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DOT-TSC-1193, The effects on fuel economy, emissions, passenger car safety and other variables due to the installation of light-weight Diesel powerplants were studied. Experimental data was obtained on naturally aspirated and turbocharged Diesel engines installed in subcompact and compact passenger vehicles. The data includes fuel economy as a function of engine type and horsepower, as a function of vehicle inertia weight and as a function of regulated emission constraints. Unregulated emissions have been characterized during the course of the work. The compatibility of the Diesel engine studied with passenger car structures incorporating advanced frontal crashworthiness capabilities was also verified. Volume II, the main body of the report, provides a discussion of the fuel economy and emissions obtained, a description of the engine/vehicle systems tested and the results of factory drivability tests.

DOT-TSC-1355, This report traces the development of the three-way catalytic converter system from its origins in automaker and chemical firm research in the 1950s, to present plans preparing the system to be the auto exhaust emission control device most widely used on American cars in the 1980s. Multiple forces led to the decision by major automakers in the late 1970s to adopt the system. Among these forces were tightening exhaust emissions regulations; the development of low-cost, mass-producible system components; and institutional factors including strong system advocates, internationalization of the auto industry, and the desire of certain technology-oriented automakers to defend their U.S. market shares by adoption of the system. The paper concludes that the three-way converter system may become the dominant auto exhaust emission control device for American-market cars in the 1980s if problems relating to adoption of the system to 6- and 8-cylinder engines, reduction in requirements for precious metals, and the development of secure sources of supply for those metals are resolved.

DOT/TSC-RA-77-07, Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Chevrolet 200 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation.

This report provides an assessment of the potential for spark ignition engines passenger cars and light trucks. The assessment includes: tradeoffs between fuel economy and emissions; improvements in spark ignition engine efficiency; improvements in engine parasitics; improvements due to transmissions; effect of aerodynamic drag and tire rolling resistance on fuel economy; effect on performance and fuel economy of weight and axle ratio; lubricant improvements; impact of fuels; and noise considerations.

The purpose of this effort was to generate experimental data to support an assessment of the relationship between automobile fuel economy and emission control systems. Tests were made at both the engine and vehicle levels. Detailed investigations were made on cold-start emissions devices, exhaust gas recirculation systems, and air injection reactor systems. Based on the results of engine tests, an alternative emission control system and modified control strategy were implemented and tested in the vehicle. With the same fuel economy and NOx emissions as the stock vehicle, the modified vehicle reduced HC and CO emissions by about 20 percent. By removing the NOx emissions constraint, the modified vehicle demonstrated about 12 percent better fuel economy than the stock vehicle.

DOT-TSC-1193, The effects on fuel economy, emissions, passenger car safety and other variables due to the installation of light-weight Diesel powerplants were studied. Experimental data was obtained on naturally aspirated and turbocharged Diesel engines installed in subcompact and compact passenger vehicles. The data includes fuel economy as a function of engine type and horsepower, as a function of vehicle inertia weight and as a function of regulated emission constraints. Unregulated emissions have been characterized during the course of the work. The compatibility of the Diesel engine studied with passenger car structures incorporating advanced frontal crashworthiness capabilities was also verified. Volume I, the Executive Summary, presents a summary of the data obtained and a review of the important conclusions

DOT-TSC-1193, The effects of fuel economy, emissions, passenger car safety and other variables due to the installation of light-weight Diesel powerplants were studied. Experimental data was obtained on naturally aspirated and turbocharged Diesel engines installed in subcompact and compact passenger vehicles. The data includes fuel economy as a function of engine type and horsepower, as a function of vehicle inertia weight and as a function of regulated emission constraints. Unregulated emissions have been characterized during the course of the work. The compatibility of the Diesel engine studied with passenger car structures incorporating advanced frontal crashworthiness capabilities was also verified. Volume III, the appendixes, presents miscellaneous data used during the program.

DOT-TSC-1242, HS153/R1415, The intent of this study is to obtain information on small high-speed engines so that their effect on the urban environment may be assessed, and if necessary, programs devised to reduce the noise and other emissions from vehicles using these "highly desirable and efficient power plants." This work was performed by Calspan and subcontracted to Ricardo Consulting Engineers, Ltd.

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1975 Perkins 247-CID diesel engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine-performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 AMC 121 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation.

Test data was obtained from spark ignition production and preproduction engines at the engine and vehicle level. The engines were applicable for vehicles 2000 to 3000 pounds in weight. The data obtained provided trade-offs between fuel economy, power, emission constraints and emission control technology, and other relevant parameters

In the future, further reduction in fatalities, fuel consumption and emissions dur to automobile use will be needed. To insure that these goals are achieved, it is necessary to understand more thoroughly the role of the federal initiatives and regulation in encouraging the development, implementation and adoption of innovative automobile technology. The study provides an important link in addressing these questions. It examines the pattern of past Federal initiatives in the automobile industry and the effect of those initiatives on innovation. In addition, a framework is developed for assessing the joint consequences of Federal technology creation and market pull initiatives on the diffusion process.

DOT-TSC-1242, The intent of this study is to obtain information on small high-speed engines so that their effect on the urban environment may be assessed, and if necessary, programs devised to reduce the noise and other emissions from vehicles using these highly desirable and efficient power plants.

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Pontiac 301 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation.

Test data was obtained from spark ignition production and preproduction engines at the engine and vehicle level. The engines were applicable for vehicles 2000 to 3000 pounds in weight. The data obtained provided trade-offs between fuel economy, power, emission constraints and emission control technology, and other relevent parameters. Volume II, the main body of the report, provides a discussion of the fuel economy and emissions obtained, a description of the engine/vehicle system tested and the results of factory driveability tests.

