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Introduction: Psychological characteristics of patients, depression, stress and anxiety are recognized as important confounding risk factors for ischemic heart disease. However, the impact of psychological characteristics on coronary ischemia and vice versa remain poorly understood., Aim: To demonstrate the interplay of psychological characteristics, depression, stress and anxiety with coronary ischemia estimated with fractional flow reserve (FFR)., Material and Methods: From 2014 to 2016, 147 patients who were planned for FFR measurement were included in this study. Psychological characteristics of patients were evaluated using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 items (DASS 21) self-report questionnaire., Results: Comparing the FFR ischemic vs. FFR non-ischemic groups, a significant difference was observed regarding results achieved for the depression, anxiety and stress scales. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to model the correlation between FFR and the DAS scale. It was clear, when controlling for previous myocardial infarction, that FFR was significant in all analyses. However, when the Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris (CCS) class was entered in the model, FFR was not a significant predictor of anxiety, but was significant in other analysis., Conclusions: Higher degrees of the psychological characteristics depression, stress and anxiety were observed in the group of patients with coronary ischemia, corresponding to lower fractional flow values.

One of the rarest lesions is in-stent restenosis chronic total occlusion (CTO). Limited data suggest that the treatment success rate is dependent on the possibility to cross into the lumen of an occluded stent, and the decision about what technique to use varies by operator preference. The knuckle technique is used to create a deliberate dissection plane in various CTO techniques. A guide wire is pushed until a complex loop is formed and advanced through the lesion. In this report we present a case where a knuckle wire guided by intravascular ultrasound control is used to penetrate the distal cap in an in-stent restenosis CTO lesion.

Coronary artery spasm is sometimes an unrecognized cause of myocardial ischemia. Myocardial ischemia is not always a product of fixed stenosis; it can also be induced by dynamic, transient stenosis. The angiogram represents the current state of vasculature at the time of examination and absence of stenosis does not mean disease absence. We present a case of right coronary artery spasm that caused non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and arrhythmias and was induced again in the cath lab due to vasovagal reaction.