam seus SNI, há um comprometimento do aumento da complexidade econômica dos países estudados. A qual é caraterizada pela precária adição de valor através da interação do conhecimento e capacidades, em torno dos recursos minerais e a indústria., Bibliografía: páginas 44-51., Artículo de investigación revisado por pares académicos., Artículos clasificados en Journal of economic Literatura JEL: Q32; O30; N56; L72; Q55.

This paper presents the design of a passive optical network that approach the totally wide band of a light font in order to generate differents carrier signals that can be approach for a considerable cuantity of ussers much better and more like than the actually passive optical networks and realize a variety of network when the principle is a unique light font with download and upload carriers throught the same network instead a unique light font to unique user. Inside the design, the spectral partitionign is approach in the way that divides the light Font with a sepparation of 0,11nm between the carriers, consider the wide band LED has 100nm of bandwith, in order to obtain a high number of carriers in the third window. Approaching this fenomenum, the costs in the implementations could be reduced in the PON systems.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 39-49)., The cold chain is the succession of links such as pre-cooling, refrigeration, freezing, and refrigerated transport. The physical variables of the heat transfer process are temperature control, relative humidity, dew point, and cooling surface. This paper aims at highlighting the use of thermodynamic tools such as exergy, anergy and entropy to measure rational efficiency in the different equipment and flows of a thermal process, through a transversal methodology that quantifies efficiencies in a relative, absolute, and comparative way. This study focused on the production structure of the agro-industrial cold chain by steam compression (refrigerant R404A), for the meat processing in channel, in the “Rastro Frigorífico Servicios Integrales del Bajío-TIF 333” in the city of Leon-Guanajuato, central region of Mexico. The results from the literature allowed to classify the critical points of greater exergy destruction, and the unproductive teams responsible for inefficiencies and residues production, which impact the hidden cost structure of the process, and affect negatively the process sustainability. This work integrates the thermoeconomic and productivity concepts that direct the nonlinear learning of thermodynamic science, relevant in the formation of an engineer., A corrente de frio é uma sucessão de elos, como pré-resfriamento, refrigeração, congelação e transporte refrigerado. As variáveis físicas do processo de transferência de calor são: temperatura, humidade relativa, ponto de condensação e superfície de refrigeração. O propósito do artigo é visibilizar o uso de ferramentas termodinâmicas, como exergia, anergia e entropia, para medir a eficiência racional nos diferentes equipamentos e fluxos de um processo térmico, mediante uma metodologia transversal para quantificar as eficiências em forma relativa, comparada e absoluta. Partiu-se de uma estrutura produtiva de corrente de frio agroindustrial por compressão de vapor (com refrigerante R404A), para o processamento de carne em carcaça, no “Rastro Frigorífico Servicios Integrales del Bajío-TIF 333”, na cidade de León-Guanajuato, centro do México. Os resultados obtidos e contrastados permitem classificar os pontos críticos de maior destruição de exergia e os equipamentos improdutivos responsáveis de ineficiências e produção de resíduos, com incidência na estrutura de custos ocultos do processo e impacto negativo sobre a sustentabilidade do processo. Este trabalho integra conceitos como termoeconomia e produtividade, que direcionam a aprendizagem não lineal da ciência termodinâmica, relevante na formação do engenheiro., La cadena de frío es una sucesión de eslabones, como preenfriamiento, refrigeración, congelación y transporte refrigerado. Las variables físicas del proceso de transferencia de calor son: temperatura, humedad relativa, punto de rocío y superficie de refrigeración. El propósito del artículo es visibilizar el uso de herramientas termodinámicas, como exergía, anergía y entropía, para medir la eficiencia racional en los diferentes equipos y flujos de un proceso térmico, mediante una metodología transversal para cuantificar las eficiencias en forma relativa, comparada y absoluta. Se partió de una estructura productiva de cadena de frío agroindustrial por compresión de vapor (con refrigerante R404A), para el procesamiento de carne en canal, en el “Rastro Frigorífico Servicios Integrales del Bajío-TIF 333”, en la ciudad de León-Guanajuato, centro de México. Los resultados obtenidos y contrastados permiten clasificar los puntos críticos de mayor destrucción de exergía y los equipos improductivos responsables de ineficiencias y producción de residuos, con incidencia en la estructura de costos ocultos del proceso e impacto negativo sobre la sostenibilidad del proceso. Este trabajo integra conceptos como termoeconomía y productividad, que direccionan el aprendizaje no lineal de la ciencia termodinámica, relevante en la formación del ingeniero., Bibliografía: página 49.