The purpose of the study was to attempt to assess the adequacy of the diesel engine exhaust chemical composition data base and instrumental analysis methods for the measurement of chemicals giving rise to sensory response, especially odor and irritation. The review would then constitute the basis for recommendations as to areas for future research.

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 Ford 300 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of Nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the test was to obtain engine performance data for estimating fuel consumption and emissions for varied engine service and duty and to provide basic engine characteristic data required for the TSC Vehicle Simulator (VEHSIM).

DOT-TSC-1046, PPA HS-027, This report identifies, evaluates, and documents the characteristics and functions of significant electronic engine and powertrain control systems. Important considerations in the assessment are the powertrain variables controlled, the technology utilized, and the fuel economy gains achieved. A detailed analysis, by engine class and control system technology, is made in order to quantify specific advantages of various electronic systems and their capability to achieve increased engine efficiency and vehicle fuel economy. An attempt is made to identify the minimum technology required to move from the 1978 emission standards of 1.5 HC/15.0 CO/2.0 NOx to the 1981 emission standard of .41 HC/3.4 CO/1.0 NOx with no fuel economy losses. This 1981 standard and the level of technology required to achieve it represents a baseline from which an analysis of further potential fuel economy gains via electronic control systems is made.

The primary objective of this work was to transfer technology developed in the area of truck noise reduction to that of construction equipment. Included is information gathered from previous contracts, surveys of manufacturers, a noise impact ranking by equipment type, engine and equipment test results, specific information to enable equipment owners to reduce noise from their equipment, and recommendations dealing with reasonable noise level goals for used equipment. Work accomplished under this contract involved the compilation of comprehensive specifications for diesel engines greater than 50 horsepower used in the construction industry, the development of a comparative muffler selection procedure, and the collection of costs for mufflers and complete exhaust systems. A noise impact ranking was developed to characterize equipment types with respect to degree of noise pollution. This ranking was based on: the average machine noise level, the typical percentage of time the machine was at full load, the average production rate per year based on production figures of the last ten years, and proximity of machine use to human population. Using the noise impact rating system, front-end loaders, tractors, and backhoes (excavators) were identified as the three machines of the greatest impact. Detailed tests conducted on two classes of tractors, a front-end loader and a backhoe, identified the contributions of the various major component noise sources to overall machine noise levels. Results indicate that construction equipment produced since the late 1960's have utilized reasonable muffling such that exhaust noise is not generally the dominant noise source.

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Buick 231 CID turbocharged to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 Chrysler 318 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the test was to obtain engine performance data for estimating fuel consumption and emissions for varied engine service and duty and to provide basic engine characteristic data required for the TSC Vehicle Simulator (VEHSIM).

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1976 Chevrolet 85 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation.

Detailed specifications and EPA certification data for 134 automotive production engines (60 domestic and 74 imported) which are used in the United States and several preproduction engines are provided. When available, experimentally derived performance data are included for fuel consumption, and pre- and post-catalyst emissions (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The fuel economy data are employed in four different engine assessment methodologies.

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 AM 304 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the test was to obtain engine performance data for estimating fuel consumption and emissions for varied engine service and duty and to provide basic engine characteristic data required for the TSC Vehicle Simulator (VEHSIM).

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Pontiac 151 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation.

Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Buick 231 CID turbocharged to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation.

RA-77-07, Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Oldsmobile Diesel, 350 CID (5.7 Liters) engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine-performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation.

RA-76-48, This report examines the relationship among automotive fuel economy, ambient temperature, cold-start trip length, and drive-train component temperatures of four 1977 vehicles. Fuel economy, exhaust emission, and drive-train temperatures were measured at temperatures of 20° F, 45° F, 70° F, and 100° F using the 1975 Federal Test Procedure (75 FTP) and the EPA highway fuel economy test (HWFET).

This report provides a first-level assessment of the environmental effects which might result if diesel vehicles in large numbers were produced and sold, thereby changing the mix of vehicles in the in-use fleet so that a substantial fraction were diesel-powered in future years. The study emphasizes the impacts of diesel exhaust emissions on air quality, especially particulates and odor. Impacts are projected to the year 2000, based on several selected scenarios for the growth in diesel population. Two types of air quality analyses are conducted; areawide and local site. The areawide analysis examines pollutant dump effects in three metropolitan city areas. The Local site analysis investigates pollutant concentrations in several critical urban sites: the heavily traveled freeway, the street canyon, and the enclosed parking garage. A general description of the methodology is provided. Results are presented in terms of trends in the emission inventories for the city-wide analysis and as pollutant concentration profile for the local site analysis. The areawide analysis indicates that dieselization would increase urban TSP by less than 3%, while air quality relative to HC, Co and NOx would improve. The local site analysis shows that dieselization would produce diesel particulate concentrations ranging from 9 to 13 micrograms/cubic meter at long term exposure locations in the freeway and street canyon sites and 24 micrograms/cubic meter in the enclosed parking garage. Odor effects in a nominal diesel-gasoline vehicle mix are found to be negligible.

DOT-TSC-1355, From 1968 to 1972, Honda Motor Co. of Japan designed, tested, and massproduced a stratified charge engine, the CVCC, which was lower in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxide emissions and higher in fuel economy than contemporary conventional engines of similar output. Honda developed the CVCC without government assistance or outside help. Honda's success came at a time when steadily increasing fuel costs and the various provisions of the Clean Air Act had forced U.S. automakers to consider possible alternatives to the conventional gasoline engine. While most major engine manufacturers had investigated some form of stratified charge engine, Honda's CVCC was the only one to find successful market application. This case study examines the circumstances surrounding the development of the CVCC engine and its introduction into the Japanese and American markets.