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This article looks at the relationship between Nicasio Álvarez de Cienfuegos and the Spanish Royal Academy. Cienfuegos was inducted in 1799 and remained more or less active until 1805. He had an abiding interest in linguistic questions, and his membership in the Academy give him a chance to work on both grammatical and lexicographic issues. Few of the studies ever reached the light of day, however. Here, both the published works and the unpublished manuscripts that are held in the Library and the Archive of the Spanish Royal Academy are described in detail.

This article looks at the relationship between Nicasio Álvarez de Cienfuegos and the Spanish Royal Academy. Cienfuegos was inducted in 1799 and remained more or less active until 1805. He had an abiding interest in linguistic questions, and his membership in the Academy give him a chance to work on both grammatical and lexicographic issues. Few of the studies ever reached the light of day, however. Here, both the published works and the unpublished manuscripts that are held in the Library and the Archive of the Spanish Royal Academy are described in detail.Se estudia la relación existente entre Nicasio Álvarez de Cienfuegos y la Real Academia española, en la que ingresó en 1799 y en la que se mantuvo más o menos activo hasta 1805. Siempre manifestó Cienfuegos interés por las cuestiones lingüísticas, y su pertenencia a la Academia le dio ocasión para desarrollar algunos trabajos de ese carácter, tanto gramaticales como lexicográficos. En este estudio se da cuenta de los muy pocos que llegaron a ver la luz, y, sobre todo, se describen detalladamente los que quedaron manuscritos tanto en la Biblioteca como en el Archivo de la Real Academia Española.

This paper shows the influence of certain characteristics of the «spectators», the most important journalistic format of enlightenment, in the miscellaneous publications appearing at the end of the eighteenth-century, and also in the various public papers of the Spanish War of independence. in this last period, thanks to freedom of the press, journalism experiences a second golden age and becomes a sort of fourth power with influence over political life; it is at this time that criticism of customs evolves to a real project of social transformation.El presente estudio muestra cómo ciertas características de los denominados «espectadores-pensadores», el gran modelo periodístico de la ilustración, han perdurado e influido en las publicaciones misceláneas de finales del siglo XVIII, así como en diversos papeles públicos de la Guerra de la Independencia. En esta última etapa al amparo de la libertad de imprenta el género conoce su segunda edad de oro y se convierte en un cuarto poder de notoria influencia en la vida política, y se pasa de la crítica de las costumbres con afán regeneracionista a la puesta en marcha de un verdadero proyecto de transformación social.

This paper shows the influence of certain characteristics of the «spectators», the most important journalistic format of enlightenment, in the miscellaneous publications appearing at the end of the eighteenth-century, and also in the various public papers of the Spanish War of independence. in this last period, thanks to freedom of the press, journalism experiences a second golden age and becomes a sort of fourth power with influence over political life; it is at this time that criticism of customs evolves to a real project of social transformation.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo analiza la condición de acontecimiento mediático del terremoto de Lisboa de 1755. Estudia el contexto histórico y discursivo en el que el terremoto pudo ser interpretado como fenómeno natural y filosófico a la vez. Se detiene en el tratamiento que la prensa europea en general, portuguesa y española en particular, hicieron de las noticias generadas por el terremoto, distinguiendo las particularidades con las que cada uno de los grandes modelos de prensa de la época —prensa oficial, prensa ilustrada, prensa popular— acometió la tarea de informar sobre la gran catástrofe e interpretarla para sus lectores. Finalmente, se analiza un texto poco conocido del pionero del periodismo profesional en España, Francisco Mariano Nipho, en el que éste, con ocasión del temblor de tierra de 1755, recopila información sobre las causas y variedades de los terremotos, y ofrece su interpretación «física y moral» del mismo.ABSTRACT: This paper looks into the 1755 Lisbon earthquake as an event hitting the media. It considers the historic context where this catastrophe was set, a context that made it easy for the earthquake to be thought of as having natural as well as philosophical condition. The paper also deals with how European and more precisely Portuguese and Spanish rendered the event. Further to that, the paper shows that the earthquake was portrayed differently in the official press from the illustrated and the popular press. Finally, a text by a leading Spanish journalist, one of the earliest professionals in this field, is analyzed. His author Francisco Mariano Nipho, covered the earthquake as a newsitem, and looked at the causes and various types of catastrophes, providing a «physical and moral» interpretation of the whole event.

RESUMEN: En el gran Archivo Histórico Nacional (AHN) existen millones de documentos. Los correspondientes a la Sección de Estado no están catalogados. El autor descubrió, en 1979, diversos legajos, mejor, cajas, que contienen importantes noticias sobre los efectos del terremoto de Lisboa, que transcribió y publicó para tres provincias españolas. Más de un millar de ellos corresponden a informaciones sobre el terremoto del 1 de noviembre de 1755. Desde 1990, el autor tiene transcritos y clasificados todos los documentos relacionados (1.020) con muy importantes noticias de los efectos del gran terremoto en 1.228 localidades españolas. Este conjunto documental es el mayor del mundo sobre un terremoto histórico. El presente artículo analiza, brevemente, una amplia gama de particularidades.ABSTRACT: The large «Archivo Histórico Nacional» (the National Historical Archive, Madrid, Spain) holds millions of papers, but none of the documents of the State Section are catalogued. In 1979 the author discovered several dossiers (in fact, boxes) with more than a thousand important papers concerning the Lisbon earthquake of 1 November, 1755. A few of these documents heve been published previously. Since 1990 the author has classified and transcribed 1.020 documents containing very important news about the effects of the earthquake in 1.228 Spanish towns. This group of documents is the largest in the world about an historical earthquake. In the present paper the author briefly analyses many peculiarities of the documents.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo analiza la condición de acontecimiento mediático del terremoto de Lisboa de 1755. Estudia el contexto histórico y discursivo en el que el terremoto pudo ser interpretado como fenómeno natural y filosófico a la vez. Se detiene en el tratamiento que la prensa europea en general, portuguesa y española en particular, hicieron de las noticias generadas por el terremoto, distinguiendo las particularidades con las que cada uno de los grandes modelos de prensa de la época —prensa oficial, prensa ilustrada, prensa popular— acometió la tarea de informar sobre la gran catástrofe e interpretarla para sus lectores. Finalmente, se analiza un texto poco conocido del pionero del periodismo profesional en España, Francisco Mariano Nipho, en el que éste, con ocasión del temblor de tierra de 1755, recopila información sobre las causas y variedades de los terremotos, y ofrece su interpretación «física y moral» del mismo.ABSTRACT: This paper looks into the 1755 Lisbon earthquake as an event hitting the media. It considers the historic context where this catastrophe was set, a context that made it easy for the earthquake to be thought of as having natural as well as philosophical condition. The paper also deals with how European and more precisely Portuguese and Spanish rendered the event. Further to that, the paper shows that the earthquake was portrayed differently in the official press from the illustrated and the popular press. Finally, a text by a leading Spanish journalist, one of the earliest professionals in this field, is analyzed. His author Francisco Mariano Nipho, covered the earthquake as a newsitem, and looked at the causes and various types of catastrophes, providing a «physical and moral» interpretation of the whole event.