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 319-345)., A través de este texto se pretende dar a conocer cómo las rutas de circulación de sal en la Provincia de Tunja contribuyeron a configurar un gran espacio económico, que integró a las provincias de Santa Fe, Pamplona y Tunja en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, durante el siglo XVI. Se partió de una reflexión historiográfica relacionada con la circulación y el comercio de la sal, los medios de transporte y las rutas usadas por los indígenas y los españoles; a partir de las cuales se consolidó un espacio económico mediado por la producción y distribución de la sal, que convirtió a la provincia de Tunja en un eje articulador de relaciones entre los sitios productores de sal en la provincia de Santa Fe y los consumidores de las provincias de Tunja y Pamplona. Esta articulación regional facilitó tanto la circulación de productos de distintos pisos térmicos, como la integración de un amplio territorio colonial. Esto debido a que la localización de Tunja como lugar de paso y conexión entre las Provincias de Santafé, Pamplona y los Llanos de San Juan, hizo de esta ciudad y sus términos un atractivo para el asentamiento hispano, a la vez que generó, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, la posibilidad para que se organizaran en toda la Provincia de Tunja, sitios de aposento, venta y reventa de productos importados de España y productos de la tierra, para el sustento y abastecimiento de las necesidades básicas, y de esta forma sacar provecho de las producciones locales como la sal, el hayo, el algodón, las mantas y otros productos., This paper examines the way in which trade routes for circulation of salt in the Province of Tunja contributed to the coniguration of an extensive economic territory, integrating the provinces of Santa Fé, Pamplona and Tunja in the New Kingdom of Granada during the XVI century. The research initiates from a historiographic relection related to the circulation and commerce of salt, its transport media and trade routes used by the natives and spaniards. These routes consolidated an economic space mediated by the production and distribution of salt, which transformed the Province of Tunja into an axis that articulated relations between salt production locations in the province of Santa Fe and its consumers in the provinces of Tunja and Pamplona. This regional articulation enabled the circulation of products from different thermal loors, as well as the integration of an ample colonial territory. The location of Tunja as a crossroads between the Provinces of Santafe, Pamplona and the San Juan Plains, made this city and its surroundings into an attraction for Spanish settlement. Likewise, during the second half of the XVI century, this condition triggered the organization, throughout the province of Tunja, of different places of lodging, sale and resale of products of the earth as well asimports from Spain, for the sustenance and supply of basic needs. These places enabled the circulation and exchange of local products such as salt, hayo, cotton, blankets and others., Ce texte cherche à faire connaître la façon dont les routes de circulation du sel dans la province de Tunja ont contribué à conigurer un grand espace économique intégrant les provinces de Santa Fe, Pamplona et Tunja dans le Nouveau Royaume de Grenade du XVIe siècle. Notre point de départ est une rélexion historiographique à propos de la circulation et le commerce du sel, des moyens de transport et des routes qu’empruntaient pour ce faire Indiens et Espagnols. Ces routes ont consolidé un espace économique structurée autour de la production et la distribution du sel, ce qui a fait de la province de Tunja un axe articulateur des localités produisant le minéral dans la province de Santa Fe et des provinces consommatrices de Tunja et Pamplona. Cette articulation régionale a facilité aussi bien la circulation de produits provenant de différentes altitudes que l’intégration d’un large territoire colonial. La cité de Tunja et ses environs, placés stratégiquement entre les provinces de Santa Fe, Pamplona et les llanos de San Juan, ont attiré nombre d’habitants hispaniques et stimulé tout au long de la province, dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle, la création d’auberges, et la vente et revente de produits locaux ou importés pour subvenir aux besoins essentiels, ce qui permettait de tirer proit des productions de la région telles que le sel, le coton, la feuille de coca, les tissus, etc., Bibliografía: 343-345., Artículo de investigación revisado por pares académicos.

Integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Lean Construction (LC) can improve the reinforced concrete bridging planning process, due to the possibility of managing the project information with BIM to obtain accurate input data that benefit the application of LC principles. The application of BIM to bridges is called Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM). In this paper, we study the feasibility of jointly apply BrIM technology and LC philosophy, instead of the individual use of BrIM models for planning reinforced concrete bridges. We used an investigative approach based on a case study, divided into two stages: in the first, we planned the case study with BrIM 3D models; and in the second, with BrIM 5D models and LC. The integration of BrIM and LC improve the results of the project planning stage by early detecting problems and constraints; this detection has the visualization and information management advantages provided by BIM, which along with the application of LC principles improve project planning, and encourage waste reduction.

Sometimes a list of models can be compared using a set of indicators, ordered by the user’s criterion, given that it is known whether the growth of the indicators value affect the user’s interests. This paper proposes a computational algorithm that compares models, assigning them a numerical value that corresponds to the priority given to each model indicator by the user. The proposed algorithm allows to rank the models as other known algorithms do, such as the vector space model; however, it takes into account user comparison priorities. When working with lineal functions, the margin of error in the algorithm calculations is null. The algorithm is validated by the software Ambiens v1.0, whose purpose is to manage the waste control information, showing relevant results in the comparison of models. The algorithm essence is the need to identify the best model of the group, according to the user’s criterion per indicator.

This paper evaluates the most relevant scenarios in which establishing QoS parameters on RF/Li-Fi hybrid networks is necessary. The objective is to determine the improvement possibilities provided by this technology and realistically value its development potential, specifically for services in real time. We reviewed the alternatives in Internet of Things (IoT), applications, load balancing, scenarios of 5th generation, wireless sensors, and security, in addition to simulations and architectures of technology interoperability.

Very Small Entities (VSE) dedicated to software development lack of enough resources to adopt causal analysis practices, defined in models as CMMI, due to their complexity and costs. It is important to detect the generated defects in the development process, and to make a systematic analysis aimed at determining its causes. However, identifying those root causes is an arduous task, and failing to do so leads to wrong decisions that either fail to solve the problem or even make it worse. On this basis, this paper proposes a causal analysis procedure focused on small organizations PAC-DS (according to its initials in Spanish), which includes activities aimed at identifying the defects causes. After its evaluation in a preliminary case study, the utility of the procedure was evidenced.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 23-35). El principal objetivo de esta investigación es conocer las diferentes tecnologías implementadas para la detección de minas antipersonales. Por diferentes medios bibliográficos se estudiaron las últimas actualizaciones empleadas para la detección de objetos enterrados, los factores que afectan la pérdida de energía de las ondas como transmisoras de información entre estos, las características del suelo, la amplitud de la señal emitida, la frecuencia y las condiciones del terreno. En este artículo se informa sobre los medios computacionales, de su trabajo con los diferentes algoritmos para modelar una información acertada de lo que está sucediendo con el fenómeno de detección. Asimismo, se dan a conocer a la comunidad científica los parámetros de susceptibilidad magnética, el porcentaje de agua y porosidad del entorno donde reaccionan las ondas emitidas, la dificultad de la estabilidad de la señal que se ha de capturar para detectar las minas antipersonales, en un contorno geográfico. En la actualidad se están utilizando tubos de PVC, latas y jeringas para su fabricación, y dispositivos de manipulación manual para su activación. Las ondas van a tener un comportamiento diferente ante estos materiales. The main objective of this investigation is to know the different technologies implemented for the detection of antipersonnel mines, documented by different bibliographic means of the latest updates used for the detection of buried objects, the factors that affect the loss of energy of the waves as transmitters of information between them, the characteristics of the soil, the amplitude of the emitted signal, the frequency and the conditions of the terrain. This paper informs about the computational means, of their work with the different algorithms to model correct information of what is happening with the phenomenon of detection. Thus, through this research, the scientific community is informed on the parameters of magnetic susceptibility, the percentage of water and porosity of the environment where the emitted waves react, the difficulty of the stability of the signal to be captured to detect antipersonnel mines, in a geographical context. Currently, PVC tubes, cans, syringes and hand-held devices are being used for their production, and the waves will behave differently against these materials. Bibliografía y webgrafía: páginas 32-35.

This paper presents the results of audible noise measurements on ten no-load distribution transformers, using the sound pressure method. The tests were conducted in the Audible Noise Laboratory of Universidad del Valle, according to the requirements described in the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 5979. The tests allowed to verify the conformity of the product in respect with the audible noise limits established in the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 5978. In addition, it was possible to identify the effect on noise emissions of two transformers after variating the voltage in the power source. Results show that the noise level emitted by the transformers under test was considerably lower than the limits established in the standard, and was significantly affected by the voltage of the source supply. Resumen El artículo presenta los resultados de las mediciones de ruido audible a diez transformadores de distribución sin carga, usando el método de presión sonora. Las pruebas se realizaron en el Laboratorio de Ruido Audible de la Universidad del Valle, según los requerimientos descritos en la Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 5979, y permitieron verificar la conformidad del producto con los límites de ruido establecidos en la Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 5978. Además, se logró identificar, en dos transformadores, el efecto en las emisiones de ruido al realizar variaciones de voltaje en la fuente de alimentación. Se encontró que el nivel de ruido emitido por los transformadores bajo prueba es considerablemente inferior a los límites establecidos en la norma y que se ve significativamente afectado por el voltaje de la fuente de alimentación. Resumo O artigo apresenta os resultados das medições de ruído audível a dez transformadores de distribuição sem carga, usando o método de pressão sonora. As provas realizaram-se no Laboratório de Ruído Audível da Universidad del Valle, segundo os requerimentos descritos na Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 5979, as quais permitiram verificar a conformidade do produto com os limites de ruído estabelecidos na Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 5978. Além disso, logrou-se identificar, em dois transformadores, o efeito nas emissões de ruído ao realizar variações de voltagem na fonte de alimentação. Encontrou-se que o nível de ruído emitido pelos transformadores em teste é consideravelmente inferior aos limites estabelecidos na norma e que se vê significativamente afetado pela voltagem da fonte de alimentação.

