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This research aims to convert pomegranate peel (PP) into microporous activated carbon (PPAC) using a microwave assisted K2CO3 activation method. The optimum activation conditions were carried out with a 1:2 PP/K2CO3 impregnation ratio, radiation power 800 W, and 15 min irradiation time. The statistical Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed as an effective tool for optimizing the factors that influence the adsorption performance and removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. The output data of BBD with a desirability function indicate a 94.8% removal of 100 mg/L MB at the following experimental conditions: PPAC dose of 0.08 g, solution pH of 7.45, process temperature of 32.1 °C, and a time of 30 min. The pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetic model accounted for the contact time for the adsorption of MB. At equilibrium conditions, the Freundlich adsorption isotherm describes the adsorption results, where the maximum adsorption capacity of PPAC for MB dye was 291.5 mg g−1. This study supports the utilization of biomass waste from pomegranate peels and conversion into renewable and sustainable adsorbent materials. As well, this work contributes to the management of waste biomass and water pollutant sequestration. The novelty of this research work comes from the conversion of the biomass waste, namely; the conversion of pomegranate peel (PP) into microporous activated carbon (PPAC) via a microwave assisted K2CO3 activation process. The applicability of the PPAC toward the removal of methylene blue dye (MB) was statistically optimized using Box Behnken design in the response surface methodology (BBD-RSM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the amounts of phenolic compounds in the peels of four different pomegranate varieties grown in Özdere-İzmir, Turkey were investigated for the first time. Three different extraction processes namely reflux, ultrasonic bath and mixing, were carried out with dry and fresh pomegranate peels for two different periods of 4 and 12 h. The best results for ellagic acid, hesperidin, and quercetin, except resveratrol, were observed in refluxing extraction in MeOH. It is seen that the amounts of ellagic acid obtained from the dry samples are quite good in shorter extraction time (4-h) as 2778, 3376, 5024 and 3115 µg/g, when compared to fresh samples where reduced amounts were obtained as 973, 2046, 3232 and 1822 µg/g. Similarly, the highest ellagic acid quantities were observed in dry and fresh samples as named of İzmir 8; 2624 µg/g and 8761 µg/g, respectively by using HPLC-DAD for longer extraction time (12-h) which was found to negatively affect the phenolics for fresh samples. In fresh samples, extraction is rapid and long heating causes deterioration. As expected, the amount of ellagic acid was higher in the dry ones. The flavonoids hesperidin and quercetin were detected in quite well amounts for most of the samples, also hesperidin was in high as about 85.5 and 73.3 µg/g in one of the samples. Fifteen different phenolics such as ellagic acid, hesperidin, quercetin, resveratrol, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, myricetin, caffeic acid, caftaric acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid and ferulic acid were investigated. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content analyses were also conducted in the methanolic supernatant extracts. DPPH inhibitions of all extracts varied from 47.22% to 93.83% at 4-h and from 36.88% to 94.96% at 12-hour extractions. Furthermore, ANOVA analyzes for ellagic acid and some catechin derivatives was conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural waste represents a potential source of raw materials as natural dyes. The peel from pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a waste product, it is used in the textiles industry as dye. The objective of the study is to improve dyeing properties of pomegranate peel dyed silk fabric. We analyzed the pigment composition of pomegranate peel extract through ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; evaluated natural mordants and metallic mordants on fabrics dyed with pomegranate peel extracts by testing the K/S value, color characteristics, and color fastness; examined the morphology of dyed fabrics before and after color fixing treatment by scanning electron microscopy. The major pigment component in pomegranate peel is ellagic acid. An orthogonal array experiment revealed that the optimum dyeing conditions were pH 9, 60°C 60 min for silk fibers. Under the natural mordant, the K/S value of dyed fabric could acquire maximum (8.70). Moreover, the K/S value and color fastness of dyed fabrics could be further enhanced to 11.74 and level 5 by color-fixing treatment of natural gum rosin. Overall, the dyed silk samples with pomegranate peel represented good dyeing properties with natural mordant and natural color-fixing agent of gum rosin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic biochar (Fe3O4-BCPP) was