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The types and densities of honeyed plants vary depending on the altitude. This causes the amount and Physicochemical structure of honey produced in apiaries of different altitudes to change. In this study, honey harvest from the honeybee colonies placed at different altitudes in the same geographical region was carried out in the first week of September. Standard laboratory methods were used to determine some physicochemical properties of the honey samples. Some of the minimum and maximum average values obtained as a result of the analysis of honey samples; moisture 14.70% and 18.60%, free acidity 20.50 meq/kg and 25.30 meq/kg, pH 3.20 and 4.30, EC 0.22 and 0.44 mS/cm, fructose 32% to 45%, glucose 0.10% to 0.18%, sucrose from 0.66% 1.80%, maltose ranged from 0.66% to 1.80%. Also, HMF ranged from 1.80 mg/kg to 3.50 mg/kg, proline 530.00 mg/kg and 710.00 mg/kg, Density from 1.44 g/cm3 to 1.49 g/cm3, Invertase 20.30 U/kg-28.50 U/kg, Diastase activity 13.23-19.07 and Total phenolic content ranged from 76.00-94.00 g. It has been determined that the physicochemical structures of honey produced at different heights are statistically different from each other. This study aims to determine the effect of altitude difference on the quantity and physicochemical structure of honey.

Medicinal and aromatic plants are valuable sources of herbal products worldwide due to their secondary metabolite content, high antioxidant activities and many other biological activities. As a result of the developing technology, the demand for natural active substances obtained from plants has increased. For use, plants collected from nature do not have the desired quality standards. For this reason, sustainability can be achieved by using microbial inoculants as well as many biotechnological and molecular approaches such as micro propagation, synthetic seed technology to increase the yield and quality standards of medicinal and aromatic plants. Thanks to microbial inoculants, yield increase can be realized and at the same time, product quality can be contributed due to increased soil quality. In this review, it was aimed to evaluate the important roles of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Arbiscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma inoculants in increasing productivity, nutrient uptake and resistance of medicinal and aromatic plants to environmental stresses in the light of literature. In this review, the variation in the resistance of plants to environmental stresses is summarized by evaluating the ultimate effects of microbial inoculants alone and in combination. In addition, it has been added to the evaluation in studies to prevent the decrease of secondary metabolite content formed under environmental stress conditions in medicinal and aromatic plants by microorganisms.

This study was carried out in the beekeeping research area of Bayburt University in order to determine the effect of odor and color on plant preference of honeybees in 2021. The experimental setup was established at a distance of 200 meters from the apiary where 80 Caucasian bees (Apis mellifera caucasica) colonies are located. As a result of the study, the most preferred feeders were the control group (pure sucrose syrup) (9.81 pieces), and the least preferred feeders were the rose-scent group (2.58). The effect of odor on honeybees' feed preferences varied according to months. Considering the effect of months on honeybees' visits to their feeders, the most visited feeders were Melissa (6.8) in June, control (11.69) in July, and control (14.58) in August. The highest number of feeder visits by honeybees was in August (9.24), and the lowest (2.89) in June. Considering the color preferences of honeybees, the most visited forage color was blue (5.98) and the least red was 4.89. The effect of colors on the feed preferences of honeybees also varied according to the months. The highest visitor bee average was found in the blue colored feeder (4.53) in June, the green colored feeder (7.24) in July, and the yellow and blue colored feeders (7.29) in August.

The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Lavandula stoechas and Crepis sancta extracts on subclinical mastitis bacteria in cows have not been reported to the present day. The aim of this work was to investigate of the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of methanol extract from L. stoechas and C. sancta. Methanol extracts were screened for antibacterial activity against mastitis pathogens. The antibacterial activity was tested using disc diffusion and broth dilution method. In addition, the plant extracts were tested against the stable DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical. Additionally methanol extracts were screened for enzymatic antioxidant activity. The methanol extract of C. sancta showed maximum inhibition zone against S. aureus-18 (16 mm). MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) value was determined as 3250 µg/mL for test bacteria. The highest radical scavenging capacity (62 %) was obtained from the flower extracts of L. stoechas and the leaf extracts of C. sancta. The methanol extract of C. sancta displayed a strong antioxidant activity (trolox equivalent = 1.6 mM/g). It was determined that the activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (AP) enzymes were higher at the flowers of L. stoechas compared to the leaves. The extracts of L. stoechas and C. sancta leaf and flower have antibacterial and antioxidant potential against subclinic mastitis causative agent Staphylococci species.

