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Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) is an infrequent condition with a large variety of causes that can lead to serious disabilities. However, in 20% to 35% of cases, no cause is found. In this study we evaluated the hereditary (P & C Proteins, antithrombin, mutation of prothrombin G20210A and factor V Leiden), other risk factors (hyperhomocycteinemia, factor VIII, ACL-ab, APL-ab, and OCP) and clinical manifestations among a population of Iranian patients with CVT. 18 women and 10 men aged 16 to 50 years with CVT were screened for inherited and acquired coagulation risk factors. No one had an abnormal ACL-ab, APL-ab or antithrombin III deficiency. One had prothrombin G20210A mutation (heterozygot) (3.6%). Hyperhomocycteinemia was observed in 5 patients (17.9%). APC-R was decreased in 3 (10.7%). 2 had positive factor V Leiden mutation (heterozygot) (7.1%). 17 had an increased of factor VIII (60.7). PS and PC deficiencies were each detected in two cases (7.1%). Conclusion: Our study suggests that screening for inherited thrombophilia may be an integral part in the diagnostic workup and duration of treatment in patients with CVT.

Statement of Problem: Odontogenic keratocyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst which arises from dental lamina. One of the important features of odontogenic keratocyst is strong tendency to recurrence. Purpose: The purpose of this study was the statistical evaluation of age and gender of patient as well as area of involvement in odontogenic keratocysts in the oral and maxillofacial pathology department of dental faculty of Tehran University of Medical Sciences from 1971-2002. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross sectional, descriptive one. Medical records were reviewed and variables such as age, gender and site of involvement were recorded. The data were analyzed with SPSS software. Results: The relative frequency of odontogenic keratocyst was 36%. 66% of cysts were in men and 34% in women. 68% of lesions affected the lower jaw and 32% the upper jaw. Regarding the site of involvement, 48% of lesions involved the molar region of mandible and 42%, the anterior part of maxilla. The occurrence of keratocysts was higher in this sites. Most of the cases were diagnosed in the third decade. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, odontogenic keratocyst was more prevalent in men, mandible and the third decade. The posterior part of mandible and anterior region of maxilla were involved most frequently.

Background and Aim: Virtual networks have become one of the most influential tools in people’s lives, affecting various aspects of life. In medical sciences, with numerous advancements, the use of virtual networks is increasing. However, virtual networks can lead to wastage of students’ time and a reduction in study hours, which negatively impacts their knowledge and practical skills. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of using virtual networks on the knowledge and practical skills of surgical technologist students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 60 students in the 6th and 8th semester of operating room technology at Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2020-2021. At the end of the semester, the students underwent a comprehensive 40-question theoretical exam to assess their theoretical knowledge. To evaluate the level of virtual network usage, the students filled out a researcher-designed questionnaire. The practical skills of the students were measured based on their internship grades. Normality of the data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Pearson correlation coefficient test. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: According to the findings of this study, there was a significant negative relationship between the level of virtual network usage and theoretical knowledge (P0.21). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, virtual networks lead to a weakening of students’ theoretical knowledge, as evidenced by the decrease in scores on the researcher-designed questionnaire (level of virtual network usage) and the comprehensive exam scores. Another result of the study was the significant positive relationship between theoretical knowledge and practical skills, indicating that as the comprehensive exam scores increased, the scores obtained in internships also increased.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of an educational intervention, guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM), on promoting preventive behaviors among mothers to combat early childhood caries (ECC) in toddlers aged 12 to 18 months. Materials and Methods: This single-blind interventional study evaluated 92 toddlers between 12 to 18 months and their mothers, who were selected by stratified random sampling. Data regarding demographic and nutritional factors were collected using a questionnaire. The dental status of children was evaluated by clinical examination and measuring the plaque index (PI) of maxillary central incisors and the dmfs index. A pamphlet designed according to the HBM was used for oral hygiene instruction in both the intervention and control groups. All of the mothers in the intervention group received a music file to listen to when brushing their children’s teeth. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher exact, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxson tests. P0.05). In the intervention group, PI significantly decreased after the intervention compared to baseline (P