RESUMEN: En el gran Archivo Histórico Nacional (AHN) existen millones de documentos. Los correspondientes a la Sección de Estado no están catalogados. El autor descubrió, en 1979, diversos legajos, mejor, cajas, que contienen importantes noticias sobre los efectos del terremoto de Lisboa, que transcribió y publicó para tres provincias españolas. Más de un millar de ellos corresponden a informaciones sobre el terremoto del 1 de noviembre de 1755. Desde 1990, el autor tiene transcritos y clasificados todos los documentos relacionados (1.020) con muy importantes noticias de los efectos del gran terremoto en 1.228 localidades españolas. Este conjunto documental es el mayor del mundo sobre un terremoto histórico. El presente artículo analiza, brevemente, una amplia gama de particularidades.ABSTRACT: The large «Archivo Histórico Nacional» (the National Historical Archive, Madrid, Spain) holds millions of papers, but none of the documents of the State Section are catalogued. In 1979 the author discovered several dossiers (in fact, boxes) with more than a thousand important papers concerning the Lisbon earthquake of 1 November, 1755. A few of these documents heve been published previously. Since 1990 the author has classified and transcribed 1.020 documents containing very important news about the effects of the earthquake in 1.228 Spanish towns. This group of documents is the largest in the world about an historical earthquake. In the present paper the author briefly analyses many peculiarities of the documents.

In this paper, we revise the reception process and the transmission of the Cantar de mio Cid in 18th century. For this purpose, we compare the testimonies of the Cantar dated in this period (among these, the copies made by Sarmiento and Cándido María Trigueros) with a copy from the beginning of 16th century and the Medieval codex unicus. We follow the critic method of the significant mistake to make the filiation of those testimonies. As a result, we propose the existence of archetypes in the manuscript transmission of the Cantar from Middle Ages to 18th century, and that could be decisive for the knowledge of the text in Spanish Enlightenment.

In this paper we analyze the reception of the Classical world in the iconographic scheme of the garden of «El Capricho». The charasteristic of the reception of Antiquity in this place is due to the personality of the 9th Duchess of Osuna. Moreover, it is being recognized that the carácter of this garden fits in the European cultural trends of the 18th century.

xviiith Spanish industrial manufacturing has been duly covered by historiography: besides regional, sectorial and corporate analyses we can also count on studies centered upon the «industrial legacy» of the Ancien Régime. That is the very reason why this article has been tackled from a new perspective, based not only on assessing the degree of efficiency of theses formulated from the angle of political economics but on analysing the depth reached by regional initiatives for development springing from economic societies, farming and art academias, consulates, trading corporations, among others.Despite the high number of corporate initiatives and the availability of capital, there were very few sectors (cotton, flour, paper manufacturing) showing a truly viable technical and organizational model. Institutional restrictions and social resistance added to other limitations with no easy solution: low productivity rate, poor urban development or weak market integration, among others.

This paper deal with another text dedicated to treat with the traditional dramatic theme of the legend of Raquel, the Jewish of Toledo of which the Castilian King Alfonso VIII supposedly fell in love: Diálogo trágico. Intitulado La Raquel. Facil de egecutar en casas particulares. Sacado de la historia y adornado con intervalos de música. Por un aficionado, written by the Castellón-born José March y Borrás, a work not well known until the present, and not mentioned between the creations that historically dealt with those same issues. In this article, the Diálogo trágico is framed in the dramatic tradition in which it is inserted; it is dentified the group of works of the Enlightenment to which it belongs, and the historic literary genre that is its own; the data that is preserved about its unknown author is provided; the composition received by the same is studied; information are rescued about the printers who made it known in their century; and a modern edition of it is made, in order to make it available to interested readers. With everything, it has been tried to contribute to rescue an important part of Spanish bibliographical heritage, that, until now, it has remained in the shade, and to complete, in this way, the usually presented panorama of the Spanish culture and Literature of the age of the Enlightenment.

Having considered a wide array of sources of information, this paper explores the values that were used to explain the development of architecture during the Enlightenment in Spain. At that time, architecture was considered just another expression of civilization. Its history was connected to other fields and was directly inspired by Enlightenment values, especially moderation, which revealed the limits to ground-breaking Spanish artistic thought.

In this note, we briefly compile the extant bibliographic information about the play La conquista de Madrid por el rey don Ramiro y el conde Fernán González (Barcelona, printer of Pablo Nadal, 1797), and, after revising the studies and papers about the issue, we recover this text as a work by Manuel Fermín de Laviano. These results offer new perspectives to the study of the dramatic work of this playwright and his contribution to the theatrical development of Fernán González’s legendary life in Spanish heroic theatre of the 18th century.

