Search

AbstractThe development of digital games has proven particularly fruitful for the introduction of new forms of occupational safety training in various work sectors, but less is known about their use in sectors as hazardous as agriculture. In this study, we used a path model to analyze the triggers for the intention to use digital games as a safety training method in a group of young agricultural operators. A questionnaire was used to investigate participants’ intention to use games as safety training tools, perception of usefulness, perception of specific game design characteristics, and perceived ease of use. Game design characteristics and perceived ease of use were positively associated with perceived usefulness, which, in turn, was positively related to the intention to use digital games. These results provided some insights into the most critical variables that can be influenced to increase young farmers’ intention to use digital games for effective safety training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-vetting inspection, enhanced with onsite training, is a critical process to improve safety and environmental compliance onboard tanker ships. As a part of pre-vetting services, this study develops a maritime gamified mentoring platform, namely Maritime Gamentor, to manage crew upskilling in tanker vetting requirements. In this stage, the study considers the recently updated requirements of the Ship Inspection Report (SIRE 2.0) Programme of Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) to conceptualise a holistic serious game-based training solution. Then, a step-by-step approach to the preliminary design, development and prototyping of maritime serious games is provided in detail. Particular to the SIRE 2.0 Clause# 5.1.4, the study conducts a case study on Maritime Gamentor Module-01 illustrated with a task-based risk assessment (TBRA) on enclosed space entry operation. Consequently, the Maritime Gamentor is conceptualised as a powerful training and mentorship platform for global shipping companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

California's agricultural industry, an "essential industry" during the COVID-19 pandemic, required support to understand and implement changing public health knowledge and regulations in the workplace. The Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety (WCAHS) transitioned from traditional in-person trainings with agricultural stakeholders to remote engagement, such as webinars. We aimed to assess the use of real-time webinar trainings and identify agricultural employer concerns about reducing the risk of COVID-19 in the workplace. We conducted a thematic analysis of webinar chat from WCAHS' "Reduce the Risk of COVID-19 in Your Workplace" monthly webinar series held from December 2020–May 2021. De-identified chat transcripts were analyzed using a deductive approach to assess participant concerns as they related to prevention and response actions, employer responsibilities, and evolving public health knowledge. Codes were identified by an iterative process using semantic interpretation and summarized into four major themes. Our analysis reveals participants' concerns relating to (1) prevention of COVID-19 in the workplace, (2) response to COVID-19 in the workplace, (3) employer concerns, and (4) evolving, real-time knowledge. Participants shared multiple, overlapping concerns. Many also asked for information tailored to specific scenarios in their workplace. Providing industry-specific guidance and examples in an accessible means is critical for supporting agricultural employers and their highly vulnerable workers. Virtual trainings will likely continue to be an effective means of outreach with the agricultural industry. Future outreach and education efforts should consider virtual engagement and opportunities to document experiences amid changing work environments, social cultures, and learning activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study explores the effects of employee perception of the management's safety priority, safety rules and safety training on safety participation and safety behaviour decided by management, as well as the mediating role of safety training on the other four dimensions. Methods. The study covers employees working in 27 metal companies classed as hazardous/very hazardous in Turkey. The research data were collected by surveying 822 employees in the metal sector. Collected data were tested through explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses, in that order. Results. The findings of this analysis indicated statistically direct, positive effects of safety priority on safety rules and safety training, such an effect of safety rules on safety training, and again such effects of safety training on safety participation and safety behaviour. Besides, indirect relationships were detected between safety priority and safety rules and safety participation, and safety behaviour through the mediating role of safety training. Conclusion. Employee participation in health and safety issues as well as safe behaviour in the workplace depend on management prioritizing health and safety issues as much as production, formulating safe working rules, procedures and practices using comprehensive and regular training programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction is a high-risk industry, and worker capability has been identified as a contributing factor to construction accidents. However, many construction workers do not receive adequate safety training, leading to a lack of knowledge and skill. Effective training programs are essential to increase workers' safety competence and reduce accidents. Trainings facilitated by emerging visualization technologies (VT) are gaining attention due to their participatory nature