This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the physical properties of three resin-based root canal sealers (BETA RCS, AH26, and Adseal) in terms of flow and film thickness as per ISO 6876/2012. The results revealed that the flow values of BETA RCS, Adseal, and AH26 sealers were 23.06±1.58, 22.5±4.23, and 21.85±1.71, respectively. Moreover, film thickness values for BETA RCS, Adseal, and AH26 sealers were 52.33±2.51, 18.66±0.57, and 52±2, respectively. No significant difference was observed regarding film thickness between AH26 and BETA RCS sealers (P>0.05), while Adseal showed better result in terms of film thickness than other sealers (P˂0.05). The highest solubility was related to BETA RCS (0.6%), and the lowest to Adseal (0.07%). However, all sealers had acceptable solubility and radiopacity. The findings of the current study suggested that all tested root canal sealers had similar properties based on ISO 6876 standard criteria.

Introduction: Using backpacks has arisen complaints regarding musculoskeletal pains among students. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between demographic information and bag weight with Neck Disability Index (NDI), angles and head and neck postures among students. Material and Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 students who were selected randomly. Demographic information and NDI questionnaires were used for data collection. The head and neck tilt angles and the amount of change in the forward head posture were determined using the photogrammetry method and Kinovea software. Results: A negative and significant correlation was observed between head tilt angle with age (r = - 0.27) and neck tilt angle with body mass index (r = - 0.37). Also, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the amount of change in the forward head posture and body weight (r = 0.24). The head tilt angle was significantly different in male and female students at different educational levels. NDI (r = 0.23) and neck tilt angle (r = 0.26) also increased significantly with increasing bag weight. Conclusion: Reviewing the standard weight of bag and changing the lifestyle can play an important role in improving the head and neck angles and postures.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature and use meta-analysis to investigate whether chlorhexidine (CHX) application after acid etching as an adjunct treatment has any influence on the immediate and delayed bond strength to primary dentin. Materials and Methods: In this review, PubMed, ISI (all data bases), Scopus and Cochrane were searched according to the selected keywords up to April 30, 2018. The full texts of all published articles that met our primary inclusion criteria were obtained. The studies were analyzed in two parts: in vitro studies that evaluated the effect of CHX application during the bonding procedures (application after acid etching) on immediate and delay dentin bond strength of resin-dentin interface. Results: The initial search yielded 214 publications, of which 8 were selected after thorough methodological assessment. None of the clinical studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Our results indicated that in comparison to the control group, CHX significantly reduced immediate resin-dentin bond strength (P=0.043). These values were increased after aging (P

Objectives: Incorporation of fillers might improve the physical properties of sealants. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the retention and caries development rate of filled and unfilled fissure sealants. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched until October 24, 2019. The risk of bias (ROB) was assessed for the included studies based on the Cochrane collaboration common scheme for bias, and the meta-analysis was performed through a random effects model. Results: The search resulted in 6,336 unrepeated relevant studies. After the title, abstract and full-text screening, 19 studies with 26 comparing groups were finally included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. According to the included studies, both retention rate and caries development in filled and unfilled resin-based sealants did not significantly differ within 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion: Since there was no significant difference in the retention rate and caries development between filled and unfilled sealants, it seems that the final decision should be made uniquely for each patient according to the type of fissure, patient’s age, habits, etc.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the transportation of the mesiobuccal canal of maxillary molars following root canal preparation with HyFlex CM (HCM) and Edge Taper Platinum (ETP) rotary systems and stainless steel (SS) hand files using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was performed on 48 maxillary molars in three groups of 16. The teeth were mounted in acrylic blocks, and root canals were prepared using HCM in group 1 (up to #30/0.06), ETP in group 2 (up to F3/0.06), and SS hand files in group 3 (up to #30). CBCT scans were taken before and after root canal preparation. The amount of canal transportation was measured at 0, 3, 6, and 9mm from the apex. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: The difference in canal transportation at 0 and 6mm from the apex was significant between the HCM and ETP groups (P=0.031 and 0.023) but none of the systems showed any significant difference with hand files at 0- and 6-mm levels (P=0.10, 0.56, 0.22, and 0.50), respectively. At 3mm from the apex, no significant difference was noted among the groups (P=0.30). At the 9-mm level, the amount of canal transportation was not significantly different between HCM and ETP (P=0.83) but they showed significant differences with hand files (P