There were no stable orchestras in Madrid’s public theatres during the first half of the Eighteenth Century, and a variable number of instrumentalists were used on each occasion. This paper discusses the development of the two town-owned theatres in the second half of the century, when the orchestra was considered an important element and a new way of hiring musicians developed, based on sources kept at the Archivo de Villa de Madrid, Sección de Secretaría.René Andioc and Mireille Coulon in their Cartelera teatral madrileña del siglo XVIII: (1708-1808) refer to the companies that worked in both theatres in the second half of the 18th Century, those of de Josef de Parra, María Hidalgo, José Martínez Gálvez, Juan Ángel, Águeda de la Calle, María Ladvenant, Nicolás de la Calle, Juan Ponce, Manuel Martínez, Eusebio Ribera, Joaquín Palomino, Luis Navarro and Francisco Ramo, although they do not study the orchestral musicians. The first study on this issue is that by José Máximo Leza «Las orquestas de ópera en Madrid entre los siglos XVIII-XIX», although it does not discuss the theatres of La Cruz and El Príncipe in the second half of the century.

The decrees of institutional reform of 1713 and 1714 are a milestone in the administrative reforms proposed in the reign of Felipe V. The new organization of councils was to be seen as a victory of reformism proposed by the regalist in power. However, opposition from many administrators forced the authorities to nominate new places with people close to the government. Our aim in this paper is the relational analysis of the men selected to occupy the reformed institutions. We propose an interpretation that is based on administrative patronage relationships around Macanaz. Finally, we are interested in the trajectories of those favored after the counter-reform of 1715.

This paper analyzes the social strategies used by some Spaniards in Peru during the eighteenth century. After achieving a certain amount of prosperity through business or by holding positions in the administration, these individuals pursued acceptance and recognition from their neighbors, an aim that necessarily led to integration. Marrying Creole women, obtaining all kinds of honorary positions along with ennoblement and post mortem legacies and foundations were some of the strategies used. The choice of a group of candidates for a position of nobility as the study sample provides a model of the social practices adopted by these groups, which were growing and fighting for their place in Peruvian society.

The «universal» water treatment, advocated and defended by Seville’s appointed official doctor, Juan Vázquez de Cortés, was strongly contested and refuted by the Galenist José Ortiz Barroso, an important member of the Royal Medical Society of Seville, generating a controversy that culminated in a series of publications that appeared in Seville from 1735 to 1740. The controversy went beyond the local level and was echoed by the philosopher monks Benito Feijoo and Juan de Nájera, who also actively took sides. In this contribution, rather than critically review the related texts, we analyze the criticisms, opinions and approvals of the anonymous or figuratively signed papers, comparing them to Father Feijoo’s literary work and personal approach.

The aim of this paper is to identify and reconstruct the philosophy of history underlying eighteenth-century Spanish historiography. It is an attempt to shed light on the subject of the writing of that history, its place in the elite and their relationship to power and institutions. This reconstruction is decisive for understanding the gradual literary awareness of the historical peculiarity of Spain within the European community of nations.

The aim of this article is to analyze the works by Leandro Fernández de Moratín between 1792 and 1797 in order to show the modernity of his writing in the context of eighteenth-century European literature. During his travels the author describes sublime landscapes, but at the same time is ironic about his time and his country. Specifically, this paper analyzes the prose of Apuntaciones sueltas de Inglaterra and Viaje de Italia, as well as the modernity of a text such as Auto de fe de Logroño.

In the Hispanic world of the late Eighteenth Century there was a certain amount of divulgation of Natural History, aided by the utilitarian nature of the Spanish Enlightenment, and by the fact that Natural History did not contradict Catholic doctrine. This paper approaches the diffusion of news of Natural History through periodicals, focusing on zoological references.

The 18th Century has not been studied in depth by experts on Historical Linguistics. However, this is a fruitful and important period in the history of dictionaries as far as lexicography is concerned. The present paper focuses on the lexicographer and translator Francisco de la Torre y Ocón (1660-1725) and his work El maestro de las dos lenguas. Diccionario español y francés en dos tomos. (1726-1728). The work by this renowned author will be analyzed within the framework of its historical and linguistic period (first half of the 18th Century). His approach to lexicography will be similarly analyzed with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of bilingual (French-Spanish) lexicography.El siglo XVIII, dejando a un lado la labor académica, no ha sido estudiado en profundidad todavía por parte de los estudiosos de la historia de la lengua. Sin embargo, al menos en lo que a lexicografía se refiere, es una época fecunda y muy importante para la historia de los diccionarios. En el trabajo que proponemos vamos a tratar de un maestro de lenguas, gramático, lexicógrafo y traductor, concretamente Francisco de la Torre y Ocón (1660-1725), y de su obra El maestro de las dos lenguas. Diccionario español y francés en dos tomos. (1726-1728). Situaremos la labor de este autor en su contexto histórico (la primera mitad del siglo XVIII) y lingüístico y analizaremos su labor lexicográfica (descripción metalexicográfica, tipo de léxico incluido, definiciones, marcas, etc.) con el fin de contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de la lexicografía bilingüe francés-español.

The 18th Century has not been studied in depth by experts on Historical Linguistics. However, this is a fruitful and important period in the history of dictionaries as far as lexicography is concerned. The present paper focuses on the lexicographer and translator Francisco de la Torre y Ocón (1660-1725) and his work El maestro de las dos lenguas. Diccionario español y francés en dos tomos. (1726-1728). The work by this renowned author will be analyzed within the framework of its historical and linguistic period (first half of the 18th Century). His approach to lexicography will be similarly analyzed with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of bilingual (French-Spanish) lexicography.