Different Computer Engineering undergraduate programs over the world are demanding the students to present individual works and, particularly, to present a degree project, which in most cases is related to software development. However, when planning the projects, students find themselves with the problem of choosing a method to develop the software, since existent methods involve team work, but the degree project is supposed to be done individually, in order to evaluate the student’s acquired knowledge. This difficulty leads to projects that fail either to achieve the proposed objectives or to finish on the expected time, among other difficulties. This paper presents a methodological proposal for the development of individual software projects, mainly in academia, named "DeSoftIn", which will contribute to accomplish the project objectives, and will allow the students to approach development methodologies since the beginning of their studies.

Resumen El objetivo del documento es identificar las fuentes de conocimiento a las que acuden micro y pequeños empresarios del sector turismo y si éstas son utilizadas como base para generar innovación. Se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas a los gerentes de seis hoteles y nueve agencias de viajes en las ciudades de Bogotá y Pereira. Los resultados evidencian que los empresarios acuden a fuentes de conocimiento propio, familiar y del mercado, dejando de lado el conocimiento especializado proveniente de procesos de investigación y/o de entidades de orden regional y nacional. También se aprecia que las imágenes que se han construido sobre la innovación están relacionadas con dimensiones como: prácticas diferenciadoras, novedad o mejora, implementación de herramientas tecnológicas y validación de la innovación por el mercado. Se concluye que el uso limitado de las fuentes no logra modificar la base de recursos de manera sustancial, por lo tanto, dificulta la posibilidad de generar innovación. Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify the sources of knowledge to entrepreneurs attending the tourism sector and establish whether the sources are used as a basis to generate innovation. Semi-structured interviews to six hotel managers and nine travel agencies from the tourism sector in the cities of Bogota and Pereira were made. The results show that employers turn to their own sources of knowledge, their family and the market, leaving aside the specialized knowledge from research processes and / or from regional or national institutions order. It is also appreciated that the images that they have been built about innovation are related to dimensions such as differentiating practices, novelty or improvement, implementation of technological tools and validation of innovation by the market. It is concluded that the limited use of sources fails to modify the resource base substantially, therefore, this makes it difficult to generate innovation.

Free Space Optics (FSO) technology transmits information using free space optical signals similar to those that travel through optical fibers. The capacity of FSO to connect buildings close together is covered in this paper. Four optical wireless links between three buildings of a fictitious company, considering a building that obstructs the sight line between two of them, are designed here. As part of the design process, several issues such as distance between the equipment, weather conditions, some features of the FSO equipment, and system losses were addressed; moreover, an application that performs the calculations and displays the results of the most important aspects in the design was implemented. The importance of such links is given by their flexibility, low implementation costs, mobility, rapid deployment, high throughput, great bandwidth, reliability, and high security level due to their operating principles, among others; therefore, this type of links are an ideal option to implement a backbone for the proposed network.

Páginas 37-48, El presente documento corresponde a un Artículo de Reflexión que muestra los diferentes resultados de investigación sobre el panorama del sector eléctrico actual en Colombia y como esto ha llevado a contemplar la inclusión de las Fuentes No Convencionales de Energía Renovable (FNCER) en un corto y mediano plazo. Teniendo como previa discusión la evolución de la industria eléctrica colombiana en las últimas décadas, la problemática actual y la visión de los diferentes agentes del sector eléctrico. Finalmente se presenta las fuentes de financiamiento que se tienen Nacional e Internacionalmente para llevar a cabo proyectos de Generación Distribuida con Fuentes no Convencionales de Energía Renovable en Colombia., This document corresponds to a reflection paper showing different research results on the picture of the current electricity sector in Colombia and how it has led to contemplate the inclusion of Non-Conventional Renewable Energy (FNCER) in a short and medium term. First, a discussion of the evolution of the electricity industry in Colombia at recent decades is presented, and the current problems and vision of the different agents of the electricity sector are developed. Finally, financing sources (nationally and internationally) needed to carry out projects of Non-Conventional Sources of Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy is presented., Bibliografía y webgrafía: páginas 47-48., Artículo revisado por pares.