Objective: Considering the impact of rapid sociocultural, political, and economical changes on societies and families, population-based surveys of mental disorders in different communities are needed to describe the magnitude of mental health problems and their disabling effects at the individual, familial, and societal levels. Method: A population-based cross sectional survey (IRCAP project) of 30 532 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years was conducted in all provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by 250 clinical psychologists trained to use the validated Persian version of the semi-structured diagnostic interview Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-PL (K-SADS-PL). Results: In this national epidemiological survey, 6209 out of 30 532 (22.31%) were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric disorder. The anxiety disorders (14.13%) and behavioral disorders (8.3%) had the highest prevalence, while eating disorders (0.13%) and psychotic symptoms (0.26%) had the lowest. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was significantly lower in girls (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.80-0.90), in those living in the rural area (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.73-0.87), in those aged 15-18 years (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99), as well as that was significantly higher in those who had a parent suffering from mental disorders (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.63-2.36 for mother and OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.07-1.66 for father) or physical illness (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17-1.35 for mother and OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.10-1.28 for father). Conclusion: About one fifth of Iranian children and adolescents suffer from at least one psychiatric disorder. Therefore, we should give a greater priority to promoting mental health and public health, provide more accessible services and trainings, and reduce barriers to accessing existing services.

Background: Determination of the division history of T cells in vitro is helpful in the study of effector mechanisms against infections. Technique described here uses the intracellular fluorescent label carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to monitor the proliferation. Methods: In a cross sectional study, blood samples were collected from 7 volunteers with history of cutaneous leishmania­sis (CL) and one healthy control from endemic areas in Isfahan province who referred to the Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), then CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes were isolated from peri­pheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using mAbs and magnetic nanoparticles. CFSE labeled CD4+ or CD8+ lympho­cytes cultured with autologous monocytes in the presence of PHA, SLA, live Leishmania major or as control with­out sti­mulation. Cells were harvested after 7 days and were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: Five consecutive divisions were monitored separately. Stimulation of CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes from CL sub­jects with SLA showed a significant difference in proliferation comparing with unstimulated cells (P< 0.05). The signifi­cant difference in the percentages of CD4+ cells stimulated with SLA was revealed at different divisions for each subject. In CD8+ lymphocyte, significant stronger stimulation of SLA was evident later in the proliferation process. The mean number of divisions in both CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes stimulated with SLA was significantly greater than when stimulated with live L. major (P=0.007 / P=0.012, respectively) Conclusion: The percentage of divided cells might be calculated separately in each division. The cells remained active following CFSE staining and there is possibility of functional analysis simultaneously.

Background: TPS is one of the tumor markers which has specially been considered due to its exclusive physiological characteristics like its easy measurement in serum of cancer patients. This study has been due to evaluate the efficiency of this tumor marker in the prognosis, treatment control and follow up of patients with gastrointestinal cancers including esophagus, stomach and colorectal. Methods: TPS has been measured in 109 persons including 28 healthy people and 81 patients with different gastrointestinal malignancies which were composed of 38 patients with esophageal cancer, 20 ones with stomach cancer and 23 ones with colorectal cancer. Sampling has been done in three times depending on treatment methods. TPS has been measured with ELISA in samples which contend of 2 to 3 ml of serum from patients and the health. Results: The obtained results, demonstrate the obvious changes in TPS serum level in patients underwent various treatment procedures. Conclusion: The results have revealed that the serum TPS is not only as a measure of prognosis but also would be helpful in follow up and treatment control of the disease. Moreover the results has shown that serological analysis can be settled in the diagnosis and follow up with production of polyclonal antibody against TPS gene family and planning appropriate pattern.

A 49 year old woman diagnosed as a cervical cancer patient, after receiving appropriate treatment experienced metastasis in her abdominopelvic cavity. After aggressive management, she was well for a while. However, she developed to a poor condition consisting of urologic, gastroenterological, hematologic and neurologic problems just in a short time. In the course of hospital she presented one sided passive bradykinesia, resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity with controlateral suspicious CT scan of brain. She passed away soon after that.

