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Apollo bridge across the Danube river in Bratislava - description of construction parts. Reference network and long-termmeasurements of displacements. Measurements of vertical displacements of bridge pillars using levelling instruments DiNi 12and Ni 007 and stability testing of the reference points.

In the most top sediments of the Vienna Basin in the south part of Moravia, two coal seams of low rank coal occur - the KyjovSeam and the Dubňany Seam. The area with these seams is called the South Moravian Lignite Coalfield (SMLC). The SMLC was chosenas suitable area for example digital modelling coal seams for purpose of evaluation the coal. In the contribution, development of bothseams in particular parts of the SMLC, chemical attributes, preparation, and utilization of coal are described. Phases and methodologyof deposit exploration in the SMLC, methods of sampling and overview of the laboratory results are described in detail.

The paper deals with the methodology of modelling the Czech part of the Vienna Basin and its tectonic failure. Based on detailedmining and drilling explorations, a tectonic map of the upper Pannonian lignite deposit was reconstructed in the studied area. Coalseams in the South Moravian Lignite Coalfield were modelled under the project of the example modern evaluation of the coal deposit.Designed software with application of modern mathematical, statistical and geostatistical methods and SURFER program were used forcoal seam modelling. Conception of the tectonic faulting of the Dubňany and Kyjov lignite seams was created. Work results contributedsignificantly to knowledge of tectonic conditions of the Czech part of the Vienna Basin.

In this contribution methodological procedures and results of digital modelling and assessing the lignite deposit in the Czech partof the Vienna Basin (the South Moravian Lignite Coalfield) , applied in the frame of solution of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republicproject No. 105/06/1264, are presented. Deposit database includes data from almost 3000 drills. Except of primary deposit data,the database contains data on identically re-assessed economical thicknesses of the coal seam and coal benches. The seam is splitin up to four coal benches (altogether 7 horizons). The basic deposit model is a so-called geological model, which describes thestructural character of the deposit and defines the spatial positions of the coal seams. On the basis of the geological model so-calledeconomical models, i.e. variant models according to the coal quality, are created. These models respect the spatial geometry of the coalseams, as described by the geological model. The digital seam model is applied for a comprehensive assessment of the lignite deposit,to determine both its morphology and the distribution of particular deposit attributes.

In the contribution data preparation for digital modelling and assessing the Kyjov Seam (Pannonian, zone B of the Vienna Basinstratigraphy) and the Dubňany Seam (Pannonian, zone F) is presented. The seams occur partly as unit seam and partly as seam splitin up to four benches. Almost 3000 holes were drilled in the area in the last 50 years. Data about lithological logs, laboratory resultsand other measurements were gathered, uniformed, and stored in digital database. Input data for modelling, which were the thicknessand average values of analytical parameters in set thickness in each data point (drill hole), were derived from the primary data storedin database by designed software. The thickness was defined in five ways in each drill hole. Firstly as the geological thickness to modelnatural geometry of the seam and secondly as deposit thickness to model only part of the seam with required quality. Deposit thicknesswas defined in four variants according to limit parameter of maximal average ash content value of 50, 40, 35, and 30 % in the seamin borehole.

The term Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in 1963 for the first time in establishing of spatial oriented Information system supported by computer in Canada. With this term it was for the first time pointed on the automatized acquisition of spatial information and their consecutive processing using computer technologies. GIS is computer supported system, which consists of hardware, software and enables editing, storage, organisation of modelling and analysis of spatial oriented data, as well as their textual, numerical and graphical presentation. The most important part of GIS are spatial data of spatial region the system works with. Because of that the analogue or digital object acquisition of data is the most decisive base for successful functioning of information model with functional data structure.Brief information about methods of spatial data acquisition and their exploitation for geo-information spatial model is the aim of the proper.

The proposed paper is focused on reviewing the horizontal refraction during measurement in local geodetic networks. Based on elaborated theoretical assumptions the refraction model was arranged in a way that the questions were solved by the identity of the horizontal refraction. The necessary part of the application of the refraction model is the problem of optimizing the geodetic networks and deducting the method of the variance components, which play a major role in the precision of results. The independent acquisition of the thesis lies in the area of modeling the horizontal refraction with a stochastic approach, where the values of the refraction are gained through the measured data of the horizontal direction. In the model, it is necessary to identify the parameters according to the entire measurements and between two points. According to the attained results, I can state that the horizontal refraction was identified mainly on the measurements that were confirmed near the dam in most of the measured experiments. The experimented measurements were confirmed based on the assumptions that are in theoretical capitol, where the assumptions of the effect of the horizontal refraction are measured near the dam, river, shores, and valleys.

The problem of testing, verification and calibration of length-scales (electronic rangefinders) and angle-scales (geodetic instruments). The calibration of coded levelling rods and the systemic calibration of digital levelling instruments. The calibration on linear comparative baseline in a terrain – the elaboration of measured data. The testing of universal measuring instruments in laboratory conditions - specific problems in testing of instruments with the passive reflection. Some knowledge about the calibration of horizontal circles of angle-measuring geodetic instruments.

In the contribution methodical procedures of modeling and assessing of coal deposits, applied in the frame of the solution of the (Grant Agency of the Czech Republic) project No 105/03/1417 entitled „Interactive program system for application of modern methods of evaluation of coal deposits and their parts under complicated conditions“, are presented. The development of the computer technology as well as the new results in the domain of scientific geoinformatics have enabled an application of new modeling procedures and subsequent assessing of coal seams. Above all, the procedures in the sphere of the statistical data processing, geostatistics, selection and the application of a proper interpolation method, the graphic elaboration of maps and the 3D visualization of modeled coal seams and further procedures facilitating the selection of in-seam balanced thickness as well as identifying and correlating of coal seams are concerned. The program system formed in this way is conceived for applying to all types of coal deposits occurring in the Czech Republic.

The problem of metrology and security systems of unification, correctness and standard reproducibilities belong to the preferred requirements of theory and technical practice in geodesy. Requirements on the control and verification of measured instruments and equipments increase and the importance and up-to-date of calibration get into the foreground. Calibration possibilities of length-scales (of electronic rangefinders) and angle-scales (of horizontal circles) of geodetic instruments. Calibration of electronic rangefinders on the linear comparative baseline in terrain. Primary standard of planar angle – optical traverse and its exploitation for calibration of the horizontal circles of theodolites. The calibration equipment of the Institute of Slovak Metrology in Bratislava. The Calibration process and results from the calibration of horizontal circles of selected geodetic instruments.

The most of geodetic measurements are carried out in the lowest non-stable air levels over the terrain, which are very difficult and change in time with the optical environment. These air levels are approximately parallel with the earth surface, reaching the elevation of several metres, and about 99 % of all geodetic measurements are realized here. In the last years there was a great development in the area of constructional solution of measuring instruments. Modern electronic theodolites of the highest accuracy class reach the accuracy of direction (angle) measurement of 0,1 – 0,2 mgon and electronic rangefinders more than 0,5 mm for 1 – 2 km distances. That’s why the situation rise up where the important source of systematic errors in the measuring process are not instrumental errors but errors of the environment, in which is the measuring process realized. Because of this high accuracy of geodetic instruments, the refraction influence is a base limiting factor of increasing the measurement accuracy. In the past, the refraction influence was mostly neglected in the engineering geodesy but, in a present, requirements are given on a higher accuracy. That’s why various theoretical refraction models and practical inspecting processes are used, which enable us to decrease the refraction influence on the measured values.