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An arachnoid web is a pathological formation of the arachnoid membrane. It is a rare phenomenon but is known to lead to syrinx formation in the spinal cord along with pain and neurological deficits. On imaging, the 'scalpel sign' is pathognomonic for an arachnoid web. The etiology of syrinx formation from an arachnoid web is currently unknown. This report documents the only two cases of arachnoid webs with an extensive syrinx in which a likely pathophysiologic mechanism is identified. Both cases presented with motor deficits. The patients had no history of trauma or infection. After extensive workup in both patients and observation of the scalpel sign an arachnoid web was suspected. In both cases, the patients were treated surgically after an arachnoid web was suspected. Intra-operative ultrasound visualized in both cases demonstrates a fenestration in the web that allowed passage of cerebrospinal fluid in a rostral-caudal direction due to a ball-valve effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines the work of a task group responsible for developing inclusive language and image guidelines for LibGuide creators at one academic library. While the library’s LibGuide creators already adhered to Web site accessibility guidance, guidelines for the use of inclusive language and images were lacking. This article describes the process for creating the guidelines and the assessment of the guidelines 1 year after their incorporation. From their review of existing inclusivity guidelines created by other organizations and from the feedback they received in their assessment of the guidelines, the authors conclude that LibGuide creators benefit from having a set of inclusivity guidelines developed for the specific context of research guides in an academic library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients often search for health-related information on the internet allthough this trend may have some benefits, it also has some risks, such as misinformation. The aim of this study is to evaluate how Internet information seeking affect the level of anxiety in patients with endometriosis. This prospective observational study was conducted at our outpatient clinic between March 2019 and December 2020. We enrolled We enrolled all patients with a confirmed sonographic diagnosis of endometriosis who had sought information about the disease prior to our visit. We divided them into two groups based on the source of information (Internet only vs multiple sources). Before the visit, we asked women to fill-in validated questionnaires about anxiety, such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD) and the Spielberg State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI- Y6) and the Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP) − 5. After the visit, the STAI-Y6 was resubmitted to each woman. We enrolled 200 women who filled-in the questionnaires: 46 reported the Internet as the only source of information, 52 sought information also from medically qualified sources, 74 consulted only healthcare professionals, and 28 resorted to medical journals. Women who used the Internet as their exclusive source of information were younger on average and their STAI-Y6 score after the visit was significantly lower compared to other group (34.1 ± 11.5 vs 42.1 ± 14.7, p =.001). Moreover, the difference between the STAI-Y6 scores before and after our assessment was higher in these women (-18.3 ± 14.7 vs −10.3 ± 16.5, p =.003). Women who sought information online were younger, had lower levels of state trait anxiety after our medical evaluation, and a had a greater reduction in anxiety levels after our examination compared to women who consulted other sources to learn more about endometriosis. Women using only Internet are younger than those who use other sources of information. Women who researched symptoms online showed higher pre-examination anxiety levels. Patients with severe pain symptoms consulted both the internet and professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, often associated with social and communication challenges and whose prevalence has increased significantly over the past two decades. The variety of different manifestations of ASD makes the condition difficult to diagnose, especially in the case of highly independent adults. A large body of work is dedicated to developing new and improved diagnostic techniques, emphasising approaches that rely on objective markers. One such paradigm is investigating eye-tracking data as a promising and objective method to capture attention-related differences between people with and without autism. This study builds upon prior work in this area that focussed on developing a machine-learning classifier trained on gaze data from web-related tasks to detect ASD in adults. Using the same data, we show that a new data pre-processing approach, combined with an exploration of the performance of different classification algorithms, leads to an increased classification accuracy compared to prior work. The proposed approach to data pre-processing is stimulus-independent, suggesting that the improvements in performance shown in these experiments can potentially generalise over other studies that use eye-tracking data for predictive purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measures of news exposure are common in research that tries to explain political knowledge, political engagement, opinion formation and, more generally, media effects. Much of that research employs self-reported measures obtained with surveys, known to suffer from accuracy problems. Observational measures, however, also suffer from limitations derived from data collection and instrumentation. Here we offer new comparative evidence on the nature of those problems. We show that commonly used self-report measures of digital news consumption are problematic for three reasons: they only pay attention to a small fraction of all available sources; they underestimate audience share; and they distort the relative position of news sites in visibility rankings. Measurement problems, however, also exist in observational studies, especially when mobile access is excluded from data collection. Our analyses quantify the magnitude of these problems, offering unprecedented comparative evidence of online news consumption that spans nine countries and a period of five years. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research on news exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visual components of political communication are closely related to the ongoing personalization of politics. Not only do the media focus their stories on candidates and leaders, but also the parties' own work with the electoral campaigns and political propaganda have an increasing focus on the individual candidates and leaders. This study focuses on how political party leaders chose to use visual images in their self-presentation on Instagram during the 2018 general election in Sweden. This is done through a quantitative content analysis of party leaders' posts during the last three weeks before Election Day. The results do not confirm an increasing level of personalization of politics. Party leaders were visually exposed in an innovative way, but still mainly within rather predictable campaign contexts. General social media standards have been developed by political parties also on this platform. When applying to these standards branding and long-term party strategy considerations seem to be more important than possible short-term effects of exposing surprising personal and emotional characteristics of the party leader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Spinning waste; cotton fibers; web; nonwoven; tear strength; burst strength; ; ; ; ; ; EN Spinning waste cotton fibers web nonwoven tear strength burst strength ZH 9064 9073 10 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction The raw material is considered as one of the most important factors affecting product costs in the textile industry based on its type, processing, and end-use. In this work, the webs of cotton fibers from spinning soft and hard wastes were formed after separating the short fibers from impurities by trash analyzer and carding fibers to form a web. Thus, textile material wastes can be classified as pre-consumer textile waste (soft and hard waste) and post-consumer textile waste. Following the procedures of staple length measurement mentioned above, the mean of fibers length from spinning waste is; I Mean fibers length (cm) = 1.34 ± 0.53 i The standard classification indicates that those fibers with length of 1 in. or less are categorized under short-staple fibers (Klein [11]). [Extracted from the article]

Budget visualization tools facilitate the communication of complex technical information. In this paper, the main technical, individual and organizational factors that affect its implementation and use is analysed. Through a questionnaire survey data have been collected from those responsible for the adoption and maintenance of the two principal web applications in 34 Spanish regional and local governments. Findings show that these tools have some users but that their main target are not citizens but specific groups, mainly media and political groups. Its adoption is neither a budgetary nor technological problem. The impulse for adoption is mainly political, with the focus on financial and budgetary transparency but sometimes also on participatory transparency or micro-transparency. Finally, a serious risk of governance generated by the lack of clear transparency and accountability strategies in the administrations is detected, as well as an absence of operational procedures to adapt to the changing budgetary structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Launched in 1993, the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV), located in Blacksburg, Virginia and connected to Virginia Tech, was an experiment in community computing. Through its funding models and technologies, the BEV united government, municipal, corporate, and university interests. While it received media attention and scholarly engagement in its prime, the BEV has not yet been reconsidered as part of the larger critical history of virtual communities and platforms. Through primary and secondary accounts of the BEV, I argue that the BEV's trajectory is emblematic of how communities learn to negotiate going online for the first time, balancing the visions of designers and funders with those of users. The BEV was both a prototype and, later, a laboratory for participatory design, connecting an entire town to the World Wide Web. Its online listings of local businesses and e-commerce hub, known as the Village Mall, applications like MOOSburg—a multi-user domain—and an interactive Virtual School wired the town. The BEV was a small, rural, geographically-situated community used by senior citizens and college students alike, but it was not always inclusive. I point to critical scholarship about the BEV and other early electronic communities to situate the BEV within larger theoretical considerations regarding the relationship between electronic communities and local geographies, the different expectations of designers versus users, and the problems of inclusion, moderation, and control, even when access is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how the complex global spatiality of climate change is integrated into online national public discourses. Although the Web is an important venue for public discourses, little is known about its capability to integrate transnational issues. By looking at two types of communicative links (hyperlinks and referential links), we assess the degree and the scope of transnational integration for the four cases of Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The findings show that these national discourses are heavily transnationalized. However, the scope of transnationalization is restricted to countries of the Global North, with a clear focus on the United States. This leads to the conclusion that the Web's capability to integrate transnational issues is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a technology-driven world, libraries must have quality -websites that deliver meaningful information in a structured way. Measuring the ease of access to information through website evaluation studies can help site creators assess the efficacy of presented information. This study, performed in 2018, recognizes the importance of maintaining quality -websites for successful communication of information to the public. It replicates Powers's 2010 content analysis of Pennsylvania public libraries' websites. The author employs Powers's evaluation checklist and seeks to discover how current levels of web presence for Pennsylvania public libraries -compare with the results of Powers's original study. A sufficient number of websites were reviewed to allow for generalizability to all Pennsylvania public libraries. This study finds that public libraries' web presence in Pennsylvania has increased since Powers evaluated websites in 2010, in terms of the range of available information. In addition, the 2018 results show which website development areas public libraries must improve in to maintain relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling user(s) navigation sequences and predicting their preferences has been an interesting area of research. For Web Navigation Prediction (WNP) the Markov model(s) are predominantly used for analyzing and discovering user navigation patterns. One of the major issues with the Markov model is that it fails to predict for unclassified navigations. Presence of such navigations reduces the prediction power of the model. Deep machine learning models can be used to address unclassified navigations but their prediction ability deteriorates if training sessions are less in number. As Navigations have been modeled using N-Grams where the number of training sessions reduces at higher N-Grams. It might affect the performance of deep learning models. However, their prediction ability can be improvised by integrating it with the Markov model. This paper proposes three integrated models to minimize the unclassified navigations and to boost the overall prediction accuracy. Proposed hybrid models are formed by integrating All-Kth Markov Model with Deep Neural Network (DKM) and All-Kth Modified Markov Model with Shallow Neural Network and Deep Neural Network (SKMM and DKMM). The proposed models are evaluated on three standard datasets: CTI, BMS, and Wikispeedia. DKMM has obtained the best results in terms of improvement in prediction accuracy and reduction in unclassified navigations on higher N-grams. Prediction accuracy was improved up to 4.71, 6.2 and 7.67 in CTI, BMS and Wikispeedia dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City models have a wide variety of uses that require different kind of data representation or data models. Having a dynamic model that enables picking the right representations (meshes, volumetric data, point cloud, etc.) can prove useful to adapt an application to each user's needs. In this paper, we present an original method to create personalised visualisations of 3D city models on the fly. By organising the server data in a hierarchy of tiles, we are able to generate personalised models based on the user's preferences. These preferences take the shape of a set of rules that apply to each tile or city object and allow the user to choose which representation of the object to use depending on its position or semantic information (classification, height, etc.). Our method is designed around existing standards, guaranteeing the interoperability of the produced models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to describe feedback from the adolescents on their use of a web-based depression support system. Web-based support systems can serve as an alternative to conventional treatment or to complement the current services. Mixed methods were used to approach the topic from multiple perspectives. Feedback was collected from adolescents with symptoms of depression or anxiety. Adolescents (n = 46) responded to a questionnaire after participating on the support system, and 24 adolescents did not provide feedback. The data were analyzed with quantitative descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis. Out of 45 adolescents, 93% agreed that the web-based support system was targeted at them, and 89% felt it was reliable and safe. It was perceived as a good channel for reflecting thoughts. However, some adolescents felt it was difficult to use or that using it did not help them. Ideas for development were also offered. Depis.Net provided the adolescents with a reliable way to ease their condition at home. Using feedback from the adolescents on the support system makes it possible to identify those who are able to use this kind of system in daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the web offers a world of choice, providing millions of options at the click of a button. Web-based platforms such as Amazon.com and Yelp.com provide users with a range of tools and functionalities to navigate and compare options within a complex and bewildering landscape of choice. Whilst such websites afford users the feeling of objective and 'free' choice, it is also clear that the design features and architecture of websites have strategic affordances for structuring choice in different ways and for particular aims and objectives. Based on a study of 500 top-ranking websites, in this paper, we argue for a re-evaluation of the relationship between choice and the web, through an examination of the affordances of websites for shaping and governing choice. Using illustrative examples and drawing on a conceptual framework from previous work, we examine four interconnected aspects of how choice is structured through the affordances of websites. We discuss the role of algorithms in governing choice through websites, including their role in drawing users into a political economy of choice-making that appears to 'nudge' them in particular directions. Websites not only constitute and structure choice, but also presuppose, deploy, and potentially (re)produce the characteristics and capacities of 'choosers', and as choosers are not equals this in turn may reproduce and reinforce social inequalities and fissures. The paper concludes with a reflection on the entangled trajectories of choice and web technologies, and how this might impact our understanding of choice in contemporary society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is the leading health disorder in adolescence and often manifests itself as sleeping problems. A number of quantitative analyses have assessed the quality of adolescents' sleeping, but there is still a lack of information on how adolescents themselves perceive their sleeping behavior.Method: Using a mixed-methods approach, we describe sleeping behaviors and sleeping habits among adolescents with depressive disorders, who have been referred to psychiatric outpatient services.Results: Adolescents monitored their own sleeping patterns (n = 13) and reported on them through self-reflecting writings (n = 16) on a web-based support system for one week. They went to bed to about 23:00, remained awake for around 40 minutes, slept eight and a half hours, woke up at 9:00, and described themselves as being tired after the night. Adolescents were able to self-reflect on their sleeping in various ways and find meanings and interpretations of it.Conclusion: The results contribute valuable information to health care personnel who work with adolescents, for example school nurses and mental health professionals. More emphasis should be put on adolescents' perceptions of their sleeping behavior and how to increase their insight into their own wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing and Web collaboration are shaping 21st-century libraries. These 2 developments seem to