El objetivo de este trabajo es arrojar nueva luz sobre diversos cambios interrelacionados en la lengua española especialmente activos durante el siglo XVIII concentrados todos ellos alrededor del objeto indirecto. El corpus se basa en el español del Virreinato de la Nueva España. Tras analizar diacrónicamente la duplicación del objeto indirecto, se aborda su relación con la pérdida en el siglo XVIII novohispano de vosotros en favor de ustedes y la significativa activación en ese siglo de la marcación prepositiva de objetos directos inanimados, así como con algunas innovaciones conexas como la pérdida de concordancia de número del clítico dativo les, la expansión funcional de la preposición a a zonas que no son la categoría objeto y la generalización de los clíticos de dativo y de acusativo a zonas no etimológicas y no referenciales. Todos estos cambios se pueden analizar mediante el concepto de «cadena de cambios» de Martinet y revelan la importancia del español del siglo XVIII como germen del español moderno.The aim of this paper is to shed new light on several intertwined changes in the Spanish language which were especially active during the 18th century in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. After a diachronical analysis of the indirect object clitic doubling, it addresses its relationship with the loss of vosotros in favour of ustedes in the 18th century in New Spain and the significant activation of the prepositional marking of inanimate direct objects in that same century. Certain other connected innovations are also studied, such as the loss of number concordance in the dative clitic les, the functional extension of the preposition a to contexts other than object and the generalization of dative and accusative clitics to non-etymological and non-referential contexts. All these changes can be analyzed under Martinet’s concept of «chain of changes» and show the importance of 18th century Spanish as the seed of Modern Spanish.

En este trabajo intentamos establecer el estado evolutivo de algunos cambios sintácticos que afectan a la cohesión argumental, oracional y textual en la tradición discursiva de la narración histórica en tres textos de 1684, 1725 y 1746, respectivamente. Las marcaciones del OD con la preposición a y del OI con el doblado de clítico mantienen sus frecuencias; el leísmo y la enclisis pronominal disminuyen progresivamente. Los usos de ser locativo y haber transitivo desaparecen después de 1684; la intercalación de elementos entre el auxiliar y el participio de los tiempos compuestos llega a 1725, lo mismo que el valor indicativo de la forma en –ra y el futuro de subjuntivo. Las oraciones consecutivas muestran situaciones de variación gobernadas por la actividad discursiva, más que cambios. No hay una frontera en la evolución sintáctica entre el siglo XVII y el XVIII; todo lo más, un punto de inflexión hacia 1725.In this paper we attempt to establish the evolutionary status of syntactic changes that affect the argumentative, sentential and textual cohesion in the discursive tradition of historical narrative in three texts from 1684, 1725 and 1746, respectively. Direct object markings by the preposition a and indirect object by clitic doubling maintain their frequencies; leísmo and the pronominal enclisis progressively decrease. Locative ser and transitive haber disappear after 1684; the collation of elements between the auxiliary and the participle of compound tenses reaches 1725, and so do the indicative value of the –ra form and the future subjunctive. The consecutive sentences show situations of variation driven by discursive activity rather than by changes. There exists no border in syntactic evolution between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; just a turning point around 1725, at most.

From mid XVIII Century, an intensification of international circulation of economic ideas made Spain participate in the emergence of Political Economy as a discipline in the service of public felicity. Jovellanos did not fail to contribute to the new science. His life and professional development, as well as the particular circumstances of the period, explain the fact that the reforming emergencies became the priorities in his duties as an economist: economic theory was placed in the service of applied economics. The aim of this paper is to provide a synthetic view of the above mentioned question.

From mid XVIII Century, an intensification of international circulation of economic ideas made Spain participate in the emergence of Political Economy as a discipline in the service of public felicity. Jovellanos did not fail to contribute to the new science. His life and professional development, as well as the particular circumstances of the period, explain the fact that the reforming emergencies became the priorities in his duties as an economist: economic theory was placed in the service of applied economics. The aim of this paper is to provide a synthetic view of the above mentioned question.Desde mediados del XVIII, la intensificación de la circulaci��n internacional de las ideas económicas hizo a España partícipe de la emergencia de la Economía política como disciplina al servicio de la felicidad pública. Jovellanos no faltará a la cita con la nueva ciencia. Su trayectoria vital y profesional, y las propias circunstancias de la época, explican que en su quehacer como economista las urgencias reformadoras marquen las prioridades: la teoría económica se pondrá al servicio de la Economía aplicada. Este artículo no aspira a otro objetivo que el de ofrecer una visión de síntesis sobre la cuestión apuntada.

This paper studies, through 17 case studies, which were the socioeconomic features of the provincial administrators of the Spanish Royal tobacco Monopoly, at the time of its transition from a tax-farming scheme to a bureaucratic one. Considering the wide range of situations that this brief prospect lets to make out, we may realize besides how those provincial administrators generally were small businessmen who acted from within intricate social networks, in which the financial, administrative and political activities intertwined.Este artículo estudia a través de 17 casos concretos de administradores provinciales de la Renta del tabaco, cuáles eran las características socioeconómicas de estos cuadros medios del monopolio tabaquero en el momento de transición del modelo de arrendamientos y subarrendamientos al de administración directa. Dentro de la variedad de situaciones que esta breve cata permite vislumbrar, en todo caso se advierte cómo los administradores provinciales eran por lo general pequeños negociantes enmarcados en intrincadas redes sociales en las que se confundían las actividades financieras con las administrativas y políticas

The first edition of Ivanhoe; a romance. By the author of Waverley was published in Edinburgh in 1820. From the beginning of year 1823, José María Blanco White translated several excerpts from Ivanhoe in the numbers 1-3 of the magazine Variedades, owned by the publisher Rudolph Ackermann. in these articles and other later writings, the translator praised Scott as a model for a new way of painting history in a narrative. This paper studies his ideas on Scott’s historical novel, as well as his translation technique, compared with that of José Joaquín de Mora. En 1820 se publicó en Edimburgo la primera edición de Ivanhoe; a romance. By the author of Waverley. Desde comienzos de 1823, en los tres primeros números de su revista Variedades, promovida por el editor Rudolph Ackermann, José María Blanco White tradujo varios fragmentos de Ivanhoe entre grandes elogios. Asimismo, Blanco White tomó a Scott como modelo de referencia de una nueva manera de pintar la historia por medio de la novela en otros varios escritos críticos de años posteriores. El artículo estudia las ideas de Blanco White acerca de la novela histórica de Scott y su técnica como traductor, comparada con la de José Joaquín Mora.

The first edition of Ivanhoe; a romance. By the author of Waverley was published in Edinburgh in 1820. From the beginning of year 1823, José María Blanco White translated several excerpts from Ivanhoe in the numbers 1-3 of the magazine Variedades, owned by the publisher Rudolph Ackermann. in these articles and other later writings, the translator praised Scott as a model for a new way of painting history in a narrative. This paper studies his ideas on Scott’s historical novel, as well as his translation technique, compared with that of José Joaquín de Mora.

