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This paper examines how the past is constructed and mobilized within contemporary Peruvian mining politics. Beginning with an exploration of tensions existing within the mining industry's relationship to its history, I analyze how mining proponents have sought to both naturalize today's mining expansion by locating it within a national history of extraction, while also working to break free from certain negative aspects of the industry's past. The paper then examines how the past is remembered and invoked within the context of on-the-ground struggles at a large-scale gold mine in the region of Ancash. I address the contradictory ways in which local history is constructed in these struggles and document how memories of past experiences with mining inform how area residents understand and critique the 'new' mining economy. This paper underscores the need to understand the complicated, selective, and often-contradictory ways in which the past is made present in extractive industry conflicts. Keywords: mining, Peru, political ecology, resource politics., In his book In Search of an Inca, acclaimed Peruvian historian Alberto Flores Galindo traces how the people of Peru's Andean region have historically invoked idealized notions of the Inca [...]

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was the largest, most comprehensive, and most controversial regional development and planning project in U.S. history. Geographers were involved from its inception and made impressive contributions. Aside from the unit area method of data gathering and mapping, little is known about their contributions, some of which were truly ahead of their time. Although their work and recommendations were often discarded and unheeded because of political turbulence, the geographers rarely complained or entered into the political arena. Their work in the TVA has generally gone unheralded and even unappreciated within the geography profession. The primary purpose of this article is to document their contributions. Keywords: geographical synthesis, Tennessee Valley Authority, trade area analysis, unit area method., On 19 April 1933, after less than one month in office, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt eloquently argued before the U.S. Congress that the comprehensive development and planning of the entire [...]

For much of the twentieth century, women in the United States found it difficult to obtain university positions in geography. Opportunities existed in other types of institutions, however, including the American Geographical Society (AGS). This article addresses ways in which the Society's mission intersected with its historical context from 1895 to 1970 to create niches for women in editorial and library work. It explores the women's origins, their perspectives and experiences with the AGS, and the significance of their contributions to the discipline. It suggests the potential of a gendered social approach for enriching understanding of the histories of geographical institutions. Keywords: American Geographical Society, employment, history of geography, staff, women., All of this is so close to my heart that I'm sure if anyone cut me open they'd find a map inside, with rivers and roads for veins. --Ena L. [...]

During the nineteenth century the Island of Manhattan was transformed into a physical representation, or 'material replication,' of the Cartesian coordinate system through development of the grid street plan. The [...]

MR. GOIN is a professor of art in photography and videography at the University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557., ********** The illiterate of the future will be the person ignorant of the use of the camera as well as of the pen. --Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, 1936, quoted in Traub 1982, [...]

DR. ELEY is an adjunct professor of geomatics at the University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, where DR. NORTHON is an associate professor of geomatics., ********** In 1854 the geographer and scholar Captain Sir Richard F. Burton, disguised as an Arab merchant and using a superlative knowledge of the Muslim faith and local languages, became [...]

DR. PULSIPHER is a professor of geography at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996., ********** It was already hot at 7 A.M.... Ash suspended in the air cast a yellow haze across Montserrat; heavier gray particles settled silently on the windshield as we parked [...]

DR. LOVELL is a professor of geography at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6., ********** In the heart of Seville, squarely set between the ramparts of a Moorish citadel and the flying buttresses of a Gothic cathedral, lies the Archivo General de Indias--the Archive [...]

DR. MATHEWSON is an associate professor of geography at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803., ********** Geography's recorded fieldwork tradition is as old as Odysseus and predated by much of prior humanity's recounted and remembered knowledge of places and environments revealed through mobility and interaction [...]

The geographical imagination works in many ways, but regions are perhaps the most common spatial abstraction geographers create and diffuse. The construction of regions is more than a territorial matter, because generalizations about society and culture are embedded within regional boundaries. Regions as heuristic tools are not static; they are modified with shifts in settlement, political economy, national identity, or cultural perception. To illustrate this point, I explore Andean regional awareness in Venezuela. The image of the Andes, which did not emerge until the early nineteenth century, passed through three phases - integration, decline, and cultural refuge. I argue that a reinvigorated regional geography should consider questions of origin, evolution, nation building, position in the world economy, and the role of the geographical imagination. Keywords: Andes, geographical thought, regional geography, Venezuela., For much of this century geographers have wrestled with the concept and significance of the region (Hartshorne 1939; Entrikin 1991; Livingstone 1993). Some consider discerning description of areal variation to [...]

Between 5 and 6 million Maya Indians today constitute roughly half of Guatemala's total population. From the eve of conquest to the present, the collapse, recovery, and growth of the Maya population reveals a trajectory of survival few Native American groups have been able to sustain. A review of archival and published sources indicates an enduring Maya presence from the sixteenth century to the twentieth, a demographic fact that official state institutions like the national census have tended to downplay or have documented inadequately. Accurate, reliable assessment of indigenous numbers thwarts present-day investigations as much as those rooted in the past, for Maya Indians fled far beyond Guatemala's borders during civil strife in the early 1980s and now form sizable communities in Mexico, the United States, and even Canada. Keywords: Guatemala, Maya Indians, population history, Carl Sauer., We know of scarcely any record of destructive exploitation in all the span of human history until we enter the period of modern history, when transatlantic expansion of European commerce, [...]