be behind the newest developments in library services and are driving library automation. The 2 are impacting library work by providing the library administrator with opportunities, especially for greater synergies among various individuals over dispersed locations. While the literature indicates ambivalence about these twin developments among library and information professionals, the administrators of distance library services have no choice but to engage in the use of cloud computing technologies and Web collaboration in order to remain relevant to users. Unfortunately, in doing this, distance services librarians will need to trade off ownership and control, trusting outsiders, while teaching users to be critical of the information gathered from collaborative sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design methodology is proposed for a web-based collaborative system applicable to styling processes in the distributed environment. By using the developed system, design reviewers of new products are able to confirm geometric shapes, inspect dimensional information of products through measured point data and exchange views with other design reviewers on the internet. Functional requirements for the design of this web-based dimensional verification system are suggested. ActiveX-server architecture and OpenGL plug-in methods using ActiveX controls realize the proposed system. Visualization and dimensional inspection of the measured point data are conducted directly on the web; conversion of point data into a CAD file or VRML form is not required in the styling process. Dimensional verification results and design modification ideas are uploaded through markups and/or XML files during the collaboration processes. The XML files, allowing information sharing on the web, are independent of the platform. It is possible to diversify the information sharing capability among design collaborators. The validity and effectiveness of the developed system are confirmed by case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "wow!" of the Web often conceals its defects. Librarians, who should know better, are just as guilty as all other Web users, fooled by the ormolu that is the Web. The defects of the Web are legion, and the longer it remains, the more familiar we become with its weaknesses as a primary research tool. Herewith are reasons why the Internet cannot (and should not) replace a real library, and why librarians, and anyone else who knows the difference between a fact and factoid, should care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Wide Web is an extremely powerful source of information, inspiration, ideas, and opportunities. As such, it has become an integral part of daily life for a great majority of people. Yet, for a significant number of others, the internet offers only limited value due to the existence of barriers which make accessing the Web difficult, if not impossible. This article illustrates some of the reasons that achieving equality of access to the online world of education is so critical, explores the current status of Web accessibility, discusses evaluative tools and methods that can help identify accessibility issues in educational websites, and provides practical recommendations and guidelines for resolving some of the obstacles that currently hinder the achievability of the goal of universal Web access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conversation brings together leading experts within the field of computational methods. Participants were invited to discuss "Internet histories and computational methods", and the debate focused on issues such as why scholars of internet histories should consider using computational methods, what scholars should be looking out for when they use these methods, how the process of collecting influences computational research, what impedes the use of computational methods, to what an extent internet historians should learn to code (or conversely, if developers should learn about historical methods), what are the most defining moments in the history of computational methods, and, finally, the future of using computational methods for historical studies of the internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical and health science graduate students report greater anxiety problems than the general population, but they are less likely to seek treatment due to cultural and logistical barriers. One preventative approach that overcomes these barriers is web-based cognitive behavioral therapy (webCBT). It is unknown whether webCBT is effective for preventing anxiety escalation within this population. A randomized controlled trial was conducted, comparing the effects of webCBT versus a control group (CG). Medical university students (n=594; Mage=27; 67% female; 80% Caucasian) completed online baseline measures and four assigned online activities. Measures were re-administered after approximately three months. There was a small interaction effect between time of assessment and treatment condition. Anxiety severity was lower in the webCBT (M[SD]=2.88[3.36]) versus CG condition (M[SD]=3.69 [3.35]) at follow-up. This effect was moderate for students with mild, versus minimal, anxiety at baseline. The proportion of students with possible anxiety disorder was lower in the webCBT (4.5%) versus CG (8.5%) condition, and the proportion of mildly anxious students with a clinically significant increase in symptoms was lower in the webCBT (10%) versus CG (20%) condition. WebCBT may aid in preventing anxiety escalation in this population, particularly for at-risk students who report mild anxiety symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the comparability of assessment tools under different format conditions. Prior studies have not considered the interaction of format and device on time to complete an assessment and have instead treated each of them separately with conflicting results. This study assesses, by linear regressions using web-based data, the performance of multiple devices under varying formats while controlling for non-device factors such as demographic information. The results of this study add to the growing literature on the equivalence among devices and formats used to collect and interpret performance in a variety of organizational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect many species causing a variety of diseases with a range of severities. Their members include zoonotic viruses with pandemic potential where therapeutic options are currently limited. Despite this diversity CoVs share some common features including the production, in infected cells, of elaborate membrane structures. Membranes