This paper studies, through 17 case studies, which were the socioeconomic features of the provincial administrators of the Spanish Royal tobacco Monopoly, at the time of its transition from a tax-farming scheme to a bureaucratic one. Considering the wide range of situations that this brief prospect lets to make out, we may realize besides how those provincial administrators generally were small businessmen who acted from within intricate social networks, in which the financial, administrative and political activities intertwined.

This paper asembles and studies a set of iconological representations linked to technical and scientific transformations during the eighteenth Century in Spain, reading them in a dialectic between modern science, Enlightenment policies and popular culture. After analyzing the emergence of representations both of science and scientists according to the process of institutionalizing science as a socio-professional language, two specific eighteenth century technologies are studied: magic lanterns and aerostats. By interpreting their first images and their infiltration into popular and official speeches and the imagination of the moment, it is argued that in those images a tale of demo-Enlightenment is expressed, a tale about secularization and progress as a collective aesthetic experience.

This paper includes two differentiated parts with a common linking nexus which is the travels of Henry Swinburne through Spain in the years 1775 and 1776. The first part tries to offer a detailed biography of the life and intellectual development of Swinburne. The second one, however, makes a description of the itinerary followed together with the arrangements and people involved in the journey, and also includes a thorough account of the different events comprising this experience, in particular those related to customs, roads and inns. El artículo consta de dos partes bien diferenciadas, con un nexo de unión que es el viaje de Henry Swinburne por España en 1775 y 1776. La primera parte trata de ofrecer una biografía detallada de la trayectoria vital e intelectual del personaje. La segunda, en cambio, opta por incluir una descripción del itinerario realizado, los preparativos del viaje y sus acompañantes, así como un análisis pormenorizado de las diferentes incidencias ocurridas a lo largo del camino, en especial las referentes a las aduanas, carreteras y posadas.

This paper includes two differentiated parts with a common linking nexus which is the travels of Henry Swinburne through Spain in the years 1775 and 1776. The first part tries to offer a detailed biography of the life and intellectual development of Swinburne. The second one, however, makes a description of the itinerary followed together with the arrangements and people involved in the journey, and also includes a thorough account of the different events comprising this experience, in particular those related to customs, roads and inns.

This paper studies the role of María Isabel de Bustamante y Guevara, wife of the former Director de Rentas del Tabaco, Martín de Loynaz, as a collector of ancient coins. The relations she maintained with other outstanding antique dealers such as Pedro Leonardo de Villacevallos, Enrique Flórez and José Guevera y Vasconcelos are analysed. The way in which María Isabel de Bustamante became involved in such a matter, as well as the way in which the social position of her prominent husband could have influenced it are also dealt with. We trace the final desitnation of María Isabel’s collection, which in the end came to be in the hands of the Seminario de Nobles de Madrid. Este artículo estudia la personalidad de María Isabel de Bustamante y Guevara, esposa del Director de Rentas del Tabaco, Martín de Loynaz, en tanto que coleccionista de moneda antigua. Se analiza su relación con destacados coleccionistas de la época, como Pedro Leonardo de Villacevallos, Enrique Flórez y José Guevara y Vasconcelos. Igualmente se presta atención a las posibles razones que llevaron a María Isabel de Bustamante a iniciarse en ese curioso asunto así como el modo en que la posición social de su esposo pudo influir en ello. Por último también se ocupa del destino final de su colección, que fue adquirida por el Seminario de Nobles de Madrid.

This paper asembles and studies a set of iconological representations linked to technical and scientific transformations during the eighteenth Century in Spain, reading them in a dialectic between modern science, Enlightenment policies and popular culture. After analyzing the emergence of representations both of science and scientists according to the process of institutionalizing science as a socio-professional language, two specific eighteenth century technologies are studied: magic lanterns and aerostats. By interpreting their first images and their infiltration into popular and official speeches and the imagination of the moment, it is argued that in those images a tale of demo-Enlightenment is expressed, a tale about secularization and progress as a collective aesthetic experience.Este trabajo reúne y estudia una serie de representaciones iconológicas vinculadas a las transformaciones técnico-científicas del siglo XVIII español, leídas en una dialéctica entre ciencia moderna, política ilustrada y cultura popular. Tras analizar la emergencia de las representaciones de lo científico y de los científicos en relación con el proceso de institucionalización de la ciencia como lenguaje socioprofesional, se estudian dos tecnologías específicas de aquel siglo: la linterna mágica y el globo aerostático. A partir de la interpretación de sus primeras imágenes y de su infiltración en los discursos e imaginarios ilustrados y populares del momento, se defiende que en ellas se expresa un relato demoilustrado sobre la secularización y el progreso como experiencia estética colectiva.

This paper studies the role of María Isabel de Bustamante y Guevara, wife of the former Director de Rentas del Tabaco, Martín de Loynaz, as a collector of ancient coins. The relations she maintained with other outstanding antique dealers such as Pedro Leonardo de Villacevallos, Enrique Flórez and José Guevera y Vasconcelos are analysed. The way in which María Isabel de Bustamante became involved in such a matter, as well as the way in which the social position of her prominent husband could have influenced it are also dealt with. We trace the final desitnation of María Isabel’s collection, which in the end came to be in the hands of the Seminario de Nobles de Madrid.

RESUMEN: El artículo estudia la presencia de magistrados nacidos en la Corona de Aragón en el Consejo de Castilla, a partir de la supresión de los fueros de Aragón y de Valencia y del Consejo de Aragón (1707). A través de las carreras individuales se muestra la evolución de los criterios de nombramiento y ascenso, desde los años de la Guerra de Sucesión y a lo largo de los reinados de Carlos III (cuando presidió el Consejo el aragonés conde de Aranda) y de Carlos IV hasta el fin del régimen de consejos en 1834, tras la muerte de Fernando VII.ABSTRACT: The paper studies the appointements of councillors borns in the Crown of Aragon for the places in the Royal Council of Castile, which since 1707 extended their authority over all Spain, following the abolition of laws «fueros» of the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia. The individuals profils of magistrates show the changing ways of selection and promotion until, from the tomes of the Spanish Succession War, along the reigns of Charles III (with the Aragon-born count of Aranda being the president of the Council) and Charles IV, until the end of the conciliar system in 1834, after the death of king Ferdinand VII.