This paper evaluates the incidence of packing asymmetries, resulted from the use of heterogeneous packaging materials by different mango supply chain actors in Colombia, on performance measures of inventory, transportation, and quality. A system dynamics model was proposed based on the literature review on inventory and transportation logistics, the studies on asymmetries in supply chain, packing, and packaging, and the results of the characterization of the fruit chain logistics in various departments of Colombia from 2012 to 2013. We used the proposed model to test the following hypothesis: “The asymmetry in the packaging, derived from the actors’ individual management, creates inefficiencies that may be avoid if the packaging of the fruit is done thinking on the chain”. The developed simulation model allowed us to prove the proposed dynamic hypothesis. Forrester’s model includes four echelons for the supply chain: production, processing, wholesale, and retail, as well as warehousing, transportation and information.

Páginas 26-36., El presente documento muestra el diseño de un controlador para una máquina de insolación usada en procesos de fotocurado. Para ello se inició el desarrollo realizando una revisión previa minuciosa a la máquina de insolación existente, y a los procedimientos que se deben llevar a cabo en el laboratorio de estampados, con el fin de comprender el proceso de fotocurado, evaluando las posibilidades de mejora de los equipos en uso. El diseño propuesto para el controlador es un PI, el cual se realizó con herramientas de simulación de Matlab, dando prioridad al tiempo de exposición en el proceso de fotocurado el cual debe ser el mismo para cualquier tipo de tela o malla del bastidor, lo cual permite que la máquina de insolación no requiera ser operada por personal altamente calificado o competente en este arte., This paper presents a design for a insolation machine controller used in curing processes. This development began conducting a thorough prior review to the actual insolation machine and the procedures to be carried out in the printing laboratory, in order to understand the process of curing, assessing the possibilities for improving the equipment in use. The proposed controller design is a PID, which was made with matlab simulation tools, giving priority to the exposure time in the process of curing which must be the same for any type of fabric or mesh frame. This will allow the insolation machine does not require to be operated by highly qualified and competent staff in this art., Bibliografía: páginas 35-36, Artículo revisado por pares.

In this paper, the main features of MPLS Traffic Engineering are presented to illustrate how telecommunication service providers use them to create interconnections between each other in order to offer telecom services satisfying QoS commitments. Based on previous traffic models, a new model, which deals with traffic queue balancing for different Classes of Service, and for a provider using another provider´s network is presented. The model output shows that carrying another operator’s traffic may increase delays in an undesirable manner, forcing the carrier to increase the serving rate of LSRs until Utilization is below 60 %. In order to validate the model, a number of network scenarios are implemented in the Wolfram Mathematica 10.1 Study Version, based on study case configurations of an MPLS network. The total global model is useful for future implementation of test-beds of interconnected providers under an MPLS environment.

Interoperability among heterogeneous software systems is a software quality sub-characteristic. Some methods for dealing with interoperability exhibit differences in aspects like generality, development method, and work products, among others. However, some authors understand interoperability as a non-functional requirement with general-purpose practices for identifying and specifying such requirement. Other authors assess and achieve interoperability by using work products falling beyond defined practices. Consequently, in this paper we propose four best practices in order to accomplish interoperability among heterogeneous software systems. Our best practices are represented with the Semat (Software Engineering Method and Theory) kernel, since it includes a language with simple and precise elements. Definition of interoperability best practices enables unification of the effort focused on software systems interoperability.