represent both an obstacle and aid to CoV replication – and in consequence – virus-encoded structural and nonstructural proteins have membrane-binding properties. The structural proteins encounter cellular membranes at both entry and exit of the virus while the nonstructural proteins reorganize cellular membranes to benefit virus replication. Here, the role of each protein in membrane binding is described to provide a comprehensive picture of their role in the CoV replication cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an insider perspective of United States Congressional campaigning by exploring political marketing on the web. We offer theoretical frameworks that predict how campaigns view their websites (e.g., perceptions of likely audiences), how campaigns use their websites (e.g., content posted), and how these views and usages have evolved (or not) over time. We test our predictions with a unique data set from surveys of political marketers involved with the creation and maintenance of congressional campaign websites between 2008 and 2014. Consistent with our expectations, we find uniform views across campaigns about perceived website users (e.g., engaged voters). However, we also find support for our expectation of fundamental differences—between incumbent and non-incumbent campaigns—in what is posted on campaign websites. We also find some, but not many, changes in website usage over time. We conclude that differential marketing motivations result in campaigns that depart from the normative ideal of engaged dialogues that facilitate representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The famous Dutch media theorist and net activist Geert Lovink stood at the crossroads of several players and stages of cyberculture in the 90s, trying to assemble a disparate crowd of media activists and media artists, programmers, designers, cultural producers and researchers. In this interview he looks back at his involvement in Mediamatic magazine from 1989 till 1994, the co-creation of the community access network De Digitale Stad Amsterdam,which started in 1994 as a freenet initiative in Amsterdam and the nettime email list in 1995. He also discusses the spirit of the 90s decade and the role of counter-cultural movements in the genesis and development of digital cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue dedicated to the 90s as a turning decade for Internet and the Web highlights the developments and choices - both technical and economic, but also cultural, societal and political - that contributed to the massification of the Internet and the discovery of the Web by the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pierre Beyssac, who launched EU.org around 1995 and was the co-founder of Gandi, a French company which profoundly disrupted that country's growing market of domain names, reflects on his path from the 1980s to the beginning of the 2000s. He was one of these discreet but central players of the French Web scene of the 1990s and 2000s, who experienced these tremendous times as a user, then as a "pro-am" and finally as a web professional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media is a powerful tool for building an online presence, but it asks a lot. While it affords plentiful opportunities for professional development and networking, building a professional brand in an online space is not without its drawbacks and risks. By working from a set of actionable principles and benchmarks, users can minimize frustrations and setbacks to build a useful professional presence, all while imbuing the web with the tenets of good information stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Museums must adapt to the increasingly massive use of the Internet, and use it to reach new audiences and find new ways of enhancing culture, or consolidate the relationship with their existing public. Therefore, defining an online strategy that conforms to the museum's mission may prove difficult. One of the challenges cultural organisations face in this regard is how to define, measure and evaluate their efficiency and approach. In the present article, we will study the digital instruments adopted by Italian museums to communicate on and promote their heritage collections on the web, and enhance the involvement and participation of audiences in the digital environment. Our aim is to present and discuss the results of the first online web strategy survey conducted in 2017, by ICOM Italy and the Italian Ministry of Culture (MiBAC). The survey and its findings show that Italian museums have risen to the challenge, by working on defining and developing their digital web strategy. The conclusion will highlight the gaps and some points for future reflection with a focus on open data. We hope that a wider museum community can adopt our monitoring tool, the 17 web strategy parameters, and share results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study examines the process of meeting Web Accessibility compliance in a United States academic library for a medium sized University. This process was prompted by the Office of Civil Rights in the Department of Education, and resulted in the execution of a Voluntary Resolution Agreement (VRA). In addition to the process the author describes what a VRA is and the common component parts therein. The “Digital Trends and the Global Library Community” column examines technological advances internal and external to libraries. The focus is on how technology is changing the way services are provided to users, the methodologies used in the provision of those services, and the resulting scope of responsibilities of libraries and parent institutions. Interested authors are invited to submit proposals and articles to the column editor atmarta.deyrup@shu.edu. Please include “IILR Submission” in the header. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate limited English proficiency (LEP) Latino caregiver asthma knowledge after exposure to an educational video designed for this target group.Methods: A cross-sectional, interventional study was performed. We aimed to evaluate the post-test impact on asthma knowledge from baseline after exposure to a patient-centered, evidence-based, and professionally produced Spanish asthma educational video. Participants included LEP Latino caregivers of children 2–12 years old with persistent asthma. Enrollment was performed during ED encounters or scheduled through a local community organization. Asthma knowledge was measured with a validated Spanish parental asthma knowledge questionnaire. Differences in mean scores were calculated with a pairedt-test.Results: Twenty caregivers were enrolled. Participants included mothers (100%) from Puerto Rico (75%), with a high-school diploma or higher (85%), with no written asthma action plan (65%), whose child's asthma diagnosis was present for at least 3 years (80%). Mean baseline asthma knowledge scores improved 8 points from 58.4 to 66.4 after watching the educational video (95% CI 5.3–10.7;t(19) = 6.21,p< 0.01). Knowledge improvements were similar across the ED and community groups. Knowledge gains were observed in the areas of ED utilization, medication usage, and activity limitations.Conclusions: The developed educational video improved caregiver asthma knowledge for a Latino population facing communication barriers to quality asthma care. Dissemination of this educational resource to LEP caregivers has the potential to improve pediatric asthma care in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We live in a digital age and this has changed the landscape of health information. With the changing US demographic, otherwise acute diseases morphing into chronic diseases as a result of treatment advancements, and evolving health needs of the population, there is need for increase in available and accessible health information. It is estimated that one in three US adults use the internet to diagnose or learn about a health concern. Nevertheless, a nagging question is whether the Web is reducing or creating disparities in health information availability and use for making health decisions. This study examined factors associated with heath information seeking from the internet, traditional media, and health care professionals among a diverse population of US adults. Data for the analysis was from four cycles (2011–2014) of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), a national survey of US adults. Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES), regression analyses were conducted. STATA 13 was used for analyses. Findings indicated that there is a possibility that while the Web is an easily available source of health information, it could also create inequalities in health information accessibility. The Web should not be considered a substitute for using alternative health information sources. Doing so, might create disproportionate access to health information essential for health decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conspiracy theories have been seen as important supporting components in extreme political beliefs. This paper considers conspiracy theories in the counter jihad movement, an international network combining cultural nationalism with xenophobia towards Muslims. This paper evaluates the nature of conspiracy belief through the analysis of several key texts published by counter jihad activists, and of content published on a daily basis by three core websites. The findings show the Islamisation conspiracy theory to be highly modular, with authors able to mix and match villains. The analysis of daily published content demonstrates that, at the routine level, conspiracy theory is rarely used openly as a call to action. This is in keeping with other examples of conspiracy theory in extreme right wing movements in which conspiracy is seen as justification for existing prejudices. However, the political and security context the counter jihad operates in also affords the movement opportunities to support some of their claims, often by reproducing or reinterpreting mainstream or quasi-mainstream reporting, without reverting openly to conspiracy tropes. In the case of the counter jihad movement, as well as potentially other far-right movements, conspiracy theory may be taking a back seat to a more sophisticated public relations approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Interacting with spatial data effectively requires systems that not only process references to locations, but understand spatial natural language. Empirical research has demonstrated that near is vague, asymmetric and context dependent. We explore near in language using Microsoft Web n-grams for expressions of the form Anear*, where A are placenames referring to different spatial granularities, ranging from points of interest to large U.S. cities and*are autocomplete suggestions for placenames. Analyzing the extracted expressions requires consideration of semantic and referent ambiguity. With more than 200,000 expressions we show not only what is considered to be near at different scales, but also produce intuitive maps of nearness for different locations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the dynamics of sex commerce on the web that occurs on various websites, and offers services ranging from escorts, nightclubs, massage parlors, and dating sites to multifunctional hubs. The study analyzed 149 commercial websites, focusing on three European countries, France, Greece, and Slovenia, with the purpose of revealing the representational patterns of online sex commerce. The aim is to explore the kinds of texts that are published on these websites and analyze actors’ profiles and sex services. We examine marketing strategies, look at the role of gender, and discuss the impact of profiling on the agency of sex workers. The analysis shows that websites and online networks tend to represent sexualities as a commercial niche where gender, ethnicity, and class intersect to reproduce gender stereotyping. We theorize sex work as (gendered) work that is similar to but also different from other work, and analyze web representation in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic reviews of computer- and Web-based treatment approaches indicate that these interventions are effective in addressing abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances. However, there are few studies evaluating the effectiveness of electronic approaches to substance abuse prevention. This review of the literature synthesizes the current research on interventions that use electronic media, including CD-ROM, video, and Internet modalities, for substance abuse prevention. Overall, the studies indicate that electronic-based and enhanced interventions are effective in preventing or reducing risk for substance use. We discuss trends in the current literature, research limitations, and implications for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Web is becoming an increasingly ubiquitous medium in children's lives, and toy brands frequently use Web sites to promote their products to children. Research has shown that exposure to affluence and materialistic behavior on television over time is correlated with materialistic values in children, but little research has explored the amount and types of materialistic content that children are exposed to on the Web. Furthermore, given