prepared by using iron oxide nanoparticles, and biochar which is obtained from pomegranate peel. The Fe3O4-BCPP were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The adsorption properties of Fe3O4-BCPP for sulfadiazine in water were investigated. The Fe3O4-BCPP had good adsorption properties and separated well from aqueous solution by a permanent magnet due to superparamagnetic property and magnetic saturation value. Therefore, Fe3O4-BCPP has potential application for the removal of sulfadiazine from water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural dyes are highly promising alternatives; however, their use has some drawbacks such as low light fastness, color yield, and repeatability. The objective of this study is to improve the light fastness of natural dyes. For this objective, wool fabrics dyed with pomegranate peels were subjected to different chemical treatments and UV curing. An important conclusion of this work is that UV curing can significantly increase the light fastness of the fabrics dyed with pomegranate peels. Moreover, different chemical processes including optical brightening have exhibited a positive effect on the light fastness of the samples. As an example, UV light exposure of the fabric, which was mordanted with copper sulfate and treated with TiO2, resulted in an increase of the light fastness from 4–5 to 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peel of pomegranate fruit is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds with powerful antioxidant properties. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of pomegranate peel (PP) in the prevention of early pregnancy loss in a mouse model of embryonic mortality and abortion (female CBA/J x male DBA/2). CBA/J mice were divided into 3 groups: mice in control group (CONT group) were fed a standard diet, whereas mice in groups 2 and 3 were fed a standard diet supplemented with 1% PP (PP1% group) and 5% PP (PP5% group), respectively. All the mice were fed their diets for 10 days before mating and continued with the same diets for a further 14 days after mating. At day 14 of pregnancy the female mice were sacrificed and the placentas and maternal livers were harvested for measurement of the content of thiols and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as biomarkers of oxidative stress, and the enzymatic activities of total superoxide dismutase (TSOD), copper/zinc SOD (SOD1), manganese SOD (SOD2), selenium glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR). Diet supplemented with 5% PP improved embryonic survival and reduced embryonic mortality from 28.2% (CONT) to 8.5% (PP5%). This was accompanied by increased activities of placental TSOD, SOD1 and SOD2, and thiol content. Diet supplemented with 5% PP also reduced placental oxidative stress as demonstrated by a decrease of placental TBARS content. This study highlights the potential of interventions with PP-supplemented diet before and during early pregnancy, in order to ameliorate embryonic survival and prevent early pregnancy loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate peel is a potential source of polyphenols, antioxidants, pectin, organic acids. Cloud point extraction (CPE) process parameters were optimized for efficient separation of polyphenols. Maximum extraction was obtained at 1:70 solid: solvent ratio, 8% (v/v) Triton X-114 at 55°C, pH 4.5 with 14% NaCl for 30 minutes. Ultrasound assisted CPE showed maximum yield of total phenolic content (TPC; 96.28 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids content (TFC; 12.27 mg QE/g) with 94.48% antioxidant activity (AA) to that of conventional, ultrasound and microwave-assisted CPE. These extractives can be labeled as green and may be used in food or dietary applications. Abbreviations: CPE: Cloud point extraction; AA: Antioxidant activity; TPC: Total polyphenol content; TFC: Total flavonoid content; CPT: Cloud point temperature; CMC: Critical micellar concentration; OVAT: One variable at a time; GAE: Gallic acid equivalent; QE: Quercetin equivalent; HLB: Hydrophilic lipophilic balance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the sorption characteristics of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel as an economical sorbent, to decontaminate radioisotopes cesium and europium from aqueous solutions. In this respect, Punica granatum peel (virgin and modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate) had been prepared from the byproduct of numerous industries. The physical and chemical characteristics of prepared sorbents were determined using FTIR, TGA, DTA, SEM, XRD, and pHPZC. The effects of process parameters comprising medium pH, initial concentration, contact time and temperature on 137Cs and 152+154Eu sorption efficiency were investigated. Desorption of the investigated radioactive materials increased as the concentration of desorbing agent increased especially NaOH more than HNO3. Kinetic analysis study showed that the chemical reaction is the rate-determining step. Reaction equilibrium isotherm for both studied ions