This paper aims at summarizing various methods used for representing and estimating the power coefficient in wind turbines, such as exponential, sinusoidal and polynomial models, as well as mathematical tools known as state observers. We present an exhaustive bibliographic review of the models used to calculate the power coefficient, given that this type of studies are scarce nowadays. In addition, we propose models that can be satisfactorily used for various analyzes of wind energy conversion systems, such as the representation by a polynomial function of fourth degree and the models based on the stochastic probability function. The relevance of this work is supported by the advantages and disadvantages of the various models and estimators of the power coefficient, which are presented at the end of the article in a comparative table with the purpose of offering to the reader a general summary. Ultimately, this review aims at helping researchers, students, university professors and those who wish to venture into this field, even though they do not have much experience, to establish a quick synthesized understanding of the different models and representations of the power coefficient. Resumen Este artículo presenta un resumen de diversos métodos utilizados para la representación y estimación del coeficiente de potencia en aerogeneradores, tales como modelos exponenciales, sinusoidales y polinomiales, así como también de herramientas matemáticas conocidas como observadores de estado. Dada la escasez de estudios que le presenten al lector un panorama general de los modelos utilizados para el cálculo del coeficiente de potencia, este resumen, producto de una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, constituye un aporte importante. Otra contribución que se logró fue presentar propuestas propias de modelos que pueden ser utilizados satisfactoriamente para diversos análisis de sistemas de conversión de energía eólica, tales como la representación por una función polinomial de cuarto grado y los modelos basados en la función de probabilidad estocástica. La relevancia de este trabajo se apoya en las ventajas y desventajas de los diversos modelos y estimadores del coeficiente de potencia, las cuales se presentan al final del artículo en una tabla comparativa, con el propósito de ofrecer al lector un resumen general que le permita una comprensión rápida y sintetizada de los diversos modelos y representaciones del coeficiente de potencia, lo que ayuda a investigadores, estudiantes, profesores universitarios y a quienes deseen incursionar en este campo, aunque no tengan mucha experiencia. Resumo Este artigo apresenta um resumo de diversos métodos utilizados para a representação e estimação do coeficiente de potência em aerogeradores, tais como modelos exponenciais, sinusoidais e polinomiais, assim como também de ferramentas matemáticas conhecidas como observadores de estado. Dada a escassez de estudos que apresentem ao leitor um panorama geral dos modelos utilizados para o cálculo do coeficiente de potência, este resumo, produto de uma revisão bibliográfica exaustiva, constitui um aporte importante. Outra contribuição que se logrou foi apresentar propostas próprias de modelos que possam ser utilizados satisfatoriamente para diversas análises de sistemas de conversão de energia eólica, tais como a representação por uma função polinomial de quarto grau e os modelos baseados na função de probabilidade estocástica. A relevância deste trabalho apoia-se nas vantagens e desvantagens dos diversos modelos e estimadores do coeficiente de potência, as quais se apresentam no final do artigo em uma tabela comparativa, com o propósito de oferecer ao leitor um resumo geral que lhe permita uma compreensão rápida e sintetizada dos diversos modelos e representações do coeficiente de potência, o que ajuda a pesquisadores, estudantes, professores universitários e aos que desejem incursionar neste campo, ainda que não tenham muita experiência.

Resumen El modelo de gestión integral se ha convertido en uno de los esquemas organizacionales más completos que reúne las áreas estratégicas de un ente económico, en función de tres componentes principales: la calidad, la seguridad en el trabajo y la gestión ambiental. Este documento tiene como objetivo presentar el análisis de la aplicación de la gestión integral en seis pymes comerciales de origen familiar, de Florencia, Colombia. El problema radica en la falta de competitividad y desarrollo empresarial de la región, lo que hace que no existan suficientes aspectos para darle credibilidad y valor a su economía. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, donde se entrevistaron trabajadores de tres niveles jerárquicos (estratégico, táctico y operativo) de las seis pymes más reconocidas de Florencia. Los resultados indican que, a pesar de no existir un modelo de gestión integral explícito en las pymes de la región, sí se consideran algunos avances en su construcción, orientados bajo los siguientes elementos: la calidad en función del reconocimiento de marca, la aplicación de actividades de salud ocupacional, y los sistemas básicos de reciclaje. Abstract The integral management model has become one of the most complete organizational schemes that gather the strategic areas of an economic entity, based on three main components: quality, job security and environmental management. The purpose of this paper is to present the analysis of the application of the integral management in six commercial companies of family origin, in Florencia, Colombia. The problem lies in the lack of competitiveness and business development of the region which makes the non-existence of enough aspects to give credibility and value to its economy. A descriptive study based on a qualitative approach was carried out, where workers from three hierarchical levels (strategical, tactical, and operational) of the six most recognized commercial companies of family origin in Florencia were interviewed. The results indicate that despite the absence of an explicit integral management model for these companies in the region, some progress in their construction is considered, oriented under the following elements: quality based on brand recognition, application of occupational health activities and basic recycling systems.

Critical environmental education [CEE] is presented as an important form of social intervention, since it helps in the promotion and understanding of socio-environmental problems in their multiple dimensions. Thus, in this article, the research on CEE, presented at the Research Meeting on Environmental Education [RMEE], in the time period between 2001 and 2019, was analyzed, taking into account its possibilities as a means of scientific communication, since it allows the debate about environmental education and its connections in the contemporary world. The methodology was based on a state-of-the-art research. 898 works were found in the archives of the RMEE. Forty-one papers with the term critical environmental education in their title were analyzed. For the analysis, descriptors and categories were created. Discursive textual analysis was adopted to interpret the data. In 2017 and 2015, there was the largest number of publications of works related to CEE. It is observed that CEE enables a new perspective on issues related to nature and society, as well as on emerging situations in the contemporary world, through the reflection on the quality of life and actions related to nature and society.