and high engagement, which are missing components in traditional classroom-based safety training. This study explored the opportunities for adopting VT in safety training to improve employee training outcomes. Interviews were conducted with construction professionals in the U.S. and U.K., who had experience with safety training. The participants identified a number of training opportunities that would be appropriate for adopting VT. Interviewees valued VT for its technological versatility and positive impact on safety behavior, and they identified challenges in using VT related to cost, nature of technology, organizational barriers, and industry culture. The findings suggest the construction industry is still in the early stage of applying VT in safety training but many potential opportunities for using VT warrant further exploration. The implications point to the need to bridge academic research and its practical application to support VT's adoption in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inefficiency in real-time visualization and user interaction in traditional accident causation models (ACMs) necessitates the development of a dynamic ACM that can foster real-time hazard identification, accident prevention and interactive safety training. A virtual reality-based accident causation model (VR-ACM) may serve such a purpose. In this study, we performed a comprehensive literature review on different ACMs and safety training practices. The limitations of the existing models and practices are identified. A VR-ACM model is proposed comprising three modules: VR-based modelling and simulation, accident causation and safety training. Several research issues for VR-ACM are highlighted. An experimental study with 22 crane operators is presented, showing the applicability of the proposed model. The proposed VR-ACM serves as a medium for analysis of potential underlying causes of accidents, the three-dimensional perspective of visual analysis, real-time user interactions and real-time judgement and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The purpose of the study is to examine the relationships between safety behaviours (safety compliance and safety participation), their determinants (safety motivation and knowledge of safety) and their antecedent (safety training) affecting employee safety productivity, an economic benefit of occupational health and safety (OHS). Methods. The study was carried out with employees participating in the basic OHS training, which is mandatory every 2 years for all personnel due to the related legal obligation. The data required for the research purpose were collected by surveying 453 employees. The collected data were then tested using the methods of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Results. The findings of the analyses showed that safety training, safety knowledge, safety motivation and safety compliance affect the improvement of employee safety productivity, one of the economic benefits of OHS. The study also suggested that safety participation does not influence the improvement of employee productivity. Furthermore, a new scale concerning employee safety productivity has been brought to the safety literature. Conclusion. It is suggested that organizational managers wishing to increase employee safety productivity focus particularly on training regarding the safety knowledge, skills, motivation and compliance of employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, I examine the perilous conditions facing Filipino journalists covering the Mindanao region, focusing on differences in threats and dangers faced by those who are local to the region and those parachuting in from Manila. Using a qualitative approach, I have conducted one group interview with two local and two non-local journalists, and five in-depth one-to-one interviews with journalists and expert sources, in 2017. The study additionally draws on interviews with fourteen Filipino journalists and editors from 2014. The journalists perceive that safety differ depending on whether they are local to the conflict they cover or not. Safety issues are significant for the ways in which they operate in the field and decisions they make. Extra-judicial killings and impunity for perpetrators committing crimes against journalists perpetuate dangerous conditions particularly for local journalists, while kidnapping for ransom is among the greatest threats perceived by non-local journalists. In situations which non-local journalists can retreat, their local counterparts stay behind and face reprisals. Ethics is imperative to safety particularly for local journalists. Safety training should be tailored to and differentiate between security challenges. Collaboration between local and non-local journalists may improve their safety altogether, but media organisations must adequately compensate both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: China has a high fatality rate for child pedestrians, which highlights the necessity of implementing more effective pedestrian safety training programs in elementary schools. We thus investigated the efficacy of using virtual reality (VR) as an instructional technology to identify and modify risky pedestrian behaviors among Chinese children.Methods: Seventy-nine children (grades 1 through 3) from three elementary schools in Hubei province participated and were categorized into urban (n = 20), migrant (n = 29), or rural (n = 30) students based on the schools' locations. They completed a VR program comprising three street-crossing challenges to measure five pedestrian behaviors. The participants first attempted to complete the challenges by themselves in the first-time trial (T1) and then engaged in a personalized debriefing session before undertaking the challenges a second time (T2). Pedestrian