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Respiratory tract infections are one of the most common health problems among children during the winter season Viruses are responsible for a vast majority of respiratory tract infections Bacterial infections usually affect specific locations (for example, otitis media, nasal sinuses, lungs or, sometimes, throat) and are more frequent in risk groups, or they can complicate a previous viral infection During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to consider SARS-CoV-2 as a possible causative agent for any infectious disease affecting the respiratory tract Recommendations aim to establish an optimal manner for management of respiratory infections Any patient should be pre-screened by telephone consultation to reduce the risk to healthcare workers Regardless of the infection's etiology and location, the top priority should be to determine the patient's general condition and the place of treatment and treatment method (hospital, home, symptomatic, antimicrobial) For epidemic reasons, it is advisable to exclude infection with the new coronavirus in the case of a doubtful clinical picture, as well as patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection The primary purpose of any consultation is to choose the best treatment for the patient (ambulatory/hospital/symptomatic/antimicrobial), and it is not always crucial to know the exact etiology of the infection Due to epidemiologic reasons, it is reasonable to exclude SARS-CoV-2 infection in every patient with atypical symptoms or after contact with a person infected with SARS-CoV-2 © Wydawnictwo Continuo

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a new clinical entity occurring in children and young adults, which is associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The first cases of MIS-C were diagnosed in Poland in May 2020. Since October 2020, a significant increase in the incidence of this new disease has been observed in Poland, reflecting the increased incidence of COVID-19 in the paediatric population. MIS-C develops as a result of dysregulation of the immune system occurring 4 weeks after the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Diagnosis is based on the following criteria: a set of clinical features (including fever and signs of multiple organ damage) and elevated inflammatory markers, with exclusion of other causes. The most common complications involve the cardiovascular system: acute myocardial damage with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, shock, and coronary artery abnormalities and arrhythmias. Mortality in Western Europe and the United States is around 1-2%. Appropriate management, including vital function support and immunomodulatory treatment, allows for a quick recovery in the vast majority of patients. This document is an updated guideline for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of children with suspected MIS-C in Poland. The most important changes concern treatment, steroid therapy, and antiplatelet therapy in particular.

In addition to different injuries, infections are the most common reason for giving up training altogether or reducing its volume and intensity, as well as a lack of opportunities to participate in sports competitions. Nowadays, a slow but constant re‑emergence of pertussis, especially among teenagers and young adults, including athletes, can be observed. This paper describes an outbreak of pertussis among professional Polish shooters, focusing on the transmission of Bordetella pertussis infection between members of the national team, its influence on performance capacity and adverse event analysis. From 9 June, 2015 to 31 July, 2015, a total of 4 confirmed and suspected cases of pertussis were reported among members of the Polish Sport Shooting National Team, their relatives and acquaintances. Pertussis significantly decreased exercise performance of the first athlete, a 35-year-old woman, interrupted her training, and finally resulted in failure to win a medal or quota place. Pertussis also significantly decreased performance of the second athlete, a 25-year-old shooter. The other cases emerged in their families. Whooping cough is a real threat to athletes and should be prevented. Preventive measures include appropriate immunization, constant medical supervision, as well as early isolation, diagnostic tests and treatment of all infected sport team members. Regular administration of booster doses of the acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdpa) every 5 years seems reasonable.

Introduction Rotaviruses are the leading cause of community-acquired and nosocomial gastroenterocolitis in children. There are limited data concerning the epidemiology of nosocomial rotavirus gastroenterocolitis (NRVG) in Central European countries, including Poland. The aim of our study was to analyse the epidemiology of NRVG in a large tertiary hospital in Warsaw. Material and methods We analysed retrospectively data of 63 173 patients aged 0-18 years hospitalized in the period 2006-2010. Nosocomial rotavirus gastroenterocolitis was defined as acute gastroenterocolitis (> 3 loose, or looser than normal, stools in 24 h and/or vomiting), confirmed with rapid immunochromatographic test (BioMaxima, Poland), if symptoms developed > 48 h after admission. Results In total 575 cases of NRVG were diagnosed. The cumulative attack rate of NRVG was calculated as 0.91% (95% CI: 0.85-0.98%). The incidence density was 2.05/1000 bed-days (95% CI: 0.19-0.22/1000 bed-days). The mean proportion of NRVG among all rotavirus infections was 24%. The highest rates of NRVG were noted at wards where the mean duration of hospital stay was longer than 5 days (General Paediatrics and Neonatal Pathology). Seventy-one percent of children with NRVG were younger than 2 years. The mean duration of hospital stay of children with NRVG was longer than the average duration of hospitalization (11.6 days vs. 4.6 days, p < 0.01). Conclusions Our study showed a relevant incidence of NRVG, which can prolong the children's hospital stay. Limiting the number of NRVG is important to improve patients’ safety and to avoid additional costs. Routine vaccination against rotavirus diseases could reduce the number of NRVG.

Streszczenie Wstep Problemem związanym z poszukiwaniem informacji w Internecie jest wielka obfitośc i roznorodnośc jakościowa danych, w ktorych trudno jest znaleźc potrzebne informacje. Cel Celem pracy bylo przekazanie pediatrom praktycznej wiedzy dotyczącej wyszukiwania informacji z dziedziny medycyny podrozy w Internecie przez podanie adresow i krotkich opisow godnych polecenia, wiarygodnych stron internetowych. Metodyka Za pomocą wyszukiwarki Google www.google.pl , specjalistycznej Teoma http://www.teoma.com oraz medycznej MedHunt http://www.hon.ch/med.html przeszukano Internet przy uzyciu polskich oraz angielskich slow kluczowych: „medycyna podrozy”, „choroby tropikalne”, „travel medicine”, „tropical diseases”. Analizowano szczegolowo treśc wszystkich znalezionych stron (wynik Wyniki Przeszukanie Internetu przy uzyciu polskich slow kluczowych „medycyna podrozy” przynioslo: 499 000 wynikow (Google), 182 (Teoma), 48 (MedHunt) „choroby tropikalne” 173 000 wynikow (Google), 28 (Teoma), 51 (MedHunt), przy uzyciu angielskich slow kluczowych „travel medicine” odpowiednio: 77,600,000 wynikow (Google), 9 359 000 (Teoma), 300 (MedHunt) „tropical diseases” 8 720 000 wynikow (Google), 1 011 000 (Teoma), 206 (MedHunt). Za godne polecenia uznano polskie strony: Centrum Informacji Medycyny Podrozy www.cimp.pl , Zakladu Epidemiologii i Medycyny Tropikalnej Wojskowego Instytutu Medycznego www.medycynatropikalna.pl , „Szczepienia dla podrozujących” (dla pacjentow) www.szczepieniadlapodrozujacych.pl , „Zdrowie w podrozy” (dla pacjentow) www.zdrowiewpodrozy.pl , a takze angielskojezyczne: International Society of Travel medicine www.istm.org , CDC Travelers’ Health www.cdc.gov/travel/ , TRAVAX www.travax.scot.nhs.uk/ , WHO International Travel www.who.int/ith/ , Fitfortravel www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/ oraz MedlinePlus Traveler's Health (dla pacjentow) www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/travelershealth.htm . Wnioski Internet jest bardzo bogatym źrodlem wiedzy z dziedziny medycyny podrozy. Wiekszośc informacji jest zamieszczonych po angielsku, polskojezyczny Internet jest w tej dziedzinie bardzo ubogi. Ze wzgledu na nierecenzowany charakter wiekszości publikacji osobom mniej zaawansowanym