follows the Langmuir and Temkin model and the sorbent has a higher affinity to stabilize Europium more than Cesium ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the dietary effects of pomegranate peel powder meal (PPPM) supplementation on growth performance, digestibility, carcase and organ weights, serum, and some meat antioxidant enzyme indices of Cobb 500 birds. Birds (n = 432) were randomly assigned to six experimental groups of four replicates each and were fed either diets supplemented with 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/kg of PPPM (PPPM2, PPPM4, PPPM6 and PPPM8), 0% additives (Negative control; NEGCON), or with α-Tocopherol acetate at 200 g/tonne (Positive control; POSCON). The diet × week interaction effect on feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed that the POSCON diet promoted a better FI and FCR at week 3. However, the FCR of the POSCON birds was comparable to that of the NEGCON, PPPM4 and PPPM6 birds. The average final body weight and average daily weight gain was highest in the PPPM2 and PPPM4 birds, whereas, PPPM2 birds had improved FCR and protein efficiency ratio compared with the POSCON birds. Thigh weight was highest in the PPPM4 group, whereas PPPM8 birds had the highest breast weight compared with the POSCON. Birds fed the PPPM4 diet also had improved nutrient digestibility compared with the POSCON birds. Spleen and gizzard weights were highest in PPPM4 birds compared with the NEGCON group. The concentration of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was decreased in PPPM4 birds, whereas meat from PPPM8 group had the highest catalase enzyme activity. It can be concluded that birds fed 4 g/kg PPPM outperformed the birds that were fed α-tocopherol supplemented (POSCON) diets in terms of performance, digestibility, carcase and organ indices. The effect of pomegranate peel powder meal supplementation was also pronounced in decreasing the concentration of AST at 4 g/kg and increasing the activity of catalase enzyme at 8 g/kg compared with the POSCON and NEGCON diets. Dietary pomegranate peel powder can improve performance in broilers. Dietary pomegranate peel powder can enhance the enzyme activity of broiler meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are natural antioxidants and play a very vital role in inhibition of oxidative stress as induced by free radicals in the body. Apple and pomegranate peels are significant agro-industrial wastes. The waste could be utilized to extract polyphenols for processing various functional foods and nutraceuticals. An investigation was executed for extraction of polyphenols from apple and pomegranate peels by sonication and maceration. Three different polar solvents: methanol, ethanol, and acetone were used in the study at two different concentrations (50% and 75%). Yield (%), total polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were performed. The extracts were then utilized in processing functional date bars with 2% and 3% concentrations. The results from the current study articulated that extraction from sonication yields higher quantity of polyphenols than that of maceration technique. The highest polyphenols were extracted at acetone 75% (44.71 mg GAE/g) in apple peel and at methanol 50% (72.21 mg GAE/g) in pomegranate peel. The results also revealed that pomegranate peel has higher polyphenols and greater radical scavenging activity as compared to apple peel. It was concluded that apple and pomegranate peel polyphenolic extract fortified date bars could be utilized as a preventive therapeutic agent against certain oxidative stress degenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally friendly field-portable approach based on small-scale ultrasound-assisted extraction and micro-volume colorimetry was proposed for the determination of iron using natural reagent extracts from pomegranate peels. Ultrasound technology was utilized for the extraction of pomegranate peels in acetate buffer pH 5.5. Sonication parameters influencing the extraction process of natural reagents from pomegranate peel were investigated, including the type of solvent, mass/volume ratio of solvent, sonication time, temperature, and power. The efficiency of the ultrasound-assisted procedure for the extraction of iron from pharmaceutical formulations was evaluated by comparing to their label value and the reference method for pharmaceutical formulations. A linear calibration graph ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 mg L−1 Fe(III) was obtained from micro-volume colorimetric determination (at 530 nm) with limits of detection and quantification of 0.31 and 0.78 mg L−1, respectively. The reproducibility for 3.0 mg L−1 Fe(III) was 3.8% as the relative standard deviation. This developed system was successfully applied to determine the iron content in pharmaceutical formulations and the results agreed well with those obtained by a reference method. Good recoveries between 97 and 105% were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of pomegranate peel (PP) which is value added