performance for the two trials was compared by school location and grade level as between-subjects factors, and the rationale behind risky pedestrian behaviors was inductively analyzed.Results: Three risky pedestrian behaviors were observed in the program: dashing into the street, crossing on a blinking green light, and failing to check for traffic. Potential reasons for these behaviors included a lack of knowledge of road signs and traffic rules and the absence of daily adult supervision. The overall pedestrian performance increased from T1 to T2 with a moderate effect size (Ƞp2 = 0.59, p < .001). A significant main effect of the trials was found for the three pedestrian behaviors (for all values, p < .001); however, interactions of trial by location and trial by grade were nonsignificant in all univariate tests (for all values, p ≥ .05).Conclusions: VR is an effective technology to diagnose and correct risky pedestrian behaviors among Chinese children when accompanied with individual debriefing and repetitive practices. School location and grade level had no significant influence on children's pedestrian performance and learning outcomes, indicating the ubiquity of the pedestrian safety problem and the need for more effective instructional interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Power take-off (PTO) driveline entanglements are a primary source of injury on US farms. As with many farm injury concerns, hazard control technology is widely available for mitigating the risk of these entanglements. Despite the availability of hazard control technology, PTO shields are damaged or missing on approximately 57% of PTO driveline implements in New York. Given the catastrophic nature of entanglements and the ready access to safety technology, a better understanding of what motivates farmers to install or replace PTO shields is warranted. Methods: To examine this question, agricultural health and safety researchers in New York State conducted an initial comparison of PTO shield sales on farms receiving one of three different interventional approaches. These included PTO shield audits, a social marketing campaign, and on-farm safety services. PTO shield purchases were tracked from January 2011 through June 2016 on farms receiving these interventions and on other farms that were not exposed to interventional strategies. Results: Results indicate that a significantly higher number of PTO shields were purchased on farms that requested and received on-farm safety services versus farms that were exposed to PTO shield audits, the social marketing campaign, or the control group. PTO shield sales were slightly elevated on farms receiving driveline audits, as compared with control farms (although these differences were not significant). Conclusions: No marked differences in sales were noted between control farms and farms exposed to the social marketing campaign. Only one of the three interventional strategies (on-farm safety services) approached the number of PTO shield sales necessary to prevent an entanglement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Many organizations worldwide have implemented Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18001 in their premises because of the assumed positive effects of this standard on safety. Few studies have analyzed the effect of the safety climate in OHSAS 18001-certified organizations. This case-control study used a new safety climate questionnaire to evaluate three OHSAS 18001-certified and three non-certified manufacturing companies in Iran. Hierarchical regression indicated that the safety climate was influenced by OHSAS implementation and by safety training. Employees who received safety training had better perceptions of the safety climate and its dimensions than other respondents within the certified companies. This study found that the implementation of OHSAS 18001 does not guarantee improvement of the safety climate. This study also emphasizes the need for high-quality safety training for employees of the certified companies to improve the safety climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislation requires employers to provide health and safety (H&S) training to workers and communicate safety rules, policies and procedures to them in a way they understand. As the construction industry has an increasingly multicultural and multilingual workforce, conventional written and verbal safety communication is of limited effectiveness. CodeSafe Solutions, has developed an innovative method of communicating H&S information to field-based workers using digital media. The potential of the system was explored and two organizations in the Australian construction industry were used. Qualitative data from in-depth interviews of safety managers and workers involved in system implementation and quantitative data such as incident reports and video usage were analysed. Managers perceived the CodeSafe system to be beneficial and well received by workers. In one organization, the introduction of the CodeSafe system coincided with a reduction in injury rates. However, causal inferences about the impact of the system cannot be made. Workers involved in making the films believed films would be an effective communication tool. However, barriers to implementation of the technology include workers’ reluctance to use personal smart phones, limited internet connectivity, and organizational and national regulations on mobile phone use on construction sites. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents the findings of an evaluation of the mandatory Construction Induction Training initiative (CIT). The paper details a pilot study conducted in 2010 with the commercial construction sector and a subsequent study in 2011 of the housing and civil sectors conducting business in the metropolitan area of Perth and in regional Western Australia. The international literature on safety training evaluations and the impact on safety performance is reviewed. We argue that formal evaluation of safety training and evidence of a link with safety culture improvement is limited. The analysis of the study includes discussion of the transfer of safety knowledge through training participation into the construction safety culture. The findings include evidence of a decreasing trend in work-related injuries and significant support for the CIT. Participants were supportive of the mandatory nature of the CIT and believed that the training had not only increased their personal safety awareness but had also contributed to a positive improvement in the safety culture in construction worksites and in the industry. Although the training has been designed for construction workers there is evidence of extended uptake of the CIT as a generic safety course for preparation for those wishing to work in the other industry sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction workers’ ability to identify and assess risks is acquired through training and experience and is among the key factors that determine their behaviour and thus their safety. Yet researchers have questioned the effectiveness of conventional safety training. This research tested the hypotheses that safety training in a virtual reality (VR) construction site would be feasible and more effective, in terms of workers’ learning and recall in identifying and assessing construction safety risks, than would equivalent training using conventional methods. Sixty-six subjects were provided training in construction safety and their safety knowledge was tested prior to the training, immediately afterward, and one month later. Half of the subjects received traditional classroom training with visual aids; the other half were trained using a 3D immersive VR power-wall. Significant advantage was found for VR training for stone cladding work and for cast-in-situ concrete work, but not for general site safety. VR training was more effective in terms of maintaining trainees’ attention and concentration. Training with VR was more effective over time, especially in the context of cast-in-situ concrete works. Given the need for improved training and the advantages of training using VR, incorporation of VR in construction safety training is strongly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors were asked to design and develop a large-scale, web-based learning environment that would effectively assist international aid workers in conducting their daily tasks in the field, at home and in the office in a safer and more secure fashion. The design, development and dissemination of the training needed to be done quickly, inclusively and on a broad scale. This article describes related analysis, design and development, and in doing so illustrates the adoption and use of a unique, blended design approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite efforts to ensure workplace safety and health, injuries and fatalities related to trenching and excavation remain alarmingly high in the construction industry. Because properly installed trenching protective systems can potentially reduce the significant number of trenching fatalities, there is clearly a need to identify the barriers to the use of these systems and to develop strategies to ensure these systems are utilized consistently. The current study reports on the results of focus groups with construction workers and safety management personnel to better understand these barriers and to identify solutions. The results suggest several factors, from poor planning to pressures from experienced workers and supervisors, which present barriers to safe trenching practices. Based on the results, it is recommended that safety trainings incorporate unique messages for new workers, experienced workers and management in an effort to motivate each group to work safely as well as provide them with solutions to overcome the identified barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every ethnic group has its own cultural background and history that influences how it views health behaviors. By virtue of their work history, many Vietnamese have pursued the fishing industry when migrating to the United States. Even though the fishing trades are among the most dangerous jobs in the world, there has been little attention in the literature to the significant role that culture plays in the expression and experience of occupational health practices among Vietnamese shrimp fishermen. Three focus group sessions were conducted to identify factors that hinder or facilitate receptivity to available training and to guide culturally appropriate content. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling among various Vietnamese shrimp fishermen communities in Texas. Utilizing a series of open-ended questions, sessions were conducted in their native language among owners/captains/deckhands; support infrastructure-adult family members and religious/community leaders; and industry management and insurance representatives. Translations of transcribed documents were compared with simultaneous translations to ensure thematic consistency. Conducting hands-on training among Vietnamese by experienced fishermen, specifically targeting captains, was considered key to safety culture on the vessels. Findings of the study support that training should occur in a variety of formats (hands-on), but should be periodic, current, practical, convenient, taught in the primary language of the audience by an experienced individual, culminate in a certificate of completion, and target captains first. These findings illustrate the importance of considering cultural factors in the design of workplace interventions