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The gloss of a metal surface is an important aspect for product quality evaluation. In general, gloss is influenced by specular reflection of light on a metal surface. Therefore, evaluating the specular reflection is almost the same as evaluating the gloss. We propose a method that uses patterned area illumination to evaluate specular reflection. In specular reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Consequently, when light (ray) of the area illumination, which has a striped pattern, are projected on a glossy metal surface, a striped pattern forms on the reflected image as a mirror-like reflection, and the sharpness of the striped pattern of the image provides information about the specular reflection on the surface. This characteristic is applied to a metal with a hairline surface finish. A hairline surface presents different glossiness at different viewpoints. When the direction of the striped pattern of illumination is changed, the sharpness of striped pattern on the reflected image varies owing to the surface roughness of the hairline finish. Therefore, we can evaluate the glossiness in various directions by rotating the pattern. The rough relationships between gloss evaluation value and surface roughness were indicated in our study. In order to make the relationship between gloss evaluation and surface roughness for the estimation of surface roughness, we had tried the comparison for the gloss evaluation value and the surface roughness. The more precise relationship for seven directions on hairline-finished metal surface was measured. This report describes the results and considers the possibility of estimation of surface roughness by the gloss evaluation value.

In this paper, waterborne ultraviolet (UV)-curing wood coatings were modified by nano MgCO3 puree, and prepared by optimizing the process parameters. The mechanical properties (hardness, adhesion and resistance impact strength) and gloss of waterborne UV-curing wood coatings modified by nano MgCO3 puree were tested. It was found that the mechanical properties of coatings increased when nano MgCO3 content increased from 0 to 3.0%. Waterborne UV-curing wood coatings had good hardness, adhesion and impact strength when the nano MgCO3 content was 3%-4%. The hardness was 3H, the adhesion was grade 1, and impact strength was 40 kg∙cm. However, when nano MgCO3 content was higher than 4%, the mechanical properties of coatings decreased. As the nano MgCO3 content gradually increasing, the gloss of waterborne UV-curing wood coatings modified by nano MgCO3 puree decreased. When the nano MgCO3 content was 4.0%, the gloss of coating was 33%. When the nano MgCO3 content exceeded 4.0%, the gloss of waterborne UV-curing wood coatings displayed matte.

The aim of this work was to determine thermal and physical properties of white-opaque sanitary glazes. Lampang pottery stone was used to replace silica (G2) and feldspar (G3) in the commercial sanitary glaze (G1). All formulations of glazes developed from Seger formula calculation and the glaze slurry was prepared by wet milling, green glazing on commercial ceramic body and firing at 1200๐C with heating rate of 3๐C/min by using electric kiln. Melting characteristics, specular gloss, lightness, color, and thermal expansion behavior of all sanitary glazes were investigated. As a result, the glaze G2 was a good reflecting surface with high lightness value. Linear thermal expansion difference at 500๐C between the glaze G2 and the commercial ceramic body was-0.015%. This glaze-body fit was, therefore, under small compression and more compatible to ceramic sanitary products.

Using nano TiO2 nitro coating was modified, and the mechanical properties of modified wood nitro coating (wear resistance, hardness, adhesion and impact resistance performance) and optical properties of tested effects of nano TiO2 film mechanical properties and optical properties of the inquiry. The results show that: the nanometer TiO2 addition of different had not significant effects on the hardness and adhesion of the film, add the amount to 0.1g, the film with better wear resistance and impose on Matt state. At this time of nano TiO2 with the coating quality than when 1.30am, further use 0.01g alkyl ketene dimer of 0.1g nano TiO2 after surface modification and coating performance obtained at best. At this time film hardness Hb. The adhesion was grade 1 and the wear value for 0.024g and gloss was 19%. The study enriched the inorganic nanoparticles (TiO2) change the scope of application of the nitro paint.

Special-effect finishes are used in many applications to create new color impressions, pronouncing the design of a product and at the same time making the product appear alive. Total appearance conducting color and geometrical factors such as gloss, shape, etc. Gloss is an attribute of visual appearance that originates from the geometrical distribution of the light reflected by the surface. This paper presents new technologies that were developed to objectively describe total impression of appearance special effect finishes, coated composites and automotive paints after real live tests.

The feasibility of developing glass-ceramic glaze in the system KNaO-CaO-MgO-ZnO with a variation in the composition of SiO2, TiO2, and B2O3 was studied. The SiO2, TiO2, and B2O3 were varied in the amount of 2.25-1.50, 0.001-0.10, and 0-0.1 molar equivalents respectively. The samples were one fired at 1180°C or double fired by reheat at the crystallization temperature for 10 minutes. The gloss, sintering behavior, phase, microstucture, and hardness, and were examined by glossmeter, side-view hot stage microscope, X-ray diffraction, SEM, and Vickers hardness respectively. The results showed the importance effect of SiO2, TiO2, and B2O3 on the glaze crystallization ability and its properties. At the fix value of Al2O3 at 0.24 molar equivalents and with the 0.001-0.10 molar equivalents of TiO2, lower the SiO2 content to 1.50 molar equivalents increased the glaze crystallization potential. An increase in the B2O3 to 0.1 molar equivalents suppressed the potential of glaze crystallization. The phases of samples were amorphous or composed of silicon dioxide and diopside as the main phases depending on the glaze composition and the firing history. In this study, the glaze appearances transparent to opaque and varied from gloss to matte with the specular gloss values between 23-100 GU. All samples appeared to have high Vickers hardness value in the range of 553-644. The crystallization decreased the gloss but increased the hardness value for the 2.25 molar equivalents SiO2 glaze. Finally, a composition with high hardness and high gloss was identified and its properties was also presented. These results suggested the limitation and the potential for applying this glass-ceramic glaze system to industry applications.

nanosize TiO2/SiO2 thin films were deposited by sol-gel dip-coating method on enamel substrates. Crystal structure, micro-structure, hydrophilic property, gloss property was investigated by X-ray diffract meter, scanning electron microscope, CCD camera, enamel gloss meter. The results show that the hydrophilic property of the enamel was greatly increased by heating the enamel with coating TiO2/SiO2 film; the gloss property of the enamel surface greatly increased after the enamel coated with TiO2/SiO2 film. The main crystals in TiO2/SiO2 film on the enamel were anatase when the baking temperature was below the 700°C.

Gloss of a metal surface is an important aspect for product quality evaluation. Evaluating the specular reflection is almost the same as evaluating the gloss. We propose a method that uses patterned area illumination to evaluate specular reflection. In specular reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Consequently, when light (ray) of the area illumination, which has a striped pattern, are projected on a glossy metal surface, a striped pattern forms on the reflected image as a mirror-like reflection, and the sharpness of the striped pattern of the image provides information about the specular reflection on the surface. This characteristic is applied to a metal with a hairline surface finish. A hairline surface presents different glossiness at different viewpoints. When the direction of the striped pattern of illumination is changed, the sharpness of striped pattern on the reflected image varies owing to the surface roughness of the hairline finish. Therefore, we can evaluate the glossiness in various directions by rotating the pattern. The relationships between gloss evaluation value and surface roughness were indicated in our study. We tried the reproduction of the gloss evaluation by ray tracing to obtain the more detailed relationships between them. Ray tracing is a technique to generate an image in computer graphics. The approximate reproduction of gloss evaluation was obtained by the simulation.

Improving the printability of silver ink is of great importance to enhance the anti-counterfeit of bills. As the main ingredient of silver ink, the study of aluminum pigments has attracted a lot of attention. This paper mainly describes the recent research progress in surface modification and coloration of aluminum pigments.For the high corrosion resistance, good gloss reproducibility, strong dispersion of aluminum pigments that required in the application of water-based ink, this paper first describes different research progresses of enhancing its performance, including inorganic encapsulation, organic/inorganic hybrid modification, polymer coating, organic/inorganic/polymer multi-layer encapsulation and so on through a series of modification methods such as sol-gel method, in-situ polymerization, emulsion polymerization, etc.. In reflection to the color unity of aluminum pigments, the progress of aluminum pigments coloration was also introduced in detail, which involves physical adsorption, chemical oxidation, Fe2O3deposition, organic/inorganic dye coating, etc..

In order to improve the printing quality, 10 kinds of different manufacturers, different gram weight offset paper are used in this title, measure the quantitative, thickness, gloss, K&N values, and roughness of those paper. Print papers through IGTAIC2-5, calculate the ink transfer rate and transfer parameters. Using SPSS to analysis relationship between the performance of paper and ink transfer rate, transfer parameter b, k, f ' by using mathematical methods. The research results show that the performance of the paper affect ink transfer rate and transfer parameter b, k, f '; The tightness, roughness ,glossiness and K&N value have notable effect on the ink transfer rate and transfer parameter k; transfer parameter b, f ' has no remarkable influence.

Processes of electrolytic application of metals are used in order to obtain pure coatings, single - or multilayer. Appropriate selection and proper execution contribute to the improvement of product quality, which affects its proper and long functioning. Production costs are not necessarily high. They depend mainly on the proper selection of the coating. The article presents the results of the use of generalized objective function for selection of galvanic coating on metal parts. There were used following criteria in order to characterize the quality (usability): corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, physical properties, gloss, roughness, and economical criteria. Presented method of determining the objective function can be used to choose the optimal coatings for specific service conditions or customer requirements. Presented method of determining the objective function in the design process of the surface layer makes it possible to assess the impact of various factors on the quality of the product and thus gives a chance to make the right choice.

The photoaging of coating based on toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and N75 was investigated though artificial light exposure. The properties of studied polyurethane coatings, such as film gloss loss and discoloration were examined at some aging interval. In addition, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to measure the morphology and chemical change of coatings before and after exposed under UV light. It was found that the addition of N75 had a significant effect on the discoloration of polyurethane coating. Furthermore, SEM images showed that greater degradation occurred in the coating without N75. These findings were also supported by the results obtained from FTIR analysis and gloss loss. The above results suggested that a mixed curing agent system with a mass ratio of TDI to N75 between 5:5 and 3:7 be a possible substitute of pure N75 for weather resistance PU coatings.

High-gloss injection molding technology is also called rapid cool and heat injection technology which can be used to eliminate weldmark on the surface of plastic parts, and improve the surface glossiness. However, the warpage, sink index and volume shrinkage of the parts are considered difficult to solve by using this technology. Reasons that cause the warpage and sink index of the parts were discussed in this paper firstly. Then, by using a LCD panel produced in practical injection process as an example, through orthogonal experimental design and finite element simulation, this paper discusses the effects of the injection molding parameters such as mold temperature, melt temperature etc. on warpage and sink index of the parts. The results are of great significance to help to set practical process parameters and assure the part quality in injection process.

High gloss plastics part in injection molding industries were widely used in Malaysia. However the high rejection rate in this industries were major problem affecting the economic aspects. Therefore this paper presents an approach of implementing six sigma method to reduce the rejection rate in a plastic injection molding process for high gloss plastics part. Define, Measure, Analyze Improve and Control (DMAIC) methodology was applied as basis of the study. By using current process, the average of rejection is 40.6% and the aim of this study is to reduce the rejection rate to less than 10 % . All potential factors were taken into account to identify the significant factors. The improvement process was made base on the analysis output. This study was successful with increment in sigma level from 1.74 σ to 3.00 σ. .

Colour of the anodised Al-Mg-Si alloys was quantified by spectrophotometric method defining L* (lightness), a* (greenness-redness) and b* (blueness- yellowness) values. All alloys exhibited yellow and green colour. The yellowness of the anodised surfaces increased significantly with the increase of Cu while increasing Mn reduced the greenness. Effect of trace elements V and Ni was negligible while Zn caused slightly yellowness. Fe reduced the lightness of the surfaces, while its effect on colour was insignificant. Smut layer being formed during alkaline etching (prior to anodising) was desmutted/deoxidised in different acid solutions, some of which failed to clean the etched surfaces. Remaining smut however caused minor effect on colour.

Bulk nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys were electrodeposited from a sulfamate bath that contained saccharin sodium as a gloss agent, and propionic acid and sodium gluconate as a complexing agent (SPG bath) to understand the tensile behavior. SPG bath with 1.0 and 5.0 g/L saccharin sodium at 45 ºC produced the bulk specimens with W content of 3.4 and 1.5 at.%, respectively. The electrodeposited alloys had a nanocrystalline structure with grain sizes of approximately 20 nm and a stronger (111) texture. The bulk nanocrystalline Ni–3.4 at.%W alloys deposited from an SPG bath with 1.0 g/L saccharin sodium exhibited a tensile strength of 1.6 GPa and tensile ductility of 1.8%. The bulk nanocrystalline Ni–1.5 at.%W alloys deposited from an SPG bath with 5.0 g/L saccharin sodium exhibited a tensile strength of 1.4 GPa and tensile ductility of 1.7%. The bulk nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys with a stronger (111) texture showed high strength and low plasticity.

In industrial metrology, the system of fringe projection for the fast determination of 3D surface data has been established. The combination of areal and structured projection with two-dimensional optical sensors and triangulation measurement principle allows very high measurement point densities with reasonable accuracy. There are great difficulties with high gloss surfaces and with very dark surfaces for state of the art systems. Transparent materials cannot be measured using the visible spectrum of light. We have therefore developed a new structured light projection system that solves these problems. For the first time the physical principle of energy conversion is utilized in areal structured light projection. We are presenting first results to show the advantages and the capability of this new measurement principle.

The dyeing effects of atmospheric pressure impregnation method on thick Birch and Elm veneer under bleached and unbleached treatment were discussed in this paper, as well as the color changes and influencing factors analyzed by CIE(1976)L*a*b*color system. The results showed that it was feasible to dye the thick Birch veneer using red acid GR under unbleached treatment and both the color saturation and gloss met the requirements while disperse dyes were not suitable for the thick veneer because of the general results, poor penetration, and low uptake rate. The dyeing effect on Elm was not satisfactory so that it was not recommended as dyeing wood while its better material quality made it better for furniture.

Due to the low transparency and poor gloss, the applications of ordinary opaque polypropylene are limited largely in the field of food, medicine, medical instrument and packaging. One of the ways to solve the defects mentioned above is to develop transparent polypropylene which is industrialized via polymerization and processing. The article introduces the progress of high transparent polypropylene (HTPP) all over the world.

Cork flooring maintains the natural qualities of cork, showing the unique and elegant natural patterns, and also has series of advantages such as thermal insulation, sound insulation, moisture barrier, insulation, and no static. Ultraviolet (UV) curable coatings have no volatile organic compounds, little environmental pollution, fast curing, and are suitable for high speed automated production, which is the development of environmentally friendly wood floor coatings. In this paper, the UV-curable wooden coatings for floor were interfacially modified with nanosilica. The process parameters were optimized by orthogonal experiments, and the overall performance of wood flooring UV coating was obtained. The mechanical properties of the coating (hardness, adhesion and impact strength), resistance to liquid properties (resistance to aqueous sodium chloride solution, resistance to aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, resistance to alcohol, resistance to blue and black ink, resistance to sauce) and gloss were tested. It was found that wood flooring UV coating had good performance, hardness reached 3H, adhesion reached one grade, impact strength was 40 kgcm, and fluid-resistant performance (120 h) of coating reached one grade when the nanosilica content was 0.50%~0.70%, the drying time was 2 min, and medium pressure mercury UV lamp was 3. The gloss results showed that gloss of wood flooring UV coatings decreased with the increase of nanosilica content. When the nanosilica content was 0.50%~0.70%, the gloss value was in the vicinity of 35%, showing a matte gloss. This study provides new perspectives in wood flooring UV coating for industrial applications.

The structure of the coating layer has a strong influence on the optical and physical properties of paper as well as on the print quality. Ink is transferred and sets onto the paper surface in the printing process, which affect printing quality and usage of ink. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of calender on coating surface structure and Printability. The surface structure was explored in the method of numerical and visual analysis using mercury porosimetry measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings indicated that the calender treatment affected the pore size, depth and distribution of the coated paper surface. It could be concluded that Calender could increase the smoothness, gloss and paper surface efficiency of coated paper, which resulted in lower amount of ink usage, lower amount of ink absorption and higher print density.

Four kinds of thermal transfer paper with different paper characteristics were chosen, main properties including absorbability, air permeability, roughness, whiteness, formation and ash content were tested. Same ink color pieces were printed on these samples through colour printer, then these ink color pieces were transferred onto the same fabric based on the magnetic heat press machine, contrasting color transfer rate, gloss, adhesion and other indicators, the general law of paper performance on transfer quality was discussed. Research shows absorbability, roughness and air permeability will directly affect the quality of thermal transfer quality. Lower roughness and absorbability as well as moderate permeability have a significant role to improve the heat transfer quality. The result offers a certain theoretical reference and practical guidance to the selection, research and development of thermal transfer paper.

The aim of this study was to obtain the effect of drying methods on surface properties and ink penetration. Laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) was used in order to characterize the penetration depth through quantitative analysis. Fluorescent ink was used to observe and characterize ink penetration and distribution by LSCM. The results showed that the drying methods had an important role on the surface properties and ink penetration of coated paper. Infrared drying compared with vacuum drying and hot air drying was good to improve the paper properties, which resulted in low roughness, high gloss, low ink absorption and high paper surface efficiency. It could be concluded that infrared drying compared with vacuum drying and hot air drying resulted in the highest print density and better printability.

Paper surface efficiency (PSE), a paper property integrating gloss and absorbency, can be used to evaluate color reproduction after the interaction of paper and ink. But it was shown that the color reproduction was still related to paper whiteness in practice. In this paper, an assumed PSE formula which integrates gloss, whiteness and ink absorbency is firstly presented, and according to experimental data, it can be well forecasted that the change of these principal paper properties would affect color reproduction result via the new PSE formula. The linear relationships between new PSE formula and ink color reproduction based the description of photo-density measurement were studied subsequently. The results showed that new PSE formula can be used to predict effectively ink color effect.

Binder is the essential component of coating color recipe. The amount and type of latex binder has a significant effect on both the structure and chemical-physical properties of coated paper, which affect critical surface properties, e.g., print gloss, roughness, ink setting rate via liquid absorption, and print mottle The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of coating solid on the binder distribution in the method of numerical analysis by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM). In this study, Rhodamine B was used to stain the binder and as the probe to characterize z-directional distribution of the binder using LSCM. The results implied that it was reliable and effective method using LSCM to characterize the z-directional distribution of binder and analyze the influence of coating solid on binder distribution in the z-direction. It could be concluded that the coating solid played an important effect on binder distribution in coated paper and low coating solid with more water accelerated binder migration to the interior of base paper, sample with 60% coating solid is good to binder distribution and coating layer forming.

Ethylene methacrylate (EMA) copolymer toughened acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The effect of EMA on mechanical properties and surface gloss of ABS/PMMA blends was investigated. Experiment results show that the toughness of ABS/PMMA is improved effectively with the incorporation of EMA, while the tensile strength and glossiness decrease slightly. ABS/PMMA/EMA blends present optimum mechanical and luster properties when the content of EMA is 6wt%.

Paper surface efficiency (PSE), a paper property integrating gloss and absorbency, can be used to evaluate color reproduction after the interaction of paper and ink. But it was shown that the color reproduction was still related to paper whiteness in practice. In this paper, an assumed PSE formula which integrates gloss, whiteness and ink absorbency is firstly presented, and according to experimental data, it can be well forecasted that the change of these principal paper properties would affect color reproduction result via the new PSE formula. The linear relationships between new PSE formula and ink color reproduction based the description of photo-density measurement were studied subsequently. The results showed that new PSE formula can be used to predict effectively ink color effect.

The prediction of color appearance is the basic theory and technology in modern color science field. The aim of this study is to evaluate the color appearance of packaging and printing atlas. This paper took high gloss double-sided coated paper color printing atlas as the experimental samples. The color samples are measured using ACS color-matching instrument under different light sources (D65, A and TL84), then based on color science and visual psychophysics methods, establishing the datasets of the samples’ color appearance. We use mathematical statistics methods, correlation coefficient R2 and coefficient of variation CV, to evaluate the visual prediction results in the color atlas, under three different light sources.

To improve the added value of lignin, the modified alkali lignin of wheat straw was used to prepare waterborne UV-curable polyurethane. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the properties of the cured films made from the above lignin-based polyurethane. The mechanical and optical properties of the cured films were investigated. Results showed that the tensile storage modulus, tensile loss modulus, and tensile loss factor of the cured film were influenced by the addition of the lignin, which indicated that proper dosage of the lignin could change the micro-phase separation structure and improve the mechanical properties of the product. The addition of the lignin also influenced the gloss and light transmittance of the cured film. On the whole, the lignin-based polyurethane exhibits good mechanical and optical performance if proper proportion of the lignin was added to the product. The study was beneficial for utilizing the lignin in high value products.

Paper surface efficiency (PSE), a paper property integrating gloss and absorbency, can be used to evaluate color reproduction after the interaction of paper and ink. But it was shown that the color reproduction was still related to paper whiteness in practice. In this paper, an assumedPSEformula which integrates gloss, whiteness and ink absorbency is firstly presented, and according to experimental data, it can be well forecasted that the change of these principal paper properties would affect color reproduction result via the newPSEformula. The linear relationships between newPSEformula and ink color reproduction based the description of photo-density measurement were studied subsequently. The results showed that newPSEformula can be used to predict effectively ink color effect.

The goal of this work was an attempt to understand and model the combined effect of time, geographical location, exposition, and coating type on the physical-chemical mechanisms for wood weathering in structures. A series of wooden samples non coated and coated with top industrial coating has been exposed to natural weathering conditions in seven locations varying in climatic conditions, including whole Italy and southern part of Germany. The set of samples has been exposed for four years, collecting representative samples each year. Four exposition directions (North, South, East and West) were investigated. All the samples have been collected from the field site and stored in a dark and conditioned room including non-weathered reference samples. Measurements of the samples included: photogrammetry, near and mid infrared spectroscopy, color, gloss, roughness and elemental composition (X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy). Such a wide set of information collected has been used for investigation of the collective effect of the above mentioned variables on the surface properties of timber structures exposed to weathering. A dedicated algorithm has been tested for modeling the exposure time and service life prediction.

The contact pressure is one of the most important parameter in the industrial polishing process of ceramic tiles. The contact pressure is asically a function of the elasticity moduli of both tile and abrasive tool, the applied load, and also the curvature of the abrasive tool. Due to the wear, this curvature decreases during the polishing process, causing an increase in the contact pressure. The purpose of this work is to research the influence of contact pressure on the evolution of gloss and roughness of the polished ceramic tiles and to improve the quality of generated surface. The variation of curvature was replaced with the direct increment of three different normal forces onto the abrasive tool. It is known from literature that for fine abrasive grits higher tool loads increase gloss gain and decrease roughness. However, there are not many works that research the whole sequence of abrasives for different loads and compare the quality of the final surface. Polishing tests on a laboratory scale CNC-Tribometer have been used to study the industrial polishing process for unglazed porcelain ceramic tiles. Tests were carried out for three different tool loads with a sequence of progressively smaller silicon carbide abrasive particles embedded in a magnesia cement matrix. Tile surface quality was evaluated by roughness and optical gloss. The removed work piece material and the used abrasive were measured with a coordinate measuring machine. The distribution of gloss and roughness of the tile was measured before and during the experiments until a saturation of gloss and roughness for each grit number was achieved, respectively. The topography of the tile was measured before and after the polishing process with particularly grit number. The used abrasives show a general trend of increasing gloss and decreasing roughness during the process. The coarse abrasives caused the major effect on surface roughness and almost no effect on gloss. In opposite finer abrasives caused the major gloss enhancement and almost no effect on surface roughness. The results show the evolution of roughness and gloss for each load as a function of abrasive grit number and polishing time, as well as the material removal rate for each grit number and load.

The effect of calendering temperature, speed and linear load on the properties of opacity, brightness, smoothness, paper thickness, gloss and ink absorption of art paper were studied by orthogonal experiment. The art paper coating formulations were as follows: GCC-60 100 pph, solid content 64.6% for precoating; GCC-95 40 pph, Kaolin 60 pph, and solid content 61.3% for top coating. Bar coater was involved to coat by hand in the lab and the coating weight was controlled at 20±2g/m2. After calendering in different conditions, the optical properties and printability of paper were analyzed. Regression analysis was used to study which of the calendering conditions was the dominant factor influencing the paper properties. The results showed that linear load was the dominant one, followed by the calendering temperature and calendering speed. After calendering, smoothness and gloss increased, while the brightness and opacity decreased.

Based on the crystal structure research of sericite and muscovite in mineralogy, research of sericite was done by the analysis of XRD,IR ,SEM and microscope research in its color, chemical composition, gloss,and other properties. Applications were summarized in this paper and little difference was discussed between sericite and moscovite.

What happens in the paper surface about ink absorption is of great important for appearance of final printing. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influence of printing pressure and printing speed on ink layer thickness transferred onto coated paper through quantitative analysis by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). Meanwhile, the influence of printing pressure and printing speed on print density and print gloss were obtained. The results implied that higher printing pressure resulted in higher ink layer thickness, print density and print gloss when printing pressure is less than 700N, but higher printing speed resulted in lower ink layer thickness, print density and print gloss when printing pressure is constant. It could be concluded that the coated paper with high printing speed compared with low printing speed resulted in lower ink absorption, lower print density, lower print gloss and worse printability on the condition of same printing pressure.

The surface topography and properties of coating layer have an important influence on penetration and distribution of the print ink. In this research, the main objective was to investigate the effect of binder on the coating surface topography and characteristics. The surface microstructure was explored in the method of numerical and visual analysis using mercury porosimetry measurment and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The findings indicated that the binder content on the coating surface affected the pore size, depth and distribution of the coated paper surface. The conclusions were drawn that more amount of binder on the coating surface could contribute to improve the coating surface topography and the formation of even pore size and distribution, which was good to the paper surface characteristics and resulted in low roughness, high paper gloss, low ink absorption and high paper surface efficiency.

To develop environmentally friendly antifouling coatings, based on fluoro-modified polyurethane emulsion, eight coatings were prepared in which the content of nano-ZnO powder is respectively 0%, 0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%,1.2% and 1.4 wt% in mass. Based on the measurement of mechanical and optical properties, surface roughness, morphological observation of coatings by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the influence of nano-ZnO was investigated on impact resistance, hardness, adhesive and flexibility, gloss, hydrophobicity, morphology and roughness of the coatings. The results showed that adding some nano-ZnO powder in paint did not affect the mechanical properties of the coatings, but it influenced obviously the surface topography and characteristics. The gloss reduces and the roughness increases with the content of nano-ZnO. The water contact angle is only 76.5° for the coating without nano-ZnO. The coating changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when nano-ZnO content increases up to 0.8 wt%, water contact angle excesses 90°, max water contact angle is up to 97.8° for coating with 1.4 wt % nano-ZnO powder.

Rutile nano-TiO2 was modified with surfactant to improve its dispersion in organic solvents. The modified nano- TiO2 was used in furniture paint, anticorrosive paint and automotive paint. The ultraviolet resistance of the paint was knowed by detecting the color difference and gloss loss rate of the paint. The results show that: the nano-TiO2 which is modified with B/C surfactant has excellent dispersion in paint. And it shows excellent ultravioleting performance in paint applications. The paint color and gloss can be maintained for a longer time.

The paper properties such as roughness, gloss, surface wettability and other factors have great influence on the dot reproduction attributes of presswork, and different paper factor has different effect weight on the dot reproduction. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a new method to analyze the influence of paper properties on the dot reproduction. The method is to apply the grey relational analysis to analyze the influence law and the effect weight of paper factors on the dot reproduction during inkjet printing, which could provide theoretical guidance for improving the printability of paper. The grey relational analysis is a multi-factor statistical analysis method, which is based on the sample data and the grey incidence of various factors and is used to describe the strength, size and the order of the relationship between the factors. In this experiment, five types of inkjet printing paper were used to test their printing performance, and then the dot gain data were dealt with by the grey relational analysis method. Results showed that paper properties had a great influence on ink setting. Ink drop diffused and deformed less and dot gain was small when paper had smooth surface. According to the correlation coefficient degree of paper properties which influence on the dot gain of inkjet printing, the sequence was whiteness, roughness, surface wettability and gloss. Whiteness and roughness could significantly influence dot gain, followed by surface wettability, and gloss with minimal impact. Experiment indicated that the grey relational analysis was a simple and effective tool to analyze the influence of paper properties on the dot reproduction of presswork.

The effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) addition on the physical properties of ZnO-based crystal glaze batches were investigated. Samples were fired at different gloss firing temperatures ranging from 1180-1220°C with 3 hours soaking at 1060°C crystallization temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identifiedthe crystal phase occurred as willemite (Zn2SiO4) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicated that willemite crystals are in the acicular needle like shape that formed spherulite. The intensities of willemite peaks decreased with CaCO3 addition and completely vanished at 5.0 wt% CaCO3. Varied formation of spherulites developed of the surface of crystal glaze as the flows of the glaze stretched further as the amount of CaCO3 increased.

A combined processing scheme is used to develop polyurethane (PU) coatings with a nanoclay in three different weight percentages (1, 3 and 5 wt %). TEM of polymer-nanoclay suspensions shows exfoliation, intercalation and even agglomeration of clay layers. XrD studies also indicate expansion in gallery spacing of nanoclay layers in PU coatings. Improvement in scratch and mar resistance occurs, although the gloss values are reduced to some extent. Coating properties show improvement with addition of less than 3wt% clays.

The main goal of this research is to apply AFM to the analysis of coated paper topography in order to find out relationships between sheet gloss and some parameters obtained from AFM, such as roughness and fractal dimension (D). Flooding technique was also developed using appropriated software. Number of hills/flooding volume for 25%, 50% and 75% flooded volume was applied in this research. Ground calcium carbonate and precipitated calcium carbonate were applied in coating colour formulations, alone and blended in three formulations, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75. The results obtained showed high correlations between sheet gloss with fractal dimension (D) parameter. Finally, flooding technique showed to be very interesting, all of them gave useful information in interpreting the influence of topography on sheet gloss.

To enhance the interfacial interaction in silica nanoparticles filled polymer composites , nano-SiO2 gel was prepared by a sol-gel route, and then it was modified in situ through a reaction of silane coupling agent with hydroxyl on the surface of SiO2. The modified nano-SiO2 gel was added to the system of light-cured varnish to prepare UV light-cured nanocomposite varnish. The structures and properties of varnish were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and film performance test. The results showed that the modified nano-SiO2 was well dispersed in the varnish. After introduction of modified nano-SiO2, the fracture morphology of varnish film showed a corrugated shape, indicating the ductile fracture. The wear resistance of the varnish film increased by 50%, the coefficient of static friction reduced about 15%, and gloss improved to some extent.

In this paper we evaluated some surface characteristics of the Vacuum Aluminized Paper (VAP) to explore the ink adhesion on it. It is shown that this performance is quite unsatisfying due to the high gloss of the VAP which results in an even weaker surface energy than the surface tension of ink. The optimal drying time for the inked VAP under UV light with 125W of power is approximately 4.5 minutes, converts to the practical production, the printing speed of the VAP should be near to 7128 sheet/hour so as to fully solidify the UV ink thus acquires the optimal adhesion of ink.

The effect of Al content on the anti-erosion and anti-oxidation performance of high Al steels at 1373K is studied in this paper. By 168-hour heat treating at 1373 K and at oxidation atmosphere, These results show that for comparing non-Al steel and low-Al (w[Al]=1.14%) steel sample there are a more obvious and easily-dropping oxidation layer in surface in 24 h , the average oxidation rate is up to 0.406 mg/(cm2.h), but for high Al steel, there is a thinner gray oxidation layer in surface and a more fast oxidation rate for w[Al]

This paper studied on the application mechanics and characteristics of the polyurethane-acrylate composite emulsion applying to the pre-coated adhesive film of paper and plastic laminating. The formula design and synthesis method of the polyurethane-acrylate composite emulsion was researched, and the physical properties of the copolymer emulsion was tested by infrared spectroscopy (IR), particle size analysis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC). According to mix the waterborne polyurethane acrylate emulsion to the waterborne rosin emulsion, the hot melt pre-coated adhesive was obtained. The experimental results based on the physical properties and image analysis of the pre-coated adhesive film of paper and plastic laminating showed that: the adhesive film coated by this hot melt adhesive had a high gloss and adhesive force, it improved the application performance of the pre-coated adhesive film of paper and plastic laminating in the printing and packaging industry.

In recent years, studies have been conducted about creating metal moulds using a five-axis controlled machining centre with ball end milling. Most of these reports concern the programming of CAM based on geometry. However, there have been few reports related to polish-less finished surface. Furthermore, a specular surface like a mirror and finishing under a constant angle between ball end milling and the work piece have not been investigated. Therefore, this paper deals with the gloss of the machined surface when feed rate and pick-feed rate are changed to maintain constant surface roughness considering tool run-out under the condition that the angle between the tool and work piece in contact are inclined at 15. However, by changing the combination of feed rate and pick-feed rate, various specular changes and direction of disposition of reflected light were obtained. Therefore, we suggest a new method of evaluating the gloss of these finished surfaces. Comparing results by the proposed method with ones by a glossmeter, it is clear that an appropriate ratio of feed rate and pick-feed rate is important for obtaining finished surface. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the proposed method is effective for estimating the gloss of the machined surface.

Polyurethane-acrylic composite emulsion was synthesized by swelling polymerization with aqueous polyurethane dispersion as seed, and acrylic as monomers. The obtained polyurethane-acrylic (PUA) composite emulsion were characterized by means of IR spectra, and the results showed that the obtained emulsion was hybrid emulsion of polyurethane and acrylic, which had smaller particle size and higher viscosity and was more suitable for the preparation of ink. The obtained water-based PUA emulsion and alkyd resins were used as ink binder. The obtained water-based ink had good water resistance, color density, gloss and friction fastness.

The influences of the paper properties on ink-jet printing quality are very complex. In order to predict the printing quality quickly and accurately, it is necessary to establish a mathematical model and an evaluation system, based on which we can estimate the paper used for ink-jet printing is suitable or not. In this paper, five kinds of ink-jet papers with different properties were chosen, and the properties including brightness (X2),gloss(X3),roughness(X4),air permeability(X5) and absorbency(X6), were tested; then ink-jet printing in the same conditions was carried out and different printing parameters were tested, including solid density(D),dot-gain(DG),print contrast(K)and hue(H). Through combining analysis of each single printing quality parameter with some paper properties by using PCA of SPSS, the correlation functions D/DG/K/H(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6) were obtained. Meanwhile, a comprehensive function Y(D, DG, K, H) involving the printing quality parameters was achieved through synthesis data processing of SPSS. This study shows the influences of paper properties on the printing quality parameters and their corresponding weights, and it also proposes a prediction model of paper printability, which can provide a theory reference for printing work in ink-jet printing.

With increased awareness about the environment, raw materials from petroleum based synthetics and the "green" quotient of consumer products have developed, shellac or shellac modified resins have gained importance due to their unique nontoxic and hypoallergenic properties. Shellac is water soluble, biologically degradable and has film forming, excellent adhesion, hardness, high gloss and superior in electrical properties. Shellac or shellac modified resins are also compatible with other resins and can be cross linked making them a wider applications. Shellac is abundant in Thailand, China and India, which produced from lac insects, Laccifer Lacca. The resinous secretion can be purified to become shellac. The main structure of shellac consists of polyesters and single esters that have hydroxyl and carboxyl groups [1, . Shellac was first used as a wood polish for music instruments and furniture and later for uses in spar varnishes with antifouling properties for ship paints, phonographic records, wood and wallpaper paints, printing inks, resins for electrical applications and floor polishes. Currently, new applications for using are such as child-safe paints and inks and the coating of fruits and vegetables, food and confectionary, pills, tablets and vitamins in the pharmaceutical industries. Bleached shellac has been widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetics instead of native shellac due to the whiteness. However, conventional method for bleached shellac used many solvents [3, . Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore a new technique in order to avoid the use of organic solvent prior to the process of bleaching. The comparison was made between bleaching by the conventional and the new methods. The studied properties were acid value, viscosity, color change, water vapor permeability, chemical structure and powder x-ray diffraction.