RESUMEN: Con anterioridad al gran terremoto de 1755 ya se habían registrado en Portugal temblores de tierra de intensidad bastante significativa. En la actualidad, las cartas sismotectónicas enseñan que tanto la región de la Gran Lisboa, como la costa sur atlántica y costa algarvia son las que presentan mayor peligrosidad sísmica. Los temblores de tierra fueron desde siempre un asunto de preocupación para la población portuguesa que habitaba estas regiones, provocando temores y fobias que fueron transmitidos de generación en generación. En el presente trabajo se procura identificar las señales de cambios o de continuidad en la población portuguesa y las reacciones ante los efectos de los terremotos que desde tiempos remotos afectaran al país. Particular atención es atribuida a las interpretaciones de raíz escatológica, las primeras que surgieron y que gradualmente fueran sustituidas en el siglo XVII por explicaciones que invocaban la existencia de causas primeras (divinas) y causas segundas (naturales) en la discusión de este tipo de fenómenos. Va a ser con el terremoto de Lisboa, en 1755, cuando la experimentación surge como medio de explicación, inicialmente apenas en términos retóricos, para después, a partir del siglo XIX, en términos científicos, sustentar la aparición y desarrollo de la propia sismología. En Portugal, mientras exista un copioso acervo bibliográfico en lo que concierne a las referidas explicaciones, una actitud pragmática ante los terremotos ha prevalecido siempre, en el sentido de que es siempre más importante mitigar sus efectos, particularmente los efectos en la salud pública en lo que se refiere al terremoto de Lisboa, que determinar sus causas exactas.ABSTRACT: Before the great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 the continental part of Portugal had already experienced strong, catastrophic tremors; present day seismotectonic maps show that indeed the metropolitan area of the capital city, as well as the south-western and southern coastal areas of the country are the most risky ones. Earthquakes have always been a matter of great concern among the communities living there, causing fears and phobias that have been transmitted from generation to generation. In this paper an attempt is made to look for signs of change or of continuity shown by people in Portugal with regard to the effects of earthquakes that have occurred there since ancient times. Special attention is given to the eschatological interpretations of tremors, the first to appear, that were gradually replaced in the 18th Century by explanations that invoked heavenly, primordial causes and/or natural, secondary causes in discussing the origin of such phenomena. It was after the Lisbon earthquake in 1755 that experimentation was called in to explain them, first in a rhetoric way and then, in the 19th Century, in scientific terms; seismology was then born. In Portugal, although a copious literature does exist concerning such interpretations, a pragmatic attitude towards earthquakes has always prevailed in the sense that it has always been more important to mitigate their effects, particularly the effects on public health in the case of the Lisbon earthquake, than to look for their exact causes.

RESUMEN: El tribunal inquisitorial de Valladolid, al igual que el resto de los tribunales que formaban el Santo Oficio español, mostró durante el siglo XVIII una especial preocupación por el control de las ideas, particularmente aquellas que quedaban reflejadas en obras manuscritas e impresas. Los inquisidores vallisoletanos se esforzaron para evitar que en su distrito penetraran las obras que tanto éxito estaban teniendo fuera de nuestras fronteras, pero la existencia de una fuerte demanda, probablemente por ubicarse en él las universidades de Valladolid y Salamanca, hizo que la censura no fuera tan eficaz como ellos hubieran querido. Tal como queda reflejado en este artículo, no se impidió, pero sí se dificultó la difusión de libros total o parcialmente prohibidos.ABSTRACT: The Tribunal of the Inquisition of Valladolid —similarly to the rest of the tribunals of the Spanish Holy Office— showed a special concern for the control of ideas, mostly those ideas expressed in manuscript and printed works. The Inquisitors of Valladolid took pains to avoid the entrance of texts that were succesful abroad, but the existence of an important demand —probably due to the foundation of the Universities of Valladolid and Salamanca— decreased the efficiency of the censorship they wanted to impose. This paper intends to show that the reading and commerce of completely or partially forbidden books was not prevented, but it was certainly hindered.

RESUMEN: Articulado por Felipe V en el Decreto de Nueva Planta de 1716, el corregimiento de Lérida se convirtió en uno de los más extensos de Cataluña durante toda la centuria, integrándose en él las antiguas veguerías, no sólo de Lérida, sino también de Balaguer y Tárrega, ambas capitales de alcaldía. En consecuencia, nuestro objetivo en este artículo ha sido estudiar el perfil sociológico y profesional de estos alcaldes mayores o tenientes de corregidor para el período comprendido entre 1720 —fecha de su entrada en servicio— y 1808; año éste en que con la invasión napoleónica se puso fin, cronológicamente, al Antiguo Régimen. Con ello hemos pretendido saldar una deuda historiográfica que había relegado los estudios monográficos sobre estos letrados al olvido, ensombrecidos por los corregidores-gobernadores militares; superiores suyos, a los que asesoraban en materia de justicia ordinaria civil y criminal y presidían los cabildos durante sus ausencias. En definitiva, conocer mejor estos oficiales reales a través de los individuos que sirvieron estas varas, ya que jugaron un papel importante en la dministración catalana de justicia del siglo XVIII, algunos de cuyos fundamentos siguen estando vigentes hoy en día.ABSTRACT: Articulate by Philip V in the Decree of the Nueva Planta, the corregimiento of Lérida is converted in one of the more extensive of Catalonia during the century, integrating with it the juridical district —veguerías antiques— not only of Lérida but too Balaguer and Tárrega, both capitals of alcaldía. In consequent our objective in this article was study the sociological profile and professional of the alcaldes mayores or lieutemants of corregidor, between 1720 —date of the begun service— and 1808, year of the napoleonic invasion in that finished the Antique Regime. With it we seek settle an historiografhic debt that forgot monografhicals studies from this lawyer, grow dark by the corregidores-militaries governors, to who counsel in civil and criminal justice and presided the cabildos during their absences. In definitive know better this royals officials that gamed an important paper in the catalan justice administration in the XVIII century.

