Search

Currently, issues related to the study of civic identity, the all-Russian civic identity are being updated. However, at the same time, civic identity and the all-Russian civic identity are insufficiently developed areas of scientific knowledge. Under civic identity, the authors consider the conscious attitude of a person to a certain community, which is formed in the process of his/her life activity in a certain historical, socio-cultural space. Civic identity is the basis for the formation of human behavior models as a subject of the historical process, in which civic consciousness becomes decisive. Identity is considered as a social phenomenon (ontological approach); as a value that determines the relationship between consciousness and objective reality and determines the actions of a person in a historical setting, giving her guidelines for action (axiological approach). The research uses such methods as conceptual synthesis, inductive generalization, construction, system-structural analysis and expert survey in the form of interviews. In order to identify the role of Buddhism in the formation of civic identity, we carried out the study determining that Buddhist religious institutions of the Trans-Baikal Territory have a direct impact on the formation of Russian identity. The results of the study confirmed that Buddhism acts as a moral guideline for citizens, because in this teaching the main principles and rules of morality are formulated, without these principles it is not possible for peoples to exist, organize their social and daily life. The article defines the importance of Buddhist institutions in the formation and support of civic identity, which comes from the content of Buddhism itself, its postulates and doctrines.

The article analyzes the problems of religious security presented in modern research concepts. The article is aimed at proving the idea that in Western science the problems of religious security are conceptualized within the framework of discussing the contradiction between concepts asserting the spiritual essence of religious extremism and concepts proving the social nature of threats emanating from religious associations. The theoretical basis of the presented work is the theory of structural realism. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach that reveals the structure of religious security as a state of protection of religious systems and values of society. The scientific novelty of the study is the fact which reveals that in Western security studies, the contradiction between the concept asserting the spiritual essence of religious threats and the concept proving the social nature of threats emanating from religious associations is essential. In conclusion, the authors state that in Western social philosophy, despite the fact that the concept of “religious threat” was practically not used, the phenomenon associated with it was discussed from various points of view. As a result of this discussion, it was attributed to a number of concepts related to the theories of religious conflict, within which it began to be evaluated as a label that was used in the process of combating confessional opponents by those who presented themselves as representatives of a “genuine” tradition and defenders of social foundations and values. The scientific and theoretical significance of the work lies in enriching the concept of structural realism with the idea of the need to distinguish between extremism as a violent act and religious doctrines as the value content of religion. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its results can be used in the implementation of policies aimed at preventing interaction between secular and confessional institutions and the state.

The relevance of the study is due, on the one hand, to the growing infl uence of society on nature, often leading to environmental problems, and, on the other hand, to insuffi cient understanding of the role of the natural foundations of human social behavior. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main methodological approaches to the study of the “nature – society” system and their potential for obtaining new knowledge. The article uses a historical approach: the well-known methodologies for studying this system are analyzed as they are introduced into scientifi c circulation, as well as a comparative approach: similarities and differences between the analyzed methodologies and the degree of their heuristicity are revealed. The article analyzes the methodological schemes by E. V. Girusov, V. A. Kobylyansky, N. D. Subbotina, E. Yu. Zakharova and others. The foreign authors K. Fuchs, R. Rees and R. Hambleton were selected, as their views, on the one hand, are very close to the theories of domestic specialists on this issue, on the other hand, they complement them. The authors conclude that almost all of the above methodological approaches are heuristic, they can be used to obtain new knowledge in this area of research. We suggest that these methodologies can be used to study a new phenomenon ‒ a digital system. The study is also of practical importance, as it argues that it is necessary to use these methodologies in the appraisal of social and technical projects.

The interaction of man, society with nature has always been one of the most complex and contradictory topics in various fields of scientific knowledge. This interaction was constantly transformed, but one feature has always remained unchanged – human life directly depends on the state of nature. The ecological situation that has developed at present, despite its constant updating at the international, federal and regional levels, continues to remain unresolved, the threat to human life continues to grow. In this regard, the scientific substantiation of the creation of effective mechanisms and technologies of environmental policy that will contribute to overcoming the environmental crisis becomes urgent. The authors define the main goal of the study as identifying the features and effective mechanisms of modern environmental policy of Russia and China at the social, technological, natural levels of interaction between nature and society. The methodological basis of the research includes: a general theory of interaction between nature and society, which allows us to analyze the main directions and mechanisms of overcoming the ecological crisis at the social, technological, natural levels of interaction between nature and society; a comparative historical approach, which allowed us to consider the dynamics and features of the development of environmental policy in Russia and China; a systematic approach that contributed to a comprehensive analysis of the features of environmental policy, taking into account the socio-economic, political factors of the development of countries. This article highlights the main directions, stages, effective mechanisms of modern environmental policy in Russia and China at the social, technological, natural levels of interaction between nature and society. We concluded that the effective mechanisms of environmental policy are those that are associated with changes at the technological level of interaction between nature and society, associated with green and ecological production, measures taken at the level of plagenous processes remain ineffective. The research materials can be applied to study and identify ways to overcome the ecological crisis, the features of modern modernization processes in Russia and China.

The second decade of the 21st century has been an active phase in building of the information society. Digitization “race” in different states offers a potential to improve the welfare of the country and to preserve the sovereignty. The research aims at studying the social risks of digital economy. The study is based on a sociological approach, which allows us to analyze social consequences of modern society transformation and to determine the directions in social policy for minimizing the risks. We also use a structural and functional approach to analyze social reality, which determines the very premise of studying different sociocultural phenomena and processes. In our research, we applied theoretical (abstraction, analysis and synthesis, idealization, induction and deduction, mental simulation) and empirical (observation, comparison, questionnaire survey) methods. The result of this research is identification of the social risks of digital economy and description of possible variants of the society development in the context of digitization. The authors paid special attention to the problem of information and digital divide. This has led to new thinking in the issues of quality of life under the conditions of digitization. A sociological study concluded that, regardless of the population’s standard of living, digital technologies do not always improve the quality of life. With the material capacity to use digital technologies, not everyone uses them considering it unnecessary, which is often due to the lack of digital readiness of citizens. The results obtained can be used in shaping the strategy of increasing the population’s digital readiness as a necessary living condition in the information society.