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Introduction: Application of inherently safety principle in the early phase of the design process is very efficient, as this approach is an economic and high efficiency method. While a complete information is not available in the initial phases of the process, the use of valid index to evaluate inherently safety can be efficient. In this case, the best route to design safer process can be selected by comparing the quantitative results. Material and Method: The comprehensive index to evaluate the inherently safety design (ISD) and cost evaluation of the implementing inherently safety design (ISDC) were studied using a three-step hierarchical matrix screening in this research. Utilizing the proposed inherently safety index, Acetic acid production process and cost resulting from ISD were evaluated. Dimensions of the Matrix for ISD and ISDC included: 1) quadrature inherently safety design vector, 2) location vector of inherently safety design and 3) quantity parameter vector of inherently safety design. Result: In order to optimize the implementation of inherently safety design and its cost, three hypotheses were used. From them, the idea of using two processes with half capacity and also using 50% Methanol were selected as a design with the highest level of inherently safety and a design with the lowest-cost process, respectively. Conclusion: In these evalustions the total score for the assumptions of the inherently safety index 1, 2 and 3, were 55,70 and 135, respectively. And the total cost assumptions 1, 2 and 3, have been estimated 858,000, 746,000 and 803,000 US dollars, respectively. Therefore, this tool could show the impact of various scenarios in inherently safety design and also the contrast between the four principles of ISD and its impact on safety and cost factors can be analyzed using an alternative system supplier of methanol.

Accident statistics indicate that the majority of accidents at four categories of human, environment, equipment, and reputation of a community have mainly occurred in the process industries. Amongst them, the Oil and Gas industries have a significant portion, as these industries handle large quantities of flammable, toxic chemicals, and exposure to the high potential of serious accidents. Having considered these issues, it is essential to execute an in place safe system of work in such industries. Permit to work system (PTWS) is one of the most important and effective key of HSE-MS sub-systems, which has a significant role in identifying, predicting, controlling, and eliminating hazards of activities and probable accidents at workplaces. As a question for this research, it is being used in the oil and gas industry. Currently used PTWS method at gas refineries in Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ) is a paper-based management system document, based on the statistical results obtained using the experiences of trustees and experts, which intrinsically contains some defects and deficiencies; consequently it could not provide sufficient and effective barriers. These inherent PTWS errors and faults as the data-based permit to work system (D.B.P.T.W) are leading the operating system to different types of accidents, and finally system failures and catastrophic disasters. Therefore, in this study Bayesian theory was applied for the conditional probability of fault creator cases (FCCs) of PTWS assessment. Fault creator cases analysis in permit to work system with changes in the current PTWS were used (Current Permit to Work, C.P.T.W) in gas refineries by logical management. So that the use of this new method based on historical and interconnected and multi-faceted fault factors communication and also disconformity/capability for immediate and simultaneous informing and discovering on the relevant system components and also according to a Bayesian analysis on seven important and critical variables for both CPTWS and DPTW.S for pessimist and optimist statuses may improve the protection safety layers and it is possible to decease and finally eliminate accidents as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) level at gas refinery plants.

Inherently Safer Design (ISD) is served as an important and crucial step for Industrial Safety Management Systems. It is simpler, cheaper, and more efficient to eliminate and/or reduce inherent hazards. However, uncertainty, relativity, ambiguousness and quality/quantity transformations disrupt the implementation of ISD. As advantages of fuzzy reasoning, naming problems can be resolved in order to have a justified and sophisticated decision making about Inherently Safer Design Assessment. Accordingly in this paper, ISD four principles: 1.Elimination/Substitution, 2.Minimization, 3.Moderation and 4.Simplification enter the Fuzzy Mamdani system: Fuzzy ISD Index (FISDI) to accomplish Fuzzy Inherently Safer Design Assessment. Inputs and output of the FISDI range from 0 to 100 and are categorized in 5 triangular membership functions. The proposed FISDI is applied for acetic acid production unit. The unit is divided into 7 zones, the 4 principle based checklist is provided for each zone and the FISDI is computed for each zone, then the total FISDI is computed for the unit. The results show that the minimum, maximum and total FISDIs equal to 29, 72 and 45.1 correspondingly. The total plant FISDI data is compared to the classic ISDI. The cross validation accomplished via CFtool in MatLab presents the mean slope of 0.7181 and mean R2=0.7885 which is a justified curve fitting within the scope of the study philosophy_70% of the ISD. The FISDI mainly underestimates the aggregative ISDI. It is noted that the most conformed and the least conformed zone cross validations are determined as Zone 4 and Zone 7 respectively.