In this study, it was investigated the stinging, robing and swarming tendencies of Buckfast, Carniolan, Caucasian and Erzurum honeybee genotypes in Eastern Anatolian conditions. In the 2015 production period, a total of 40 colonies,10 from each of Buckfast, Carniolan, Caucasian and Erzurum genotypes were used in the study. Caucasian genotype was the most gentle with 6.22±0.65 pcs/colony average number of stings, while Erzurum genotype was the most aggressive with 12.12±1.08 pcs/colony average number of stings. As a result of analysis of variance applied to average numbers of stings genotypes, the difference between the genotypes was found to be very significant in terms of tendency to stinging. In terms of tendency to robing, the Buckfast genotype ranked first with 1.57±0.17 pcs, while the Carniolan genotype had the lowest trend of robing with a value of 0.62±0.16 pcs. In terms of swarming tendency, the difference between the genotypes was statistically significant.

Coruh valley has an important biological diversity in term of plants, flora-fauna, wildlife and ecosystems. These regions contain the landraces, wild and weedy relatives, other wild, herbaceous and flowering trees, herbaceous flowering plants, medicinal and aromatic and flowering and ornamental shrubs plants species which are especially economically important plant for floriculture, eco-tourism, botanical tourism and nature tourism. Many important medicinal and aromatic and ornamental plants species are found in this region and naturally grow. It is considered that Acantholimon, Achillea, Alkanna, Allium, Amygdalus, Angelica, Anemone, Anthemis, Arabis, Arctium, Artemisia, Asparagus, Asperula, Astragalus, Calamintha, Calendula, Calutea, Campanula, Capparis, Cardamine, Centaurea, Cephalanthera, Cephalaria, Chelidonium, Chenopodium, Chysanthemum, Colchicum, Consolida, Coriandrum, Cornus, Coronilla, Cerasus, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Crocus, Cyclamen, Dactylorhiza, Digitalis, Dianthus, Draba, Echinops, Equisetum, Ferula, Filipendula, Fritillaria, Fumaria, Gagea, Galanthus, Galium, Genista, Gentiana, Geranium, Geum, Gladiolus, Glychirrza, Helichrysum, Hesperis, Hypericum, İnula, İris, Isatis, Juniperus, Lilium, Linaria, Linum, lysimachia, Malus, Malva, Marrubium, Melissa, Mentha, Micromeria, Morina, Muscari, Mysotis, Narcissus, Neotchichatchewia, Nepeta, Onobrychis, Orchis, Ornithogalum, Origanum, Paeonia, Papaver, Pedicularis, Peganum, Phelypaea, Platanthera, Plantago, Pilosella, Pelargonium, Potentilla, Polygonum, Polygala, Primula, Punica, Prunus, Pyrus, Ranunculus, Rhamnus, Rhododendron, Rhus, Rosa, Rubia, Rubus, Rumex, Salvia, Sambucus, Satureja, Scilla, Scorzonera, Scutellaria, Sedum, Sempervivum, Sideritis, Sophora, Sorbus, Stachys, Tanecetum, Teucrium, Thymus, Trigonella, Tulipa, Tussilago, Uechtriitzia, Vaccinium, Verbascum, Verbena, Veronica, Viburnum and Ziziphora species commonly found in the region may be may be evaluated economically.

Antibiotic resistance is being constantly developed worldwide. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes of bovine subclinical mastitis. Bioactive compound of medicinal plants shows anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic and anti-oxidant effects. The anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities of Liquidambar orientalis (L. orientalis) extracts on subclinical mastitis causing bacteria in cows have not been reported to date. The aim of the present study was to examine anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant effects of L. orientalis leaf extracts on S. aureus and CNS isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis symptoms. In this study, 3.2 mg/mL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanol extracts of L. orientalis has shown to be a most potent anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant for all isolated bacterial species from mastitis cows. In this study, it was investigated anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant potentials of acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts of the L. orientalis. The acetone extract showed maximum inhibition zone against S. aureus numbered 17 (12 mm). In addition to anti-bacterial properties, anti-oxidant activity of L. orientalis extract was examined by ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] free radical assay. Trolox was used as a positive control anti-oxidant. Ethanol extract exhibited a strong anti-oxidant activity like Trolox anti-oxidant which was effective at 2.58 mM concentration. Bioactive compounds of sweet gum may be useful to screening mastitis causing bacteria for clinical applications.

The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.