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We examine The Dictionary of American Regional English as a possible source for folk illusion data. Recognizing a known children's folklore trick, 'Jack and Jim', as a folk illusion, we investigate the nature of the change blindness illusion featured in the form as we describe the benefits of our interdisciplinary triangulation methods for cognitive folkloristics. Ultimately, we argue that studies of decontextualized folklore texts (such as dictionary data) are bolstered by the implied contexts of shared embodied processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the longitudinal development of the phrasicon (i.e. phraseological lexicon) of French-speaking learners of Dutch in two different educational settings: Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and traditional foreign language learning contexts (non-CLIL). We followed 195 pupils and analyzed a corpus of 390 written texts gathered at two data collection points: at the beginning of their fifth year of secondary school education (Grade 11) and at the end of their sixth year (Grade 12). We examined both frequency and accuracy of the phrasicon. Whilst SLA research often supports the fact that learners at a higher proficiency level have a larger phrasicon and that CLIL learners' overall language competence is higher than their non-CLIL peers, our results show no significant increase in the frequency of use of phraseological units in CLIL; a significant decrease for two categories (referential phrasemes and lexical collocations) is even noticed. non-CLIL learners display no significant change in the use of various types of phrasemes. Regarding accuracy, both CLIL and non-CLIL learners' phrasicon become more accurate (fewer errors) over time in more than 50% of the categories. Here again, no statistically significant improvement was noted among the groups between the two data collection points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proverbs are found in the most varied means of communication. In relation to their use in comic books, they show a creative use that can only take place in certain circumstances: the visual representation of a literal interpretation of the message they convey. Comic books in general are an excellent medium for this, and the works under examination, the adventures of Asterix the Gaul, is the ideal subject of analysis for a study like the present, thanks to the linguistic inclination that its authors have shown. For this paper, the 38 volumes of the adventures have been surveyed for their use of paremiology with the intention of presenting and analysing cases of the use of paremias that seemed of relevance in connection to the graphic side of comic books. On the following pages, some of the most remarkable cases will be dissected in order to determine how this phenomenon works. Moreover, a cross-linguistic analysis of the use of said proverbs will be carried out, presenting the original version in French and comparing it with five other languages to assess how translators deal with the complicated task of translating idiomatic expressions and how the visual content of comic books determines this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olga Plümacher (1839–1895) published a book entitled Der Pessimismus in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart in 1884. It was an influential book: Nietzsche owned a copy, and there are clear cases where he borrowed phraseology from Plümacher. Plümacher specifies philosophical pessimism as comprising two propositions: 'The sum of displeasure outweighs the sum of pleasure' and 'Consequently the non-being of the world would be better than its being'. Plümacher cites Schopenhauer as the first proponent of this position, and Eduard von Hartmann as the thinker who has developed it to its fullest potential. She heavily criticizes Schopenhauer in many respects, not for being a pessimist, but rather for not achieving as good a pessimism as he might have done, on the following major grounds: that his account of pleasure as merely privative is implausible, that he has a confused account of individuation, that his retention of a Christian notion of guilt is gratuitous, that he lapses into the self-pitying subjectivity of the condition she calls Weltschmerz, and that his philosophy leads to quietism, and is thus inferior to von Hartmann's combination of pessimism and optimism, which allows for social progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Danish and German collocations from a phraseodidactic perspective in Danish phraseology research in the last 20 years has experienced a rapid development, as evidenced by the publishing activity of linguists in Denmark and Scandinavians outside the kingdom in this field. The aim of this article is to discuss a monograph on the linguistic use of Danish and German collocations. The discussion will focus on the theoretical background of the study, results of an intra- and interlingual comparison and their phraseodidactic application in the context of teaching Danish or German as a foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As central aspects of legal translation practice and research, legal terminology and phraseology are a prominent area of inquiry in Legal Translation Studies (LTS). This introductory paper reviews the varying conditions and challenges of dealing with conceptual incongruity in inter-systemic legal translation, on the one hand, and the implications of ensuring harmonization and consistency in multilingual legal texts through institutional translation, on the other. These endeavors are compounded by the significant hybridity and polysemy of legal terminology, as multiple intersections co-exist between legal orders, legal fields and other specialized domains, and between legal and general language. As illustrated by this special issue, corpus-based methodologies have proven particularly fruitful approaches to investigating these issues. They support the description of terminological and phraseological features of legal genres, as well as the acceptability analysis required to make translation decisions and to elaborate lexicographical resources in line with legal and institutional translators' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a monolingual comparable corpus made up of judgments delivered by the Spanish Supreme Court and by the Court of Justice of the European Union, this paper presents a case study on complex prepositions considered as a specific discourse feature of these two varieties