Covering Arrays (CA) are mathematical objects used in the functional testing of software components. They enable the testing of all interactions of a given size of input parameters in a procedure, function, or logical unit in general, using the minimum number of test cases. Building CA is a complex task (NP-complete problem) that involves lengthy execution times and high computational loads. The most effective methods for building CAs are algebraic, Greedy, and metaheuristic-based. The latter have reported the best results to date. This paper presents a description of the major contributions made by a selection of different metaheuristics, including simulated annealing, tabu search, genetic algorithms, ant colony algorithms, particle swarm algorithms, and harmony search algorithms. It is worth noting that simulated annealing-based algorithms have evolved as the most competitive, and currently form the state of the art.

Failure analysis aims at collecting information about how and why a failure is produced. The first step in this process is a visual inspection on the flaw surface that will reveal the features, marks, and texture, which characterize each type of fracture. This is generally carried out by personnel with no experience that usually lack the knowledge to do it. This paper proposes a classification method for three kinds of fractures in crystalline materials: brittle, fatigue, and ductile. The method uses 3D vision, and it is expected to support failure analysis. The features used in this work were: i) Haralick’s features and ii) the fractal dimension. These features were applied to 3D images obtained from a confocal laser scanning microscopy Zeiss LSM 700. For the classification, we evaluated two classifiers: Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machine. The performance evaluation was made by extracting four marginal relations from the confusion matrix: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision, plus three evaluation methods: Receiver Operating Characteristic space, the Individual Classification Success Index, and the Jaccard’s coefficient. Despite the classification percentage obtained by an expert is better than the one obtained with the algorithm, the algorithm achieves a classification percentage near or exceeding the 60 % accuracy for the analyzed failure modes. The results presented here provide a good approach to address future research on texture analysis using 3D data.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 387-399) : ilustraciones color., El servicio de asistencia técnica agropecuaria en Colombia está reglamentado mediante leyes y decretos que definen los criterios para el seguimiento y verificación del desempeño de las entidades, sin embargo, se evidencian debilidades en la valoración de las variables que denotan calidad de la prestación del servicio. Debido a ello, fue diseñado el Modelo de Evaluación de la Calidad de la Asistencia Técnica Agropecuaria–MECATA, basado en la adaptación del modelo EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management) y la identificación de variables mediante procesos participativos. Los resultados corresponden a la selección de 39 variables relacionadas con la calidad del servicio que conforman el modelo MECATA; perfeccionamiento de tres instrumentos de evaluación y un proceso de validación en dos entidades prestadoras del servicio en Boyacá. Se observa una valoración positiva de usuarios y asistentes técnicos sobre el servicio, sin embargo, la innovación de procesos, integralidad del servicio, formación y actualización, participación en otras actividades e integración al mercado obtuvieron deficiente calificación. El modelo MECATA es una herramienta que integra las perspectivas de los actores, identifica necesidades en el contexto y permite la formulación de propuestas de mejoramiento en la prestación del servicio de asistencia técnica cuando es requerido., Technical assistance programs for agriculture in Colombia are regulated by laws, agreements, and policies that define the importance of evaluating and monitoring this service. National, regional and municipal entities are responsible for developing performance evaluations; however, several weaknesses are evident. This paper proposes the Quality Assessment Model of Agricultural Advisory Services (known in Spanish as MECATA), an evaluation tool based on the adaptation of an EFQM model (European Foundation for Quality Management). The MECATA model was developed from the selection of 39 variables related to service quality; this model considered the adjustment of three assessment tools and a validation process of two entities in Boyacá. The results showed a positive service assessment given by users and technical assistants, but lower qualifications were considered in variables such as process innovation, integral service, continued education, participation in other activities and market inclusion. MECATA proposes a quality assessment that integrates several perspectives of technical assistance services based on local community requirements; these results can be used as the basis for proposals for improvement., Bibliografía: páginas 398-399.