RESUMEN: El artículo trata de la evolución de la noción de Derecho Natural en tres autores españoles del siglo XVIII: Mayans, Marín y Torres Flórez. Los tres tienen un fundamento común: están dentro de la línea iusnaturalista teonómica, es decir, admiten que Dios es el fundamento último del Derecho Natural. Sin embargo se aprecia una evolución en los contenidos y las fuentes de cada uno de los autores al elaborar sus teorías, en la admisión de temas y métodos de trabajo. ABSTRACT: The main of this paper is to show the evolution of the concept of Natural Law in Spain during the 18th century using three authors: Mayans, Marín and Torres Flórez. All of them have a common background: they admited God as a basis of Natural Law theory, but in the authors we can find an evolution of the methodology, topics and authorities. They begun from the same point and they developed their theories in three different ways and arrieved to an different conclusions.

RESUMEN: En el presente trabajo se describe el efecto del terremoto de Lisboa de 1 de noviembre de 1755 en la antigua provincia de Tuy (Galicia), incidiendo en los aspectos que se describen en los 22 informes locales de la época cuyos datos han sido integrados. El terremoto fue sentido en toda la provincia, produciendo escasos daños salvo en algunas localidades. No hubo víctimas entre la población. El maremoto asociado produjo olas de más de 3 m de altura pero sus daños fueron escasos.ABSTRACT: This paper describes the effect of Lisbon earthquake of 1 november, 1755 on the former province of Tuy (Galicia), touching upon all the aspects described in 22 local reports of the time, the data of which have been included. The earthquake was felt in the whole province but caused scarced damage in a few towns. There were no victims among the population. The associated tsunami produced waves more than 3 m. high but the damaged was limited.

RESUMEN: Partiendo del supuesto de que en la Constitución francesa de 1793 se diseña un esbozo de democracia social —concepto que utiliza A. Soboul—, el autor se pregunta si la no aplicación de esta norma fundamental y, por lo tanto, del modelo de democracia social, se debe a una imposibilidad de carácter utópico, o más bien a la tesis de las circunstancias adversas —guerra en el exterior, disputa por el poder en el interior— por las que atraviesa en esta fase la Revolución francesa. El artículo desarrolla esta segunda alternativa, subrayando, no obstante, la pervivencia de los principios de esta Constitución.ABSTRACT: If so in the French Constitution of 1793 it draws a social democracy outline —this concept is used by A. Soboul—, the autor inquires about the reason of the non application of this fundamental Law and, therefore, of the social democracy model. Is the causa the utopian face of this Law, or rather the adverse circumstances of the French Revolution at this time? The pourpose in this paper is to develop the second alternative, but to emphasize the future influence of the principles of this Constitution.

RESUMEN: Se ponen de relieve dos aspectos fundamentales y concatenados durante el siglo XVIII: el arraigo de numerosas prácticas religiosas colectivas en el seno familiar y la relación entre las vivencias domésticas y las formas externas de la existencia cotidiana popular.Se analizan la reiteración de los rituales funerarios sacralizados y el consumo de ropa, y la incidencia de ambos temas en las prácticas culturales populares. El mantenimiento de los signos externos de la religiosidad y los cambios en la civilización material tenían igual cabida en la cotidianidad de aquella Castilla semiilustrada.La gran cuestión giraba en torno a la necesaria mezcla de los cuidados espirituales y mundanos para lograr una cómoda felicidad terrena junto a la ansiada salvación. «Nada de lo divino era extraño; todo era religión»; pero también era una realidad en la época el ideal: «viva la industria de la persona».ABSTRACT: This paper highlights two fundamental closely connected developments of the Eighteenth century in Castile, namely: that many collective religious practices became deeply rooted in the family household; also, that a relationship took shape between domestic experiences and the outer forms of the people’s daily existence.Thus the reiteration of sacralized burial rites and the consumption of clothing are analysed, as well as the effect of both on popular culture practices. In the everyday life of semi-Enlightened Castile, the preservation of external signs of religiousness was on an equal footing with the evolution of material culture. It was a matter of attaining the necessary mixing of spiritual and worldly cares so as to attain comfortable, earthly happiness along with the much longed-for salvation. «Nada de lo divino era extraño; todo era religión», but no less true was the motto: «viva la industria de la persona».

RESUMEN: Se ponen de relieve dos aspectos fundamentales y concatenados durante el siglo XVIII: el arraigo de numerosas prácticas religiosas colectivas en el seno familiar y la relación entre las vivencias domésticas y las formas externas de la existencia cotidiana popular.Se analizan la reiteración de los rituales funerarios sacralizados y el consumo de ropa, y la incidencia de ambos temas en las prácticas culturales populares. El mantenimiento de los signos externos de la religiosidad y los cambios en la civilización material tenían igual cabida en la cotidianidad de aquella Castilla semiilustrada.La gran cuestión giraba en torno a la necesaria mezcla de los cuidados espirituales y mundanos para lograr una cómoda felicidad terrena junto a la ansiada salvación. «Nada de lo divino era extraño; todo era religión»; pero también era una realidad en la época el ideal: «viva la industria de la persona».ABSTRACT: This paper highlights two fundamental closely connected developments of the Eighteenth century in Castile, namely: that many collective religious practices became deeply rooted in the family household; also, that a relationship took shape between domestic experiences and the outer forms of the people’s daily existence.Thus the reiteration of sacralized burial rites and the consumption of clothing are analysed, as well as the effect of both on popular culture practices. In the everyday life of semi-Enlightened Castile, the preservation of external signs of religiousness was on an equal footing with the evolution of material culture. It was a matter of attaining the necessary mixing of spiritual and worldly cares so as to attain comfortable, earthly happiness along with the much longed-for salvation. «Nada de lo divino era extraño; todo era religión», but no less true was the motto: «viva la industria de la persona».