that some toy brands are highly gender-specific, the types of depictions of materialism may differ between sites targeting girls and those targeting boys, which could reinforce gender stereotypes pertaining to wealth and consumption. This study undertook a content analysis of US children's toy-affiliated Web sites and provides initial evidence that children's Web sites depict affluence and materialism, and the type and frequency of those depictions vary by gender. Web sites targeting girls promoted consumption behaviors and those targeting boys focused on gaining wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hauptmann's 'Bahnwärter Thiel' depicts a man caught in the web of a technological system. As represented by the railroad and telegraph, technology determines circumstances, dominates life, and overwhelms the protagonist. Thiel exists only as a function of the technology he serves. Ultimately, the technological order dehumanizes and destroys him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided Internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-help (ICBT) has been proven to be effective for social anxiety disorder (SAD) by several independent research groups. However, as the proportion of clinical significant change has room for improvement, new treatments should be developed and investigated. A novel treatment is attention bias modification (ABM). This study aimed at evaluating the combination of ABM and ICBT. We compared two groups, one group receiving ICBT and ABM targeting attentional avoidance and the other group receiving ICBT and control training. ABM and control training tasks were both based on the dot-probe paradigm. A total of 133 participants, diagnosed with SAD, were randomised to these two groups. The attention training group (N = 66) received 2 weeks of daily attention training followed by 9 weeks of ICBT. The control group (N = 67) received 2 weeks of daily control training, also followed by 9 weeks of ICBT. Social anxiety measures as well as the attention bias were assessed at pre-assessment, at week 2, and at post-treatment. Results showed no significant differences between the attention training group and the control group. Both groups improved substantially on social anxiety symptoms from pre- to post-assessment (dwithin = 1.39–1.41), but showed no change in attention processes (dwithin = 0.10–0.17). In this trial, the attention modification training failed to induce differential change in attention bias. Results demonstrate that the applied ABM procedure with its focus on the reduction of attentional avoidance was ineffective in the Internet-based setting. The results do not suggest that adding ABM targeting attentional avoidance to ICBT results in better outcomes than ICBT alone. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For hisJPEGsseries started in 2002, German artist Thomas Ruff used digital photographs taken by himself and from the web, compressed using the maximum rate, and then decompressed into large-scale prints. This method of hypercompression and enlargement exposes the mathematical infrastructure of the JPEG image, i.e. the pixel blocks into which the image is split during the compression process. In so doing, Ruff turns a digital artefact (pixilation) into a default aesthetic, thereby exposing the JPEG as today's default mode of viewing images: online and on-screen. Based on a thorough study of JPEG compression and its artistic use by Ruff, we show that with this shift from geometric projection to algorithmic processing, ‘photographic’ no longer denotes a specific mode of image creation, but rather a specific mode of image processing and that the new ‘architectural order’ of the image is the mathematical matrix used during compression. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We are in a Gutenberg moment in which we are migrating from book reading to Internet browsing. We are subtly shifting to more ephemeral, summary methods of learning and producing knowledge, shaped by how we consume information on the Web. Thus, a strong determinant of learning might be the very technology that hosts the information, such that technology is both the arbiter of our understanding of the world and how we come to gain that understanding. Based on recent evidence that the Internet is reshaping our learning processes, I argue that geographical knowledge production and translation are not so much products of individualism but rather shaped by rapidly changing work styles that favor concise and highly accessible methods of academic production. I offer examples of changes in journal formats, academic social networking, and academic reviewing to reveal that we are catering to shorter attention spans that prefer to browse. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article, we present the development of a web mapping application as part of the ‘Physical Landscape of Britain and Northern Ireland’ project. There are a large number of sources for information and data on the geomorphology of the British landscape including academic journals, books, unpublished student dissertations and third-party reports, however there remains no single central repository to query the extent of such knowledge. This project, sponsored by the British Society for Geomorphology, has a long-term aim of collating a bibliography on the full extent of published and unpublished research on the geomorphology of Britain and Northern Ireland, ultimately highlighting ‘gaps’ in our knowledge and identifying topics and areas for future investigation. The first phase of the project involved the development of a web application that allows end-users to search for bibliographic references using an interactive map. Here we outline the implementation of a spatial database, a database front-end and a web mapping application built using open source software and open data. Data for pilot areas have been entered; a further phase of the project will populate the database for other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A key task for libraries is to ensure access for their patrons to the scholarly statements now found across the Internet. Three stories reveal progress towards success in that task. The context of these stories is the shift from print to digital format for all types of continuing resources, particularly journals, and the need to archive not just serials but also ongoing ‘integrating resources’ such as databases and Web sites. The first story is about The Keepers Registry, an international initiative to monitor the extent of e-journal archiving. The second story is about the variety of ‘serial issues’ that have had to be addressed during the PEPRS (Piloting an E-journals Preservation Registry Service) project which was commissioned in the UK by JISC. These include identification, naming and identification of publishers, and the continuing need for a universal holdings statement. The role of the ISSN, and of the ISSN-L, has been a key. The third story looks beyond e-journals to new research objects and the dynamics of the Web, to the role of citation and fixity, and to broader matters of digital preservation. This story reflects upon seriality, as the Web becomes the principal arena and medium for scholarly discourse. Scientific discourse is now resident on the Web. Much that is issued on the Web is issued nowhere else: it is a digital native. Statistics that indicate the extent of archiving for e-journals to which major university libraries subscribe are also included in the article. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