Background: Determination of the division history of T cells in vitro is helpful in the study of effector mechanisms against infections. Technique described here uses the intracellular fluorescent label carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to monitor the proliferation. Methods: In a cross sectional study, blood samples were collected from 7 volunteers with history of cutaneous leishmania­sis (CL) and one healthy control from endemic areas in Isfahan province who referred to the Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), then CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes were isolated from peri­pheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using mAbs and magnetic nanoparticles. CFSE labeled CD4+ or CD8+ lympho­cytes cultured with autologous monocytes in the presence of PHA, SLA, live Leishmania major or as control with­out sti­mulation. Cells were harvested after 7 days and were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: Five consecutive divisions were monitored separately. Stimulation of CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes from CL sub­jects with SLA showed a significant difference in proliferation comparing with unstimulated cells (P< 0.05). The signifi­cant difference in the percentages of CD4+ cells stimulated with SLA was revealed at different divisions for each subject. In CD8+ lymphocyte, significant stronger stimulation of SLA was evident later in the proliferation process. The mean number of divisions in both CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes stimulated with SLA was significantly greater than when stimulated with live L. major (P=0.007 / P=0.012, respectively) Conclusion: The percentage of divided cells might be calculated separately in each division. The cells remained active following CFSE staining and there is possibility of functional analysis simultaneously.

Nowadays, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is considered as a major cause for mortality in the world. Life style changes and physical inactivity have main role for CVD. This study was performed to determine the level and kinds of physical activity and exercises done by residents of Isfahan (³ 15 years old). The sample size was 1520 selected from random clusters in Isfahan city. For all subjects questionnaires containing 35 questions were completed. The results showed that about 70% of subjects did some kinds of exercises and physical activity including walking and aerobic morning activities. Nearly 14% had severe physical activity and 8% had athletic exerciser. Walking, despite of its duration ,was a common activity in 70% of people and cycling was done only by men including 12% of the total sample. The comparison of the main results with other countries showed that there were some similarities and differences. For example in our country, there is no proper condition for sever physical activity and exercises. Therefore, it is essential to design educational programs through mass media to advocate places for prompting people to exercise.

Background: Human leukocyte antigen E is a member of non-classical HLA class I. Interaction between HLA-E molecule on the target cells and inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptor on the cell surface of natural killer (NK) cells has an important role in the regulation of immune system against pathogens; therefore different cell surface expression of HLA-E molecule plays an important role in host resistance against viral infections as well as host response to treatment. Considering this fact, we analyzed the frequency of different HLA-E genotypes (HLA-E*01010101, HLA-E*01030103, HLA-E*01010103) in major thalassemic patients who underwent frequent transfusion therapy and are thus more susceptible to infectious diseases. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study of 104 major thalassemic patients who referred to Tehran Thalassemia Clinic between the years 2015 to 2016. Blood DNA was extracted and proliferated by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP PCR). The PCR product was subjected to electrophoresis on 1.5 percent agarose gel then DNA fragment bands on the gel were detected by exposing to UV light. Furthermore, PCR products were also subjected to sequencing analysis for further confirmation. Results: From 104 patients in this study, 49 (47.1%) were man and 55 (52.9%) were women. These patients were in the age range of 16 to 43 years (mean+SD; 31.03±4.7 year). The frequency of HLA-E*01010103 genotype (64.4 percent) was significantly (P= 0.001) higher than the genotypes of HLA-E*01010101 (15.4%) and HLA-E*01030103 (20.2%) whereas there was no difference between the frequency of HLA-E*0103 allele (52.4%) and HLA-E*0101 (47.6%). Conclusion: This is the first study that examined the HLA-E polymorphisms in Iranian thalassemic patients referred to Tehran Thalassemia Clinic. This study has shown that the frequency of HLA-E*01010103 genotype was significantly higher than other genotypes of HLA-E whereas there was no difference between the frequency of HLA-E*0103 allele and HLA-E*0101 allele. Whether different frequencies of HLA-E genotype may affect thalassemic patients’ susceptibility to blood-borne infections will be of interest for future studies.