RESUMEN: En el presente trabajo se describe el efecto del terremoto de Lisboa de 1 de noviembre de 1755 en la antigua provincia de Tuy (Galicia), incidiendo en los aspectos que se describen en los 22 informes locales de la época cuyos datos han sido integrados. El terremoto fue sentido en toda la provincia, produciendo escasos daños salvo en algunas localidades. No hubo víctimas entre la población. El maremoto asociado produjo olas de más de 3 m de altura pero sus daños fueron escasos.ABSTRACT: This paper describes the effect of Lisbon earthquake of 1 november, 1755 on the former province of Tuy (Galicia), touching upon all the aspects described in 22 local reports of the time, the data of which have been included. The earthquake was felt in the whole province but caused scarced damage in a few towns. There were no victims among the population. The associated tsunami produced waves more than 3 m. high but the damaged was limited.

RESUMEN: Tras una breve introducción en la que se traza un paralelismo entre el erudito Juan Andrés y el naturalista Alejandro de Humboldt, se presenta una síntesis de la relevancia del viaje científico de Humboldt iniciado en España. Las referencias sobre la figura y trabajo de Humboldt y, en menor medida, sobre Cavanilles en la gran obra total de Andrés demuestran el vigor intelectual de éste, quien subraya muchos de los elementos fundamentales del legado humboldtiano.ABSTRACT: This paper begins with a brief introduction to the similarities between the scholar Juan Andrés and the naturalist Alexander von Humboldt and continues with a summary of the relevance of Humboldt’s scientific expedition which began in Spain. The references to Humboldt’s persona and endeavours, and to a lesser extent to Cavanilles, in all of Andrés’ great works demonstrate the intellectual ability of the author who pinpoints many of the fundamental aspects of Humboldt’s legacy.

RESUMEN: En las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII, las actividades del polifacético Pablo de Olavide encontraron una gran repercusión en el círculo de los ilustrados europeos. Las obras del peruano fueron vistas por muchos como un fanal y un símbolo de las posibilidades de una política ilustrada y de una «nueva» España, pero la caída de Olavide y su juicio y sentencia supusieron un revés para los principios ilustrados. Este artículo se centra en la repercusión que tuvo la figura de Olavide en una de las novelas de más éxito en la Alemania del siglo XVIII. Nos referimos a la obra de Johann Pezzl Faustin oder das philosophische Jahrhundert (Faustino o el siglo filosófico). Las razones por las cuales nos hemos centrado en esta obra son de diversa índole. Por una parte, la presentación que hace Pezzl del proceso a Olavide recoge la percepción y opinión generales de los intelectuales alemanes y por otra, esta novela documenta los canales de información con los que un escritor puede contar cuando trabaja con esta suerte de acontecimientos. Asimismo, Faustino refleja en gran medida cómo algunos géneros literarios en la época de la prerrevolución se convirtieron en plataformas de mensajes políticos y crítica a las clases dirigentes.ABSTRACT: In the last decades of the 18th Century the multificated activities and exploits of Pablo de Olavide found a vivid echo in the circle of European intelligentsia. In the eyes of many they formed a fanal and symbol of the possibilities of an enlightened policy and the chances of a «new» Spain. Olavide’s fall, trial and imprisonment in 1776 was felt as a bitter blow for the new principles of enlightenment. In this paper it is aimed to concentrate in more detail on the reflection of Pablo de Olavide’s destiny in one of the economically most successful novels of late 18th Century Germany: This is Johann Pezzl’s Faustin oder das philosophische Jahrhundert (Faustin or the philosophical century). This focus on Pezzl’s work has a variety of reasons. On the one hand Pezzl’s presentation of the «Olavide-affair» echoes the general perception and opinion of the German intellectuals, on the other hand the novel Faustin documents which channels of information a writer could use when working on this sort of subject. Pezzl’s Faustin furthermore reflects in how much some genres of literature in the Pre-Revolution epoche had turned into platforms of political messages and criticism of the ruling classes.

RESUMEN: Articulado por Felipe V en el Decreto de Nueva Planta de 1716, el corregimiento de Lérida se convirtió en uno de los más extensos de Cataluña durante toda la centuria, integrándose en él las antiguas veguerías, no sólo de Lérida, sino también de Balaguer y Tárrega, ambas capitales de alcaldía. En consecuencia, nuestro objetivo en este artículo ha sido estudiar el perfil sociológico y profesional de estos alcaldes mayores o tenientes de corregidor para el período comprendido entre 1720 —fecha de su entrada en servicio— y 1808; año éste en que con la invasión napoleónica se puso fin, cronológicamente, al Antiguo Régimen. Con ello hemos pretendido saldar una deuda historiográfica que había relegado los estudios monográficos sobre estos letrados al olvido, ensombrecidos por los corregidores-gobernadores militares; superiores suyos, a los que asesoraban en materia de justicia ordinaria civil y criminal y presidían los cabildos durante sus ausencias. En definitiva, conocer mejor estos oficiales reales a través de los individuos que sirvieron estas varas, ya que jugaron un papel importante en la dministración catalana de justicia del siglo XVIII, algunos de cuyos fundamentos siguen estando vigentes hoy en día.ABSTRACT: Articulate by Philip V in the Decree of the Nueva Planta, the corregimiento of Lérida is converted in one of the more extensive of Catalonia during the century, integrating with it the juridical district —veguerías antiques— not only of Lérida but too Balaguer and Tárrega, both capitals of alcaldía. In consequent our objective in this article was study the sociological profile and professional of the alcaldes mayores or lieutemants of corregidor, between 1720 —date of the begun service— and 1808, year of the napoleonic invasion in that finished the Antique Regime. With it we seek settle an historiografhic debt that forgot monografhicals studies from this lawyer, grow dark by the corregidores-militaries governors, to who counsel in civil and criminal justice and presided the cabildos during their absences. In definitive know better this royals officials that gamed an important paper in the catalan justice administration in the XVIII century.