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, an American urban elite created an extensive North American pleasure periphery, with seasonal resorts that dramatically reshaped local economies and landscapes. Bar Harbor, Maine, exemplified this type of resort. Affluent New Yorkers and Bostonians developed an exclusive, picturesque resort, with a local service economy almost completely dependent on tourism. They also managed to surround the town with a national park., DURING the second half of the nineteenth century, or the Gilded Age as it is sometimes called, elites in the main cities of the United States created an extensive pleasure [...]

The breakup of three ethnically complex federal republics in the early 1990s resulted in fourteen new independent European countries. Each is based on nationality, but each also has its own minorities. From the European part of the former Soviet Union emerged three large Slavic countries--Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus--and four small non-Slavic countries--Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Moldova. Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Yugoslavia divided into five Slavic countries--Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Macedonia, and a truncated Yugoslavia consisting of Serbia and Montenegro. Civil war erupted in Croatia but has been most fierce in Bosnia and Hercegovina., SINCE 1990, fourteen countries in Europe have become independent states. All were recently communist; most are Slavic. As nationalism replaced communism as a unifying force for states, three former countries, [...]

A Mesoamerican food complex apparently reached southeastern Europe by way of Portuguese Africa, India, and the Turkish Empire in the aftermath of the Columbian voyages. Food items like peppers, squash, maize, beans, and the turkey enjoy their greatest acceptance in the Balkans rather than in Iberia., THE Columbian quincentennial celebration has brought an intensified interest in the related diffusion of ideas, adaptive strategies, material culture, and domesticated plants of the New World. One crucial element that [...]

ABSTRACT. The Mediterranean has traditionally been approached from a geographical and historical perspective that has collapsed the material and political differences between water and land. This conflation has been instrumental [...]

ABSTRACT. This article examines the parallels between the developing Pacific Basin and the historical Mediterranean Basin. Humankind's expanding reach in transportation and communication technologies now makes it possible to integrate [...]

K[acute{A}]REN WIGEN ABSTRACT. The area-studies model of global scholarship, based on dividing the world into a set number of large, quasi-continental regions, is under assault from a variety of intellectual [...]

ABSTRACT. From Montreal to Madras, from Barbados to Burma, the lodges of Freemasons dotted the landscape of the British Empire from the eighteenth century to the twentieth. Together with the [...]

ABSTRACT. This article investigates the history of drawing lines across ocean space. Although drawing lines generally is perceived as an act of division--as exemplified by the line drawn through the [...]

ABSTRACT. The conventional view of global hydrography, which maps three or four oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and, sometimes, Arctic) did not emerge until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. [...]

ABSTRACT. This article examines the ways in which oceans were depicted in Japanese geographical writings and maps from the Tokugawa period. It uses these texts to understand how early modern [...]

'Midtown' is an important but understudied component of the morphology and historical evolution of North American and, to a lesser extent, European cities, and landmark buildings have played a notable role in giving midtowns identity and prestige. Especially significant are the recent diffusion and expansion of the twinned 'midtown-skyscraper' concept to the major cities of East and Southeast Asia. For a variety of reasons, it is likely that massive midtowns anchored by famous buildings will become most evident on the western fringe of the Pacific Rim. Western architectural, engineering, and planning firms are playing major roles in this diffusion and illustrate nicely the importance of exporting the service component of the global economy. Buildings and midtowns provide (reinforced) concrete examples of the impact of the new global economy on the landscapes of major cities. Keywords: Asia, midtowns, skyscrapers, world cities., To a very real degree, we see what we have words to describe. Common words are used to shape our descriptions of urban landscapes and urban form. Over the past [...]

The first half of the twentieth century marked both an end to confidence in human control of the earth and a prelude to the contemporary era of intense environmental concern after 1950. This conspectus of the environmental history/historical geography of the transitional years between 1900 and 1950 focuses on rising concerns over resource supplies and exploitation, particularly land settlement, timber supplies, soil erosion, and river-basin control. Conservation and the pervasiveness of ecological thinking and analogy form a strong underlying theme. Keywords: ecology, environmental history, historical geography, human - land relationships, land settlement, resource exploitation, soil erosion, water control., Historical geography, like environmental history, to which it is so closely allied intellectually (Dovers 1994; Williams 1994; Powell 1996), has the difficult task of selecting important themes and topics about [...]

In the late 1950s and early 1960s a variety of Americans began to protest the loss of open space to suburban sprawl. The critics of sprawl - William Whyte, most notably - argued that open space had great aesthetic, social, and ecological value. To preserve open space, activists lobbied for the acquisition of public land and touted land-saving forms of development. Although both efforts brought important successes, both proved inadequate. Even so, the open-space debate had enduring consequences: It shaped later efforts to force builders to meet new environmental obligations, and it played a key role in the evolution of the environmental movement. Keywords: environmentalism, suburbs, urban planning., 'Take a last look' William Whyte told the readers of Life in 1959. 'Some summer's morning drive past the golf club on the edge of town, turn off onto a [...]