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In this work, N-doped hollow porous carbon spheres (N-HPCSs) were synthesized by silicon dioxide template-assisted polybenzoxazine (PB) coating strategy. The prepared N-HPCSs have a smooth hollow ball structure surrounded by a well-defined porous shell. Combining with in-situ plating of Bi film, the N-HPCSs were further fabricated a sensitive electrochemical platform for determination trace levels of Cd(II) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Under the optimized conditions, the Bi-N-HPCSs based sensor displays a linear response to Cd(II) over the range of 0.5gL(-1) to 150gL(-1). Meanwhile, the limit of detection (LOD, S/N=3) is estimated to be around 0.16gL(-1) for Cd(II), which is 31 times lower than the safety values set by United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the drinking water. Moreover, the proposed method was successfully applied to detection of Cd(II) in tap water and lake water, and the analytical results of the presented method are agreed well with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) data. Due to the excellent analytical performance, the fabricated electrode is promised for future development in monitoring of cadmium pollution in the environment.

An eco-friendly gamma-AlOOH-carbonated bacterial cellulose (gamma-AlOOH-CBC) hybrids material was fabricated by simple pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatments. The obtained hybrids possess an intrinsic 3D nanofibrous structure decorated with chaff-like gamma-AlOOH particles. Owing to the good adsorption property and conductive, gamma-AlOOH-CBC hybrids were used to modified the glass carbon electrode (GCE) for simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in aqueous samples by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) method. Various parameters affected Cd(II) and Pb(II) measurement were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection (S/N = 3) of the gamma-AlOOH-CBC modified electrode was evaluated to be 0.17 mu g.L-1 for Cd(II) and 0.10 mu g.L-1 for Pb(II) with the linear range of the calibration curves ranged 0.5-250 mu g.L-1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II). Furthermore, the developed electrode was also successfully utilized for monitoring trace Cd(II) and Pb(II) in drinking water samples with satisfactory results.

The authors describe the preparation of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with a three-dimensional network structure by one-step carbonization of bacterial cellulose at 800 degrees C. The 3D CNFs wrapped with Nafion polymer were cast on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) which then enables sensitive detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II). Under optimized conditions and at typical stripping peaks of around -0.80 and -0.55 V (vs Ag/AgCl), the electrode exhibits high sensitivity and a wide analytical range of 2-100 mu g.L-1 for both Cd(II) and Pb(II). The detection limits are 0.38 mu g.L-1 for Cd(II) and 0.33 mu g.L-1 for Pb(II), respectively. The modified GCE was successfully employed to the determination of trace amounts of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in both tap water and waste water.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a pivotal role in water-splitting. Here, we report a facile method to synthesize multimetal supported on commercial carbon black via a time-saving microwave process. Crystalline FeNi3 nanoparticles homogeneously doped with Mo are formed via a microwave treatment and activated to metal oxyhydroxide in-situ during cyclic voltammetry test with overpotential of only 280 mV at 10 mA cm(-2) for OER in alkaline electrolyte, outperforming RuO2. Our synthesis methodology is a promising alternative for large-scale production, delivering a valuable contribution to catalyst preparation and electrocatalytic water oxidation research.

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) derived from a single small-molecule protic salt (p-phenylenediamine bisulfate) is used for sensing toxic heavy metal ions. Using Nafion, bismuth and NMC to anchor the glassy carbon electrode surface, the fabricate electrode shows high sensitivity for detecting Cd(II) and Pb(II). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) are estimated to be 0.3 mu g L-1 for Cd(II) and 0.4 mu g L-1 for Pb(II), respectively, which are 10 and 25 times lower than the maximum acceptable content for drinking water recommended by the WHO. Furthermore, the sensor is successfully used to analyze Cd(II) and Pb(II) in tap-water with high anti-interference capability and good recovery.

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) derived from a single small-molecule protic salt (p-phenylenediamine bisulfate) is used for sensing toxic heavy metal ions. Using Nafion, bismuth and NMC to anchor the glassy carbon electrode surface, the fabricate electrode shows high sensitivity for detecting Cd(II) and Pb(II). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) are estimated to be 0.3 mu g L-1 for Cd(II) and 0.4 mu g L-1 for Pb(II), respectively, which are 10 and 25 times lower than the maximum acceptable content for drinking water recommended by the WHO. Furthermore, the sensor is successfully used to analyze Cd(II) and Pb(II) in tap-water with high anti-interference capability and good recovery.

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) derived from a single small-molecule protic salt (p-phenylenediamine bisulfate) is used for sensing toxic heavy metal ions. Using Nafion, bismuth and NMC to anchor the glassy carbon electrode surface, the fabricate electrode shows high sensitivity for detecting Cd(II) and Pb(II). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) are estimated to be 0.3 mu g L-1 for Cd(II) and 0.4 mu g L-1 for Pb(II), respectively, which are 10 and 25 times lower than the maximum acceptable content for drinking water recommended by the WHO. Furthermore, the sensor is successfully used to analyze Cd(II) and Pb(II) in tap-water with high anti-interference capability and good recovery.

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) derived from a single small-molecule protic salt (p-phenylenediamine bisulfate) is used for sensing toxic heavy metal ions. Using Nafion, bismuth and NMC to anchor the glassy carbon electrode surface, the fabricate electrode shows high sensitivity for detecting Cd(II) and Pb(II). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) are estimated to be 0.3 mu g L-1 for Cd(II) and 0.4 mu g L-1 for Pb(II), respectively, which are 10 and 25 times lower than the maximum acceptable content for drinking water recommended by the WHO. Furthermore, the sensor is successfully used to analyze Cd(II) and Pb(II) in tap-water with high anti-interference capability and good recovery.

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) derived from a single small-molecule protic salt (p-phenylenediamine bisulfate) is used for sensing toxic heavy metal ions. Using Nafion, bismuth and NMC to anchor the glassy carbon electrode surface, the fabricate electrode shows high sensitivity for detecting Cd(II) and Pb(II). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) are estimated to be 0.3 mu g L-1 for Cd(II) and 0.4 mu g L-1 for Pb(II), respectively, which are 10 and 25 times lower than the maximum acceptable content for drinking water recommended by the WHO. Furthermore, the sensor is successfully used to analyze Cd(II) and Pb(II) in tap-water with high anti-interference capability and good recovery.

Mesoporous materials have exceptional properties for application owing to their ability to absorb and interact with guest species. A novel MgO/OMC composite with mesoporous structure was successfully synthesized via in situ magnesiothermic reduction. The structure was confirmed by N-2 sorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By using nafion and bismuth films as co-modifiers, the MgO/OMC composite material shows high sensitivity of 0.113 mu A.L mu g(-1) and lower background current for electrochemical determination of lead ion (Pb2+) by using anodic stripping voltammetry. The high specific surface area and good mass transfer on the proposed mesoporous material, as well as the outstanding adsorption abilities of MgO to metal ions and the excellent conductivity of the carbon skeleton contribute to the enhanced electrochemical response of Pb2+. As the stripping response of Bi/MgO/OMC-Nafion/PGE is highly linear (R-2 = 0.998) over a Pb2+ concentration range of 2 to 300 mg/L, it was successfully used to analyse Pb2+ in real tap-water samples with good recoveries.