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 93-101)., Smart Campus is an entity of any kind that uses technology and infrastructure to support and improve its processes, so people can use them better. This paper reviews the literature to contextualize the Internet of Things and its vital importance for the Smart Campus, as well as its relationship with the concepts of cybersecurity and wireless sensor network. We describe the various interrelationships, tendencies, and future development of a Smart Campus, as well as the differences and similarities with the emerging concept of Smart University. This review revealed that the Internet of Things is involved in all fields and can influence and improve the university’s processes to contribute to decision-making, technological development, and academic learning. To conclude, Smart University focuses on improving the infrastructure of universities through technology, with the main purpose of enhancing the quality of the education provided by institutions., Um Smart Campus é uma entidade de qualquer tipo que utiliza a tecnologia para apoiar sua infraestrutura e seus processos, com o fim de melhorá-los para o uso das pessoas. O propósito deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão de literatura, onde contextualiza-se a internet das coisas e sua vital importância para o Smart Campus e sua relação com os conceitos de cibersegurança e rede sem fio de sensores. Apresentam-se as diferentes interrelações,tendências e desenvolvimento futuro do Smart Campus, assim como as diferenças e semelhanças com o conceito emergente de Smart University. Esta revisão revelou que a Internet das coisas se envolveu em todos os campos e pode influir nos processos de uma universidade para melhorá-los, ajudar na tomada de decisões e apoiar a aprendizagem acadêmica e o desenvolvimento tecnológico. Conclui-se que Smart University não se limita a melhorar a infraestrutura das universidades através da tecnologia, pois seu fim principal é melhorar a qualidade da educação ministrada pelas instituições., Un Smart Campus es una entidad de cualquier tipo que utiliza la tecnología para apoyar su infraestructura y sus procesos, con el fin de mejorarlos para el uso de las personas. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar una revisión de literatura, en donde se contextualiza el internet de las cosas y su vital importancia para el Smart Campus y su relación con los conceptos de ciberseguridad y red inalámbrica de sensores. Se presentan las diferentes interrelaciones, tendencias y desarrollo futuro del Smart Campus, así como las diferencias y similitudes con el concepto emergente de Smart University. Esta revisión reveló que el Internet de las cosas se involucra en todos los campos y puede influir en los procesos de una universidad para mejorarlos, ayudar en la toma de decisiones y apoyar el aprendizaje académico y el desarrollo tecnológico. Se concluye que Smart University no se queda en mejorar la infraestructura de las universidades a través de la tecnología, pues su fin principal es mejorar la calidad de la educación impartida por las instituciones., Bibliografía: páginas 99-101.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 73-80)., Devido ao surgimento de novas técnicas e tecnologias de intrusão, os protocolos de redes sem fio ficam obsoletas; para isso, busca-se vulnerar a segurança do protocolo WPA2, que é amplamente usado pelos provedores de serviços colombianos. Na primeira parte, o artigo faz uma introdução do protocolo WPA2, descrevendo seu funcionamento e os ataques dos quais pode ser objeto; na segunda parte mostra-se a metodologia que se usou para recolher provas e realizar a avaliação necessária para a elaboração deste documento. Apresentam-se as ferramentas para auditoria das redes sem fio Linset e Aircrack-ng, as quais foram selecionadas para a avaliação de segurança do protocolo. Finalmente, mostram-se os resultados e as conclusões., Due to the emergence of new techniques and technologies of intrusion, the wireless network protocols have become obsolete; for this reason, this research seeks to violate and evaluate the security of the WPA2 protocol that is widely used by the Colombian service providers. The first section of this paper introduces the WPA2 protocol by describing its operation and the potential attacks it may suffer; the second part details the methodology used to collect the tests data and to carry out the evaluation necessary for the preparation of this article. In addition, we present the Linset and Aircrack-ng tools for auditing wireless networks that were selected to assess the security of the protocol. Finally, we show the results and conclusions., Debido al surgimiento de nuevas técnicas y tecnologías de intrusión, los protocolos de redes inalámbricas quedan obsoletos; para ello se busca vulnerar la seguridad del protocolo WPA2, que es ampliamente usado por los proveedores de servicios colombianos. En la primera parte, el artículo hace una introducción del protocolo WPA2, describiendo su funcionamiento y los ataques de los cuales puede ser objeto; en la segunda parte se muestra la metodología que se usó para recolectar pruebas y realizar la evaluación necesaria para la elaboración de este documento. Se presentan las herramientas para auditoría de las redes inalámbricas Linset y Aircrack-ng, las cuales fueron seleccionadas para la evaluación de seguridad del protocolo. Finalmente, se muestran los resultados y las conclusiones., Bibliografía y webgrafía: páginas 79-80.

This paper studies the patterns found using clustering and Self Organizing Maps (SOM), both techniques of Data Mining (DM), and after searching in databases, it compares them with the results retrieved from the libraries Information Management System (SGI). The methodology created for this study uses the results from both processes to improve the database information, which simultaneously increases the performance of the associated SGI search engine, and allows creating, with the gathered information, a new product that enrich the Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI).