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Direct seeding of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has a problem of low yield including poor establishment. This poor establishment results from poor quality seed, poor seedbed preparation, seedling pests, poor sowing technique and high soil temperature. This study sought to establish the age at which sorghum seedlings can be transplanted with minimal effects on grain yield. Transplants were raised in 128 nursery tray pot. Five seedling ages were established by transplanting at 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20), 25 (T25) and 30 (T30) days after planting (DAP). The treatment combinations were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times with an individual plot size of . Each plot had five ridges with a planting space of at one plants per stand. Results showed that seedling age on transplanting significantly affected growths and yields to sorghum after transplanting. Plant heights and diameters of transplants at T15 were longer than the other transplants. Conclusively, The advantages of this practice were better control of crop density and greater yields; either to fill gaps after emerging and thinning of crops or to compensate for a growth period that was too short for a complete crop cycle.

This study was conducted to serve as a basis for establishing a stable production of proso millet on the rotational paddy-upland field by looking out the physicochemical and moisture characteristics of soil and the growth characteristics of proso millet by ridge width. Plant height showed Manhongchal was the smallest 71.3 cm in 240 cm wide of ridge in the first year, Ibeakchal was the highest 69.7 cm in 60 cm wide in the second year, Hwanggeumchal was the highest 72.8 cm in 60 cm wide in the first year. The retention time of the excess water in the soil during cultivation was extended wider the width of ridge. The variation width of the water content was higher by the wider the width of ridge. Yield components showed the longest ear length were 35.1 cm of Manhongchal, 34.8 cm of Ibeakchal in 60 cm wide of ridge in the first year. As the width of ridge extended, ear weight of all variety increased. 1,000 seed weight of the 60 cm wide of ridge was Manhongchal 6.8%, Ibeakchal 46.2% heavier than the 240 cm wide of ridge. Yield showed Manhongchal 221, Ibeakchal 223, Hwanggeumchal in 60 cm wide of ridge in the first year. The similar pattern of amount showed Manhongchal 278, Ibeakchal 221, Hwanggeumchal in 60 cm wide of ridge in the second year. This showed Manhongchal 103%, Ibeakchal 119%, Hwanggeumchal 85.2% was more than the 240 cm wide of ridge.

This study was conducted to evaluate basic seed characteristics such as morphological characteristics and various seed vigor using 4 sorghum varieties, Nampungchal, Donganme, Hwanggeumchal and Whinchal. No difference was shown in morphological characteristics of the varieties except that the width. Whinchal has bulb-shaped seed, while the other varieties have oval-shaped seeds. The seed coat color of Whinchal is obviously different from those of the other varieties; especially, Nampungchal and Hwanggeumchal are not glossy. Germination rate were Hwanggeumchal > Nampungchal > Donganme > Whinchal in the order of higher rate in standard germination tests and cold germination test. In the ageing test, Donganme showed the lowest 15% decrease in comparison with the standard cultivar. Electric conductivity (EC) has negative correlation with standard germination tests, cold germination test and accelerated ageing test. In the percentage of emergence (PE), Hwanggeumchal was the highest 85.7% which was more than 40% to the lowest Whinchal. Mean emergence time (MET) showed significant difference between the varieties; Whinchal showed the slowest 6.0 days.

This study was conducted to evaluate effect of plants number per hill (PNH) on growth and yield of sorghum in drained paddy field for 2 years. Crop growth and development and yield in the field was examined to know the efficiency of proposed cropping system. At seeding after 40 days, leaf number and stem diameter were highest at 1 PNH plot, on the other hands, plant height was at 5 PNH plot the 1 st and 2 nd , respectively. The harvest stage, 5 PNH plot was highest culm length of 183, 188 ㎝ the 1 st and 2 nd , however, culm diameter was lowest. Culm length of sorghum was highest by 183, 188 ㎝ at 5 PNH plot also, culm diameter was thickest by 19.18, 20.13 ㎜ at 1 PNH, respectively. Yield components of ear length, seed number per ear and 1000-seed weight were highest at 1 PNH the 1 st and 2 nd , respectively. As yield of sorghum was highest at 2 PNH plot 344 ㎏․10a -1 , 382 ㎏․10a -1 yearly, respectively that it were in order of 1 PNH plot > 3 PNH plot > 4 PNH plot > 5 PNH plot.