Bilateral extracranial internal carotid artery occlusion is a rare cause of transient ischemic attacks and stroke. In this situation, usually posterior circulation is the main source of brain blood supply. Insufficient posterior circulation with bilateral internal carotid artery is scarce, and its clinical picture in this condition is unpredictable. A 64-years-old man was admitted with recurrent transient ischemic attacks as hemiparesis (right hemiparesis except for one which left hemiparesis). Evaluations disclosed bilateral extracranial internal carotid artery occlusion accompanied with hypoplastic left vertebral artery and about 90% of stenosis in right vertebral artery as a main source of brain blood supply. This is a rare of case stenotic right vertebral artery as the only source of anterior and posterior brain blood supply, in absence of persistent neurologic sign, that has not been reported by now.

Objectives: Scientometric methods and the resulting citations have been applied to investigate the scientific performance of a nation. The present study was designed to collect the statistical information of dental articles by Iranian authors published in PubMed. Materials and Methods: We searched the PubMed database for dental articles of Iranian authors until June 31, 2015. All abstracts were manually reviewed in order to exclude false retrievals. The number of articles per dental subspecialties, distribution of research designs, Scopus/Google Scholar citation of each article, number of authors and affiliation of the first/corresponding author were extracted and transferred to Microsoft Excel. The data were further analyzed to illustrate the related scientometric indicators. Results: A total of 3,835 articles were retrieved according to the selection criteria. The number of PubMed-indexed publications between 2008 and 2015 showed a seven-fold increase. The majority of articles were written by four authors (24.56%). Systematic reviews and clinical trials constituted 9.20% of all publications. The number and percentage of articles with ≥4 citations from Google Scholar (n=2024; 52.78%) were higher than those from Scopus (n=1015; 26.47%). According to affiliated departments of the first authors, the top three dental subspecialties with the highest number of publications belonged to endodontics (19.82%), orthodontics (11.13%) and oral and maxillofacial surgery (10.33%). Moreover, the majority of articles originated from Shahid Beheshti- (14.47%), Tehran- (13.72%) and Mashhad- (12.28%) University of Medical Sciences. Conclusions: Analysis of PubMed-indexed dental publications originating from Iran revealed a growing trend in the recent years.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among guidance-and high school students and its relation to modifiable environmental factors."nMaterials and Methods: The subjects have been 1000 girls and 1000 boys aged between 11-18 years, selected by multi-stage random sampling, their parents (2000 subjects) and their school staffs (500 subjects) in urban and rural areas of two provinces in Iran. Data have been analyzed by SPSSV10/ Win software."nResults: The prevalence of 85th < BMI95th percentile in girls was significantly higher than boys (10.67±1.1%, 2.9±0.1% VS. 7.37±0.9%, 1.87±0.1% respectively, p 85th percentile was more prevalent in those with lower educated mothers (9.2+2.1 vs. 11.5+2.4 years of mothers education respectively). The mean of the total energy intake was not different between overweight or obese and normal- weight subjects (1825±90Kcal VS. 1815±85Kcal, P>0.05) but the percent of energy derived from carbohydrates was significantly higher in former than the latter (69.4% VS. 63.2%, P

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy. It accounts 90% of all entrapment neuropathies all over the world. Ultrasound is a non-invasive, cost effective and available para-clinical method which could be applied for CTS diagnosis. Cross-sectional area of the median nerve at the level of the inlet is considered as a diagnostic criterion in CTS cases. In this study, thirty-eight patients with electrophysiologically confirmed idiopathic CTS and 22 healthy controls were enrolled. Seventy-one affected nerves and 42 unaffected nerves were evaluated within 14 days after electrophysiological examination. The largest cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured at the level of the carpal tunnel inlet and the maximum nerve perimeter was also recorded by means of the software. Mean CSA and perimeter were 14.02 ± 4.5 mm2 and 1.7±0.28m in all patients and 8.2±2.1 mm2, 1.3±0.19 m in controls (P

Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease is a prion disease which has a wide range of clinical presentations. Its diagnosis is not simple and clinical manifestation along with EEG, MR imaging findings and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis should be considered for a definite diagnosis. A-50-year-old woman referred with cognitive impairment, myoclonic jerks, mutism and difficulty in swallowing to our clinic. EEG (Electroencephalography) results showed bilaterally periodic sharp and slow-wave discharges. Protein 14-3-3 in CSF was detected. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings revealed hyperintensity of the caudate and putamen in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), T2 Weighted (T2W) sequences and Fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) images. Patients who have progressive dementia should be evaluated by means of MR imaging and CSF analysis for CJD specific proteins should be considered.

Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is the most prominent causative agent of gastroduodenal diseases all over the world. Other manifestations such as urticaria and coronary heart diseases, also are suspected to be induced by H.pylori. Non invasive methods are preferred for diagnosis; and ELISA, because of its reliability, speed, sensitivity and specificity is widely preferred as diagnostic tool. Previously we have used IFA, and here, we report an indirect ELISA technique for H.pylori diagnosis. First, 9 strains, of H.pylori isolated from biopsies, were cultured, and the soluble crude antigen was used to coat ELISA plates. Antigen concentration and conjugated antiserum dilution were optimised using checker board method. In this study the gold standard was: rapid urease test, culture and direct smear. Patient serum dillution and the cut-off value was determind, using 22 negative and 30 positive confirmed samples according to ROC curve and the results were compared with a commercial kit. The sensitivity and specificity of this method were 93.2 percent and 95.4 percent respectively. A commercial ELISA Kit, was used and compared simultaneously. The sensitivity and specificity were 87.8 percent and 73 percent respectively. Therefore, regarding the acceptable sensitivity and specificity, ease of work of ELISA, being economical and non-invasive, it can be employed in diagnosis of H.pylori infection and also in epidemiological studies.

Regarding the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) especially myocardial infarction (MI), and the insufficiency of information in the field of physical rehabilitation, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a course of physical rehabilitation on the psychological status and physical characteristics f cardiac patients. In this study, the effect of 8 weeks exercise training, 3 sessions of 45 minutes duration per week, on the physical and psychological function of MI patients was evaluated. Eighty patients who were referred to the rehabilitation unit of Isfahan cardiovascular Research Center were randomly divided into two groups of exercise and non-exercise. The data of pre and post exercise course were analyzed with the SPSS software using the two-sample t-test and multiple liner regression. The comparison of the mean changes of functional capacity. Weight, body mass index (BMI), heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures between exercise and non-exercise groups after 8 weeks showed significant difference for all studied factors (P

This study was carried out on 2200 men and women aged 20-70 years in isfahan who participatd in isfahan Cardiovacular Risk Facor survery, in order to find prevalence of cigarette smoking in this population and estimate the relation of smoking with other CAD risk factors. All information was obtained by standard questionnaires mainly concerning smoking habits of subjects and their personal characteristics, etc. Serum lipids and fasting blood glucose levels were measured from 12-14 hr fasting specimen by ELAN 2000 autoanalyzer. Blood pressure was measured according to WHO standardized method. The prevalence of cigarette smoking among Isfanhan population is 11.1% (0.92 in women, 23.3%) in men. Contrary to serum total cholesterol (T.cho) and fasting blood sugar (FBS), the mean levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in non-smokers than smokers (P

Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) is an infrequent condition with a large variety of causes that can lead to serious disabilities. However, in 20% to 35% of cases, no cause is found. In this study we evaluated the hereditary (P & C Proteins, antithrombin, mutation of prothrombin G20210A and factor V Leiden), other risk factors (hyperhomocycteinemia, factor VIII, ACL-ab, APL-ab, and OCP) and clinical manifestations among a population of Iranian patients with CVT. 18 women and 10 men aged 16 to 50 years with CVT were screened for inherited and acquired coagulation risk factors. No one had an abnormal ACL-ab, APL-ab or antithrombin III deficiency. One had prothrombin G20210A mutation (heterozygot) (3.6%). Hyperhomocycteinemia was observed in 5 patients (17.9%). APC-R was decreased in 3 (10.7%). 2 had positive factor V Leiden mutation (heterozygot) (7.1%). 17 had an increased of factor VIII (60.7). PS and PC deficiencies were each detected in two cases (7.1%). Conclusion: Our study suggests that screening for inherited thrombophilia may be an integral part in the diagnostic workup and duration of treatment in patients with CVT.