Pistacia vera seed is a common food and medicinal seed in Iran. It's hull (outer skin) as a significant byproduct of pistachio, is traditionally used as tonic, sedative and antidiarrheal and has been shown to be a rich source of antioxidants. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-melanogenic activity of the pistachio hulls in order to discover a new alternative herbal agent to treat skin hyperpigmentation disorders. In this work, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity of MeOH extract from Pistacia vera hull (MPH) were evaluated in vitro, respectively, by DPPH radical scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase activity assays. Then the effect of MPH on the melanin content, cellular tyrosinase activity and cytotoxicity (MTT assay) on human melanoma SKMEL-3 cell were determined followed by 72 h incubation. The results indicated that MPH had valuable DPPH radical scavenging effect and weak anti-tyrosinase activity when compared to the well-known antioxidant (BHT) and tyrosinase inhibitor (kojic acid), respectively. MPH, at a high dose (0.5 mg/mL), showed significant cytotoxic activity (~63%) and strong anti-melanogenic effect (~57%) on SKMEL-3 cells. The effect of MPH in the reduction of melanin content may be related to its cytotoxicity. The results obtained suggest that MPH can be used as an effective agent in the treatment of some skin hyperpigmentation disorders such as melanoma.

The Permit to Work System (PTWS) provides a practical framework for the commitment of no harm to people or the environment to be respected by staffs and contractors. Furthermore, PTWS try to provide an effective means for identification of significant hazards and management of HSE risk activities that could result in serious or fatal injuries. The significance of PTWS role is more prominent in industries such as gas and oil refineries. Since a small failure or fault in these industries may lead to a catastrophic human and environmental disasters or enormous economic losses. South Pars Gas Complex (SPGC), Bushehr Province, Southern of Iran, is one of those industries which PTWS is an important part of operational risk and safety management. In this study in 2016, SPGC’s PTWS disconformities are investigated, and an innovative checklist for system disconformity identification is proposed for auditing PTWS procedure. Surveys and interviews with 14 experts by using structured Delphi method in two rounds indicated that questions raised in the checklist are system identification. Finally, audit quarries suggested in the checklist are divided into 10 main categories. First: SIMOPS Immediate, data sharing, 2-High risk activity, 3-Confined space entry activities, 4- HNF activities immediate data sharing, 5-Protecting PTWS counterfeit, 6-Immediate risk assessment, 7-Capability of permits tracing, 8-Capability of MOC and any flexibility, 9-Cost saving capability, 10-Immediate MSDS. This study was promoted PTW systems to ensure that authorized and competent people have thought about foreseeable HSE risks and that these risks are eliminated or minimized by using suitable control measures.

Introduction: Establishment of HSE management system (HSE-MS) in industries is served as important managerial factor which achieves the requirements of health, safety, environment and sustainable development. Today, HSE_MS is known as a vital system in occupational fields due to corresponding considerations for economy, sustainable development, society and ecology. The important role of HSE management system is completely undeniable in related standards for eliminations or reductions of hazards, anomalies, risks, accidents and adverse consequences. Method: In this study, HSE key indicators were analyzed using the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) and the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) methodologies. On this basis, the HSE performance assessment enhances the establishment of HSE_MS. The case study refers to refinery A, the South Pars Gas Field, Iran being reviewed from year 2009 (the beginning of the implementation of the HSE-MS) to year 2013. Discussion: In health sector, the studied indicators of TROIF and TLOIF were reduced respectively from 2.4% and 1.7% in year 2010 to 0.3% and 0.3% in year 2013. This is a sign of complete accomplishment of standardization in year 2013. In the environmental sector, indicators of waste water, such as pH, TSS, BOD and COD achieved the environmental requirements. Result: All indicators of air quality in year 2013 express impressive improvements compared to year 2010.

In order to achieve safe conditions at workplace should correctly understand the concept of Hazard. In the hazard conceptual and common definition this means that dangerous event or situation that may lead to an emergency or disaster. It could also be a biological, chemical, or physical agent in (or a property of) an environment that may have an adverse health effect, or may cause injury or loss. As such, a hazard is a potential and not an actual possibility. Nowadays all industrial managers try to achieve higher levels of safety knowledge and move to have a safer workplace (so most of the industrials and engineers are familiar with the concept of hazard even though this knowledge is not quite perfect). But the volume of definitions and guidelines make this motion be stopped and caused confusion the management. Moreover in order to achieve a safer industry it is needed to know hazard better and use of more suitable methods to evaluate hazard and risk assessment in order to cover all bad condition in work place, activity and so on, and finally eliminate them to have safer industry. Then we need a more comprehensive look to define these concepts. In this study, we define new concept of hazard as visible and invisible hazard with more comprehensive look on-site Athletics Hall Boroujen in west Iran. We could innovatively, identify this group of hazard that means Neglected-Invisible Hazard (NIH) due to more focus on visible hazard.