that focus on changes in safety and occupational health behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of fatal occupational injuries in New York agriculture far outstrip the average for all American workers. Among its various approaches to this problem, the New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health (NYCAMH) sponsored an On-Farm Safety Program that sought to reduce farm worksite hazards and to enhance understanding of safe farm practices through a two-step process. First, an on-farm hazard survey identified hazards that may lead to farm injury and suggested improvements to correct those hazards. Second, on-farm safety training sessions were offered to increase safety knowledge and influence adoption of safe work practices. Over a 2-year period, 124 farms were surveyed and 187 safety training sessions were conducted on a total of 271 New York farms. Follow-up phone surveys were conducted with 97 (78%) of the on-farm survey sites at roughly 6 months. Of the 97 survey farms that completed the telephone survey, 77 (79%) reported having made safety improvements. Hazards resolved tended to be less labor intensive and expensive than some of the other hazards observed. Ninety-six (99%) of the farms that completed the telephone follow-up survey found the on-farm visits useful and said that NYCAMH should continue to offer the On-Farm Safety Program. No data were collected to assess the impact of these efforts upon occupational injury and illness. This appears to be an effective means of outreach to heighten safety awareness of the farm population and to address some of the observed worksite hazards. It is unclear whether this approach substantially impacts the elevated risk of injury in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture is a fuzzy concept embracing overflowing definitions. Nevertheless, our research led us to use this terminology to refer to the set of shared representations used by a group to think and act. This restrictive sense of culture is based on a psychological perspective which has for a long time demonstrated the major role of social representations in human behaviours. Our research domain concerns workers' risk mastering activities implied by both daily behaviours and crises behaviours. Within this framework, the purpose of our studies is to highlight the mechanisms of risk representations in relation to workers' risk mastering activities. Workers, confronted with risks, refer to their risk representations to lead their behaviours. Each person has his or her own representations of risk. But, working together, a group of persons develops shared risk representations. Our present research question is: How are these shared risk representations are developed and activated in the working context? We refer to these two mechanisms (representations development and activation) as cultural processes. Supported by a large literature review, we propose in this article a classification of cultural processes: social representations, groups interactions, organisational learning and team working. This classification has two ends. First, it is dedicated to the modelling of cultural processes. So, as a first test, we present four previous research programmes re‐interpreting their results based on our classification. Second, it represents a reference to build a risk management system addressing cultural processes in order to limit risky behaviours and to enhance safety behaviours. We present hereafter, our model of a risk management system. As a specific model dedicated to cultural processes, we named it a Human Risk Management System (HRMS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of this study were to define the current methods for training entry-level workers on Colorado dairies, to measure the relationship of training methods to the incidence of work-related injuries on those operations, and to characterize the nature and cause of injuries reported by participating workers. Seventy-two workers from 15 dairies from Weld, Morgan, Larimer and Yuma counties volunteered to be interviewed privately in the language of their choice. Training methods were classified by content (task training versus safety training), method of delivery (on-the-job verbal instruction, on-the-job demonstration, on-the-job supervision, class- room-based, and / or reading materials)! and instructor (supervisor and/or co-worker). The majority (84.7%) of interviewed workers were Mexican-horn, Spanish-speaking males. Most workers reported the training to be a combination of verbal instruction, demonstration and supervision. Twenty-nine of 72 (40.3%) of all participants suffered at least one work-related injury in the 12 months prior to the interview. Entry-level safety training had no protective effect (P = 0.463) on the reported incidence of injury in dairy workers in the previous year. However, workers that received task-related training were four times less likely to suffer a work-related injury (P = 0.008). Training conducted by a co-worker also had a significant protective effect against work-related injuries (P = 0.028). Dairy workers identified direct contact with livestock or machinery as the main cause for work-related injuries, and most injuries occurred while medicating sick cows and milking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods of analyzing the physical and psychological demands of the job have been criticized as potentially biased against female sex-typed jobs. This poses a potential problem when information about the job is used to develop safety training programs or injury prevention programs. In this paper, the problem of measuring safety-related aspects of jobs is explored from a perspective which incorporates attention to gender issues. Potential problems are identified in the measurement of characteristics such as physical safety, responsibility for the physical safety of others, and psychological safety. A shortcoming in the literature deserving of further research is also identified in terms of the relative paucity of measures of responsibility for psychological safety. The failure to pay attention to gender issues may lead to problems in safety training, due to deficiencies in assessment, evaluation, and design. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Social workers are particularly vulnerable to violence due to the type of clients they serve, the preponderance of involuntary service relationships, the settings in which they work, and cutbacks in services. A national survey was conducted of field directors to discern their perceptions about danger to interns, schools' and agencies' practices and responsibilities for student safety, safety standards and policies, training personnel and content, and recommendations for change. Field directors believe that there is a need for more attention to student safety and that risks to students are increasing. There is dissonance between concern about violence and the lack of safety policies and training in schools of social work. Strategies for violence prevention are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Moving grain into and out of storage is recognized as highly hazardous, resulting in hundreds of injuries and deaths. The Grain Handling Safety Coalition (GHSC) has been providing safety and health training to agricultural workers and farmers since 2010. As the agricultural industry evolves and changes, so do the agricultural safety and health training needs. In response, the GHSC is conducting a formal needs assessment of training end users to identify the current and projected agricultural safety and health training needs in the agricultural industry. Methods: A needs assessment protocol was developed to identify: 1) ways to further engage and serve the following stakeholder groups; youth, industry, farmers, and extension/education; 2) geographic areas or regions to expand GHSC's reach; and 3) opportunities to expand GHSC's capacity for training. A survey was developed to inform the first two objectives. The survey is being pilot tested among representatives of the four stakeholder groups and will be administered in late spring. Survey sections include attitudes towards safety trainings, barriers to offering safety training, and preferred topics and modalities of training. Three focus groups will be held of different audiences with representatives whom the end users trust for information to include 1) industry (commercial & agribusiness, insurance, safety managers, etc.); 2) youth; and 3) agricultural industry. Findings: Results are pending. The findings will discuss the needs assessment methodology, results from focus groups, and preliminary survey results. Translation to Practice: Needs assessments are important to providing relevant and practical information and training to end users. Our findings will inform needs assessment protocol for the agricultural industry and agricultural safety and health programming. The goal is to help identify and build a network of trainers that is accessible to employers, producers, and ag safety and health professionals across the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Developed in partnership with Washington State Dairy Federation, Washington State University, and University of Washington, the e-learning Dairy Safety Kit (DSK) platform provides curated content and an interactive learning experience tailored to Washington dairy workers. The DSK is organized as a series of interactive modules targeting training topics identified through survey of Pacific Northwest dairy producers. Methods: Moderators, recruited by the Dairy Federation of Washington, interact with e-learners, answer subject-specific questions, and provide guidance on implementing on-farm training using module materials. Registered e-learners can self-guide their way through the DSK content, access and download materials, ask questions, and provide feedback on material effectiveness and ease of use. This is a flexible and bilingual platform that also allows for dissemination of emerging issues, changes in regulations, and other critical information. Practical application: Evaluation of the DSK will be conducted through REDCap, a secure web application for building and managing online surveys and databases. Evaluation will capture user experience as well as usage frequency and number of employees trained using these tools. Evaluation metrics developed as part of this project will be used to refine and inform future training delivery approaches within this industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventing or reducing exposure to agricultural chemicals is an important focus for health educators tserving migrant and seasonal farmworkers and their families. The development of the US Environmental Protection AgencyWorker Protection Standard requireing that farmworkersreceive pesticide related training created a demand for culturally appropriate and effective tyraining materials, yet no compendium of such materials exist. This paper reports the results of a search for and evaluation of training materials designed for use with farmworkers. There is considerable redundancy in the training materials currently avialable to health educators. Few items address the health issue of chmicla residues in the fields, an important source of low level chronic chemical exposure for farmworkers. There are no published evaluations of the effectiveness of any of the materials. Our review suggests the need for further development and testing appropriate training materials to reduce the exposure of farmworkers to agricultural chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]