Background: Isaacs' syndrome is a form of generalized peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) causing increased and continuous muscle activity characterized by muscle twitching, stiffness, cramps, myokymia, and pseudomyotonia. Herein, we aimed to review the clinical and paraclinical aspects of Isaacs' syndrome in a number of cases. Methods: We reported a series of 12 patients with Isaacs' syndrome, including their clinical features, electrophysiological findings, laboratory parameters, malignancy work-up, and therapeutic management. Results: In all cases, clinical and electrodiagnostic assessment was suggestive of Isaacs' syndrome. Of the 12 studied cases, 5 patients were positive for both leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibodies, 5 patients were CASPR2 positive and LGI1 negative, and 1 had borderline positive titers for CASPR2 with negative LGI1 antibody. The search for underlying malignancies was inconclusive in all subjects. After symptomatic treatment, mostly with carbamazepine or gabapentin, immunotherapies with double filtration plasmapheresis or Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) provided favorable outcomes. Ultimately, all subjects fully recovered after 3-6 months of follow-up and all signs and symptoms resolved. Conclusion: Despite the rarity of the disease, our results provide valuable information for understanding the epidemiological, clinical, and paraclinical features of Isaacs' syndrome., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest in this study., (Copyright © 2024 Iranian Neurological Association, and Tehran University of Medical Sciences Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Background: COVID-19 was associated with an increased number of patients with mucormycosis (MCR), followed by septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (SCST). We evaluated the association between anticoagulation (AC) and mortality/morbidity of COVID-19-associated MCR (CAM)-induced SCST. Methods: In this retrospective study, neurological sequelae, functional outcomes, and in-hospital mortality were compared between AC receivers and non-receivers. In addition, the association between AC and survivability was examined. Results: Twenty-nine patients (17 male; mean age: 51.27 years) with CAM-induced SCST were included in the study. The median intervals between COVID-19 and MCR, and COVID-19 and SCST were 19 and 27 days, respectively. Among AC recipients, the interval between SCST and AC initiation was 18 days, with an AC duration of 37 days. Baseline and management-related characteristics were comparable between AC recipients and non-recipients (P > 0.050). AC receivers (n = 15) and non-receivers (n = 14) did not significantly differ in terms of the proportion of sequelae (6/15 vs. 5/14; P = 1.000), complete recovery (2/15 vs. 4/14; P = 0.687), and in-hospital mortality (3/15 vs. 3/14; P > 0.999). Nevertheless, AC recipients had a longer hospital stay (72.0 vs. 35.5; P = 0.016). AC-related characteristics (AC receiving, type, early initiation, and duration) were not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors, or between recovered and disabled patients. Conclusion: In our study, CAM-induced SCST in-hospital mortality/morbidity did not differ between AC receivers and non-receivers. AC characteristics were not different between survivors and non-survivors, or recovered and disabled patients. However, the small sample size may have limited the ability to detect significant differences, leading to inconclusive results., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest in this study., (Copyright © 2024 Iranian Neurological Association, and Tehran University of Medical Sciences Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Background: Failure in early diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (MG) and the risks of taking certain medications and undergoing surgery and anesthesia can lead to severe respiratory disorders and death. However, there are therapeutic measures that significantly control the disease and improve individual's functionality. Methods: First, an expert panel was formed, and a needs assessment questionnaire was prepared for the information elements and the capabilities required for the application and provided to neurologists with a subspecialty fellowship in neuromuscular diseases. Then, based on the analyzed results, the application was designed and created in 2 versions (physician and patient), and in 2 languages (Persian and English). Eventually, a questionnaire for user interaction and satisfaction was provided to 5 relevant physicians to evaluate the application. Results: The results showed that neurologists considered all items of the needs assessment questionnaire to be 100% essential. The capabilities of the application included registering the medication name and dose, recording symptoms and complaints by the patient, completing standard questionnaires, online chat, medication reminder, sending alerts to the doctor when the patient is unwell, and providing a variety of reports. The usability evaluation showed that neurologists evaluated the application at a good level with the average score of 8.23 ± 0.47 (out of 9 points). Conclusion: In the long run, using this technology can reduce costs, improve patients' quality of life (QOL) and health care, change health behaviors, and ultimately, improve individual's health., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest in this study., (Copyright © 2023 Iranian Neurological Association, and Tehran University of Medical Sciences Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic neuromuscular disease, which physically and mentally affects the patient's life, with depression being one of the most important psychological complications in these patients. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression and its associated factors in a group of Iranian patients with MG. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which consecutive patients diagnosed with MG who referred to two referral neuromuscular clinics affiliated to the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, were evaluated for eligibility. Patients with a previously known psychiatric disorder and those with a family history of mental disorders were excluded. Eligible patients were interviewed and screened for depression through the administration of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Iranian version of Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Results: A total of 62 patients participated in this study. The total prevalence of depression according to the HDRS and BDI-II scores was 64.5% and 53.2%, respectively. The mild depression was the most frequent level of depression based on the HDRS (33.9%) and BDI-II (22.6%) scores. None of the variables, including age, sex, duration of the disease, and dosages of prednisolone, pyridostigmine, and azathioprine, were correlated with the severity of depression. The number of academic years was the only variable associated with the lower HDRS score (P = 0.037). Conclusion: Based on the current findings, depression was common among Iranian patients with MG. The severity of depressive symptoms was unrelated to age, sex, marital status, duration of the disease, the daily dosage of medications, and thymectomy status. Further investigations are needed to reveal the exact burden of depression in patients with MG and address the importance of preventive interventions for improving the quality of life (QOL) in these patients., (Copyright © 2020 Iranian Neurological Association, and Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Migraine is a common chronic inflammatory neurological disease with the progressive and episodic course. Much evidence have shown a role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of migraine. Omega-3 fatty acids are an important components of cell membranes phospholipids. The intake of these fatty acids is related to decrease concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), proinflammatory eicosanoids, cytokines, chemokines and other inflammation biomarkers. Many of clinical trials have shown the beneficial effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in human, including Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine headaches. Therefore, omega-3 fatty acids as an alternative therapy can be potentially important. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of a migraine, with an emphasis on the role of omega-3 fatty acid and its molecular mechanisms.

