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To this Gate, I gave the name Chrysopylae, or Golden Gate, for the same reasons that the harbor of Byzantium was named Chrys()iccr;IS, or Golden Horn. -John C. Fremont ]oseph]eremiah Hagwood,]r. Historian u.s. Army Corps of Engineers San Francisco District 211 Main Street San Francisco, California 94105 Engineers at the GoldenGate i Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Hagwood,Joseph]. , Engineers at the Golden Gate Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. San Francisco District - History. I. Title. lIG2'i .C2H33 358'.2'09'9'i61 81-16991(AACR2) PACIFIC OCE!\.'\ US Army Corps of Engineers San Francisco District :\E\ADA ii iii PREFACE FOREWORD I LOCATION II DISCOVERY III ACQUISITION IV FOUNDATION vi viii Fortification Lighthouses 1 7 15 21 22 36 43 49 74 Maps and Roads Harbor Development Shipping on the Redwood Coast V GROWTH 97 Rivers and Harbors 1900-1950 104 Oakland 104 Richmond 124 San Pablo Bay 134 Napa River 142 Petaluma 143 San Rajael 143 Redwood City 148 San Francisco 150 Drift Collection 153 Treasure Island 158 Crescent City to Monterey 1900-1950 167 Crescent City Harbor 169 Humboldt Harbor 175 Noyo River Harbor 186 Bodega Bay 191 Monterey Bay 196 Moss Landing Harbor 202 VI MILITARY 209 Earthquake 1906 210 World War [ and the Great Depression }(:ars 212 World War II 235 Korea and the Cold War 256 VII FLOOD CONTROL 275 Policy 276 Floods 279 Flood Control Projects 292 Multi-Purpose Projects 307 Warm Sp rings Dam 316 Studies 322 VIII NAVIGATION 325 Reber Plan and Bay Model 326 Bay Area Harbors 330 North Coast Harbors 339 Harbors South of San Francisco Bay 352 Studies 356 IX ENVIRONMENT 359 Postal Construction Program 369 APPENDICES 377 BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 DISTRICT ENGINEERS 445 INDEX 446 v Preface The San Francisco District was established in 1866 when Major ~.S. Will.iamson was designated "Officer-in-Charge" with authorIty for flver and harbor work on the Pacific Coast. With Lieutenant William H. Heuer to assist h