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Argentine Patagonia was incorporated to the national State late in the last decades of the 19th century, after the end of the bloody military campaign that sought state control of the indigenous territory of the south. From then until the 1930s the process of providing educational institutions to the vast Patagonian territory was discontinuous, slow and very uneven in the different regional spaces, intensifying in the urban nuclei and becoming invisible in the Patagonian mesetaria zone. In this context, it is the purpose of this paper to analyze the trajectories of female students and teachers in the first half of the 20th century from the perspective of those who exercised direct authority over them: principals -mostly males- and school inspectors. We are interested in analyzing, from a gender perspective, the presence of teachers in the classrooms, the desired behaviors and the goals to be met according to pedagogical and axiological considerations, within the framework of a normalizing and prescriptive process. For this purpose, we have used a vast array of sourcesreferring to the National Territory of Rio Negro, including school historical books, inspection reports, school concepts teachers, school visit books, school reports, regional and national press articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we aim to search, starting from the iconographic repertory, which was the image of Patagonian aboriginal women constructed through the almost exclusive male point of view. These men were those who visited or take care of the inhabitants of this territory since its discovery. We speak of "Construction" because we supposed that the images are transmitters. conscious or unconscious. of our ideas. We understand that those who produced them registered their particular perception of the reality, that is to say, theyexpressed in the images their own look of the world embedded in the social and cultural frame of the time. To achieve this objective we will take sorne cases that can exemplify this process. We will also take in account the congruence between the written text, the visual text and the material record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During last years as much in the frame of the celebration of the 100 years public festivities of both most important cities located in the Gulf San Jorge basin (Comodoro Rivadavia and Caleta Olivia) as in the most recent commemoration of the centenary of the discovery of the oil in the zone, women appropriated diverse uses of the past to ask for the right to have a past. Beyond the public festivities which were arranged from the official sphere, the petroleum companies or the mass media, an important group of women organized different commemoration practices; the publication of books and photographic samples stood out among them. It has allowed a fruitful exchange among people who are in the academy and out of it. In the paper I try to show that this memoralist outbreak in terms of gender, having revalued topics such as the child-rearing, the family care, the informal sociability puts the emphasis on the domesticity and the exaltation of the kinship networks to emphasize the rol of women in that past. As the cult of motherhood represented social inclusion for these women, in this work I suggest that it is again the articulation of women - maternity - family - history - nation what returns to center stage, but those who promote such social commemoration practices have created places of memory in the center of the sphere of production: places where the men had dominated historically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, transformations of internal links within the indigenous political field are explored, focusing on the last decades of the frontier. This period, in which the state progresses towards its political unification and institutional consolidation, state policies regarding Indian people show a more unified profile and aim to create the conditions necessary for the frontiers advance. The peace treaties policy, extended to almost the whole indigenous map, will be one of the devices through the state will attempt to canalize and to order its relations with different chiefs and groups. Our interest attempts to identify the probable conditionings and influences of this policy on the indigenous population at the conformation, strengthening and weakening of their political alliances. We intend specifically to reconstruct-within this context-the process of the Calfucurá's leadership, to identify the impact of state interventions over the extent of his political summoning capacity during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the research project called "School textbooks. Images and representations. The building of Patagonia in the school imaginaries. Rio Negro and Neuquén (1884-1957)", we are working upon representations concerning Patagonia in school textbooks either state or religious ones (from the Salesian order), previous and subsequent to the peronist period. Some of the images we have been able to trace in such sources include those of Patagonia as indigenous and deserted, Patagonia as a source of oil, Patagonia as the end of our Homeland, as well as Patagonia for tourists when associated to an Argentinian Switzerland. Such representations were the result of an analysis of geographic, historical and economic contents as found within the texts, either in written language or iconography.This line of work has been followed through the selection, for this paper, of a corpus composed of sixty school textbooks known as Manuales Estrada from such period, bearing in mind that hegemonic government policies gave a crucial importance to the inclusion of certain contents through school textbooks.From a qualitative perspective, we focus on historical, geographical and natural resources contents that allow to identify some elements to define Patagonia's images, as a central purpose of our research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of our investigation is the hypothesis that the non-standard Patagonian variety is made up not only of phonological, grammatical and lexical features, but also of oral interaction patterns which are essentially different from those used in urban societies. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to investigate everyday conversations from a socio-pragmatic approach, in order to give account of the relationship between this form of verbal exchange and the socio-cultural context where its production occurs. Our analysis is based on data collected during a field research carried on in two Mapuche-Tehuelche communities of the province of Chubut, in the Argentine Patagonia: Blancuntre and Cerro Centinela. Recorded spontaneous dialogues and personal interviews form the Corpus of analysis. The study focuses on the following structural constituents of conversation: pauses, silences and redundancy, within the frame of a theoretical pattern that allows us to identify a group of socio-demographic variables, which constraints the interacting behavior of the members of the investigated communities. The analysis of the collected corpus shows the relationship between conversational structures and strategies; and the Amerindian culture, where the interaction develops. The conclusion is that cultural diversity clearly emerges from the pragmatic level of language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the role of political organizations, the church, the state and labor unions in the leisure time of the workers in Northern Patagonia from the beginning of the 19"" century, up to the rise of peronismo. We discuss the strategies put into practice by such institutions, as related with the planning and consumption of their spare time. We also analyze each institution's interests, which went far beyond making themselves sure that the workers' could take better advantage of their leisure time. Far from that, these actors' actions were part of a wider strategy that could be combined with the one developed within the workers' world. In the case of political and labor unions' organizations, such actions were related with the spreading of ideas that could be useful to reinforce consciousness for class struggle, to build a new society and additionally, to strengthen trade union structures. The actions of the church, on the other hand, were oriented towards disciplining the working world, christianizing it, and indoctrinating catholic workers in a world of armonic relations between capital and labor and teaching them to reject alterations of the status quo and the workers' ways of participation typical of resistance societies. Finally, actions performed by the State attempted to control, regulate and discipline such workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]