Background: Dysphagia is common after stroke. The onset time of swallowing rehabilitation following stroke has an important role in the recovery of dysphagia and preventing of its complications, but it was either highly variable or was not stated in previous trials. The aim of this study was investigation effects of onset time of swallowing therapy on recovery from dysphagia following stroke., Methods: Sixty dysphagia patients due to stroke range of age 60-74 (67.1 ± 3.8), participated in this randomized clinical trial study. The patients allocated in Early, Medium and Late groups, on the base of initiation of swallowing therapy after the stroke. After basic clinical and video fluoroscopic swallowing study assessments, traditional swallowing therapy was initiated 3 times per week for 3 months. The outcome measures were North-Western dysphagia patient check sheet, functional oral intake scale, video fluoroscopy, and frequency of pneumonia. Statistical analysis was done by repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni and χ(2) tests., Results: Three groups of patients in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics were similar in the pre-treatment P > 0.050. Onset time of swallowing therapy after stroke was effective on swallowing recovery on the main outcome variables. So that in first group patients, recovery was rather than other groups P < 0.050. Furthermore, the frequency of pneumonia in the early group was less than other groups and in the early group no patients experienced pneumonia P = 0.002., Conclusion: Our data suggested that early interventions for dysphagia in stroke have an important role in recovery from dysphagia and prevention of complications like aspiration pneumonia.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. Studies have demonstrated that genetic factors have a strong role in etiology of epilepsy. Mutations in genes encoding ion channels, neurotransmitters and other proteins involved in the neuronal biology have been recognized in different types of this disease. Moreover, some chromosomal aberration including ring chromosomes will result in epilepsy. In this review, we intend to highlight the role of molecular genetic in etiology of epilepsy syndromes, inspect the most recent classification of International League against Epilepsy and discuss the role of genetic counseling and genetic testing in management of epilepsy syndromes. Furthermore, we emphasize on collaboration of neurologists and geneticists to improve diagnosis and management.