by-product was investigated in this current study for bioethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus. Some important parameters such as initial PP loading (50, 100, 150 g/L), effect of different nitrogen sources (yeast extract-peptone and (NH4)2SO4), and mineral salts (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+) on bioethanol production of K. marxianus was examined. Bioethanol yield was increased up 18.03% when the nitrogen sources and mineral salts were supplemented to the 100 g/L PP-containing medium. The highest ethanol concentration was obtained as 7.20 g/L when the theoretical ethanol yield was 83.1%. This work demonstrates that K. marxianus is a promising agent for bioethanol production from PP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified atmosphere storage can regulate the reactive oxygen metabolism of fruits and vegetables, reduce the accumulation of hazardous free radicals, and mitigate the peroxidation degree of fruit membrane lipids. In this study, different gas matching ratios were adopted for the modified atmosphere treatment of pomegranate fruits. Up to 120 d of storage, compared with the control treatment, the H2O2 and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents in treatment 2 decreased by 8.88% and 18.28%, respectively, when the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) in treatment 2 increased by 21.44%, 117.38% and 114.95%, the ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) contents in treatment 2 also increased by 116.83% and 50%, these results showed that treatment 2 (6.0% O2, 6.0% CO2) could effectively regulate various indexes of the reactive oxygen metabolism of pomegranate peels, maintain the normal physiological actions of the fruits, and postpone the ripening and senescence of histocytes. Under treatment 4 (10.0% O2, 10.0% CO2), H2O2 contents in the pomegranate peel significantly increased, and the activities of SOD, CAT and APX significantly reduced. ASA and GSH were degraded, the MDA content abruptly increased, the membrane lipid peroxidation accelerated, and the cytomembrane structure was destroyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigated the use of pomegranate peel extract as an effective functional dye for producing beautiful natural shades on wool and to impart durable antimicrobial properties. Wool is treated with various metal salt mordants in the presence of pomegranate dye under optimum natural dyeing conditions. The structural changes of wool are characterized by SEM and FT-IR techniques. The properties of color strength, color fastness to light, washing, rubbing, and durability of antimicrobial activity to washing are investigated. The experimental results indicate that there is small color variation among shades obtained under identical dyeing conditions. Furthermore, it was found that metal salt mordants improved dyeing depth, fastness properties, and effectively enhanced the durability of antimicrobial activity up to several washing cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the recovery of punicalagin from pomegranate peel, extraction of punicalagin (α + β) was studied using aqueous two-phase system. Box Behnken design of response surface methodology was used as a tool to study the effect of Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) concentration, PEG molecular weight, salt concentration, solute amount and pH on the extraction yield of punicalagin. The optimal conditions were found to be 18% (w/v) PEG concentration, 8000 PEG molecular weight, 16% (w/v) salt concentration, 0.5 g solute amount and 6 pH. Under these conditions, experimental yield and predicted yield was found to be 43% and 48%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain bio-oil from the pomegranate peel which is a by-product of juice production process, the dried pomegranate peel was pyrolyzed at a heating rate of 10°C/min and different temperatures between 400 and 550°C. The highest pyrolytic oil yield of 40.47 wt% was obtained at the final temperature of 550°C. The oil product was characterized by various analysis techniques. The results showed that the oil product mostly contained fine chemicals with oxygen like phenols, furfural, and its derivatives with the carbon number in a range of C3-C10. The oil product had the potential for producing fine chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural and wild pomegranate peel have been used as colorants for wool yarn because of their high tannin contents. The woolen yarns dyed with pomegranate peel showed different shades of yellow and brown. Wild pomegranate peel has been used traditionally for dyeing wool to obtain brown and darker shades. Both natural and wild pomegranate peel were applied on woolen yarn in presence of four different mordants. Good light fastness was observed in dyed yarns that is due to the formation of complex with the metal which protects the chromophore from photolytic degradation. The values of washing fastness of the dyed samples show very good grades but the rubbing fastness in dyed yarns with wild