While positive effects of social interaction on political participation have been widely confirmed, questions have been raised about whether the relationship holds in the online environment. This article uses data from the 2007 Australian Election Study to address this debate by testing whether greater online social interaction predicts increased political engagement, and whether this differs for interactions within homogenous (bonding) versus heterogeneous (bridging) networks. The findings show that bonding, and not bridging, online social contact predicts offline participation, suggesting that online interactions that do not build on existing offline networks are not as effective in mobilizing “real world” participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to reveal young carers' views of design of a web-based support system (WBSS) directed to them and the differences between their views and the views of project representatives (PRs), in a participatory design process. Eight young people, 17–24 years, were involved in either a work or a test group. The work group participated in video-recorded design meetings with representatives of the project. Content analysis and Dewey's concept of public were applied on the data. The test group worked from their homes and data were collected via test forms and used as supplemental data. Four themes were revealed, constituting key parts in the design of the WBSS: Communicating the message, Ideational working principles, User interaction and User interface. Furthermore, decisive differences between the views of participants and PRs were found. The four key parts should be considered in a WBSS directed to young carers. The study also suggests that early user involvement and critical reflection in the design process itself may be crucial to discern differences in perspective between designers and users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this digital era, traditional recruitment efforts have increasingly been supplemented with or replaced by recruiting applicants on the Web. Concurrently, organizations are increasingly adapting to younger individuals from the Millennial generation as they enter the workforce. We combine these salient issues to examine Web-based recruitment of the Millennial generation by assessing predictors of organizational attraction. Using a sample of Millennials (N = 493), we found that perceptions of both work–life balance and website usability incrementally predicted attraction, when controlling for perceptions of other organization characteristics. In addition, person–organization fit mediated these relationships. These findings speak to the importance of examining how aspects of Web-based recruitment influence Millennial applicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people's participation, supported by the advent and the use of social media, seems to increase and become more definite, especially when it is linked to the local territory and its activities. In this respect, the connections the youths are able to create online go beyond the web, also developing social interactions with local communities. This article, starting from these premises, aims at investigating more deeply the debate about the civic use of the web by young people. The analysis focuses on 20 youth movements (cultural, social-collective, and environmental ones), with national/international relevance, mainly related to the web. Taking into account five main dimensions – internationalization, level of organization, participation, communication, and benefits for the social structure – the paper point outs different dynamics among the movements related to: (1) the use of the net, (2) the transfer from the online communication exchange to the local implementation of the civic actions, and (3) the involvement of the local public opinion. Moreover, the study reveals strong connections among participants, both in terms of bridging and bonding links so that the movements may be considered as a promising opportunity to strengthen civicness and foster social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growth of the amount of information manipulated by embedded application systems, which are embedded into devices and offer access to the devices on the internet, the requirements of saving the information systemically is necessary so as to fulfil access from the client and the local processing more efficiently. For supporting mobile applications, a design and implementation solution of embedded un-interruptible power supply (UPS) system (in brief, EUPSS) is brought forward for long-distance monitoring and controlling of UPS based on Web. The implementation of system is based on ATmega161, RTL8019AS and Arm chips with TCP/IP protocol suite for communication. In the embedded UPS system, an embedded file system is designed and implemented which saves the data and index information on a serial EEPROM chip in a structured way and communicates with a microcontroller unit through I2C bus. By embedding the file system into UPS system or other information appliances, users can access and manipulate local data on the web client side. Embedded file system on chips will play a major role in the growth of IP networking. Based on our experiment tests, the mobile users can easily monitor and control UPS in different places of long-distance. The performance of EUPSS has satisfied the requirements of all kinds of Web-based mobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an inside look into what libraries need to get started making iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch Web and native applications (apps), defines the differences between Web apps and native apps, and discusses the common challenges of getting started. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]