pomegranate rind are not so good. Therefore, the dyeing potential of wild pomegranate peel as a natural source for wool yarn dyeing is considerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of dietary α-tocopherol (α-Toc), pomegranate peel extract (PPE), and pomegranate peel (PP) on phenolic content and breast meat quality of broilers during 11 days of storage with the addition of α-Toc, PPE, and PP. Broilers were fed eight dietary treatments, including: control diet, α-Toc diet (200 mg/kg), PPE diets (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg), and PP diets (1, 2, and 3 g/kg) during 0–42 days. The extents of lipid oxidation in samples were assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and the 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activities were determined. The feed efficiency was improved significantly in chickens fed diet containing 0.2 g/kg PPE, and the growth performance of chickens was impaired in chickens fed with PP diet. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 were increased in breast muscles of broilers fed α-Toc and high levels of PPE diets (P < .05). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity in the breast meat were improved significantly when chickens fed diets containing α-Toc and PPE (P < .05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 200 and 300 mg/kg PPE may improve the antioxidant potential and quality indices of broilers breast meat. The antioxidant potential of PPE was equal to that of α-Toc in refrigerated meat. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Overuse of the chemical compounds and toxic elements leads to problems and transmission of contaminants and pollutants to humans and other living organisms. One of the agricultural industries' byproducts is production of various composts from the organic raw materials and its best type is Vermicompost. In this study, effects of raw materials on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of vermicompost are discussed. To do so, sheep manure, pomegranate peels, spent mushroom compost either singly or double-, triple-, or four-fold chopped corn, sugar beet pulp, and sawdust were used. This research project was conducted in a completely randomized design experiment with 23 treatments with 3 replications. Results revealed that various bed combinations exert different effects on vermicompost quality such that the vermicomposting process led to a significant decrease in electrical conductivity and a significant increase in pH in most of the culture (seed) beds. Also, the levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in most treatments increased following completion of the vermicomposting process. As a result, this process can be introduced as an organic fertilizer with complete nutrients for improving chemical characteristics of agricultural wastes to usable fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research involves the optimization of different variables of the operating conditions to prepare activated carbon from pomegranate peels (Punica granatumpeel). For this purpose, a statistical method called Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been adopted to economize the number of experiments and their meaningful interpretation. Activated carbon was produced by chemical activation (H3PO4). RSM was used to evaluate the variables considered in the preparation of activated carbon such as impregnation ratio (2–4 g H3PO4/g pomegranate peel), temperature (400–600°C), and activation time (30–90 min), experimented using a three-variable Box–Behnken Design (BBD) based on a quadratic model and an RSM tool provided by Design Expert 8.0.4 (STAT-EASE Inc., Minneapolis, USA). The responses analyzed for optimization were the methylene blue number and the iodine number. The factors that are significant influencing the activated carbon preparation have been identified by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum conditions established were impregnation ratio of 2.78, activation temperature of 575°C, and activation time of 73 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucoadhesive polyethylenimine-dextran sulfate nanoparticles (PDNPs) were developed for local oral mucosa delivery. Punica granatum peel extract (PGE) was loaded into PDNPs for oral malodor reduction and caries prevention. PDNPs were constructed using the polyelectrolyte complexation technique employing oppositely charged polymers polyethylenimine (PEI) and dextran sulfate (DS), with PEG 400 as a stabilizer. Under optimal conditions, spherical particles of ∼500 nm with a zeta potential of ∼+28 mV were produced. Up to 98%, drug entrapment efficiency was observed. The mass ratio of PEI:DS played a significant role in controlling particle size and entrapment efficacy. PDNPs shown to be a good mucoadhesive drug delivery system as confirmed by ex vivo wash off test. In vitro dissolution studies revealed that PGE-loaded PDNPs manifested a prolong release characteristic with a burst release within 5 min. In addition, they remained effectively against oral bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at highlighting the nutritive potential of pomegranate peel and its possible utilization as an ingredient of choice to nutritionally enrich cookies. Biochemical composition and free radical scavenging features of pomegranate peel powder (PoP) and PoP supplemented cookies were measured. PoP supplementation significantly ( p < 0.05) improved dietary fibers (0.32-1.96 g/100 g), total phenols (90.7-161.9 mg GAE/100 g) and inorganic residues (0.53-0.76 g/100 g) of cookies. Similarly, significant increase in Ca, K, Fe and Zn levels was noted in supplemented cookies. Almost 50% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was recorded in cookies carrying highest concentration of PoP and phenolic contents. PoP phenolics of supplemented cookies were shown to reduce oxidative degradation during four months storage. Present study suggests PoP supplementation in baked products as a potential source of micro and macronutrients. Application of PoP in ready to serve foods seems to be a potential disease preventive and ameliorative approach in tandem with its preservation and nutritional enhancement features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to determine the potential role of methanolic extract of pomegranate peel (MEPP) in modulating aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced hepatorenal toxicity in female rats. The effect of MEPP (200 mg/kg bwt) on AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bwt) induced hepatorenal toxicity, accumulation of aluminum (Al), hepatorenal functions and oxidant/antioxidant status of liver and kidney were determined. The changes of liver and kidney structures were investigated with hematoxyline and eosin, in addition, the anti-apoptotic effect of MEPP was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The present study showed an indication of carcinogenicity in the AlCl3 treated group represented by an increase in tumor necrosis factor-α and angiogenin and inflammation by inducing an increase in prostaglandin E2 and F2α. MEPP protected liver and kidney through reduce the Al accumulation, stimulated antioxidant activities and elevated the anti-apoptotic protein namely Bcl-2. Therefore, these results indicated that the methanolic extract of pomegranate peel has beneficial influences and could be able to inhibit Al-induced oxidative stress and histopathological alternations in liver and kidney of female rats, and these effects may be related to anti-apoptotic and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolics were extracted from powdered pomegranate peel using water, methanol, acetone and ethyl acetate (EtOAc), respectively. The antiliperoxidant activity of the extracts on lard was studied by peroxide value method. All the extracts showed enhanced inhibitory effect on lard peroxidation with the increase of phenolic concentrations. Acetone extract exhibited the highest antiliperoxidant activity followed by water, methanol and EtOAc extracts. Acetone extract at 0.1% (w/w) and water extract at 0.2% (w/w) demonstrated an antiliperoxidant effect close to that of tea polyphenols (0.02%, w/w) and higher than that of BHT (0.02%, w/w). At 0.2% (w/w), acetone extract showed a higher inhibitory activity on lard oxidation than that of tea polyphenols and BHT. Owing to the high antiliperoxidant property, acetone extract may have possible application in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of prepared chitosan:pullulan (50:50) blend edible coating enriched with pomegranate peel extract on the quality, sensory attributes and shelf life of litchi fruit cv. Deshi throughout the 18 days storage period at room (23 ± 3ºC, RH- 40-45%) and cold (4 ± 3ºC, RH- 90-95%) temperature. The recorded results revealed that the application of chitosan:pullulan (50:50) blend edible coating exhibited significantly reduce the increasing physiological weight loss, TSS, acidity and browning (color) of litchi fruits during storage as compared to control litchi. Whereas the treated fruit showed lower decreasing weight loss at room (44.49 ± 0.30%) and 4ºC (10.41 ± 0.16%) temperature as compared to control litchi on 18th days of storage. Increasing TSS & TA, decreasing pH, phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity were control by the treatment of edible coating. The sensory characteristics were recorded higher in treated litchi fruits on 9th days of storage period at both storage conditions. The results of the sensory evaluation confirmed that the treatment of chitosan:pullulan blend edible coating could be effective to prolong the shelf life of litchi at both storage condition. Paired “t” test was used to the comparison between the control and treated litchi for both room and cold storage. Significance difference (P ≤ 0.05) and correlation was analyzed between the control and coated samples of litchi fruit during the storage period. Further study should be needed to evaluate the effect of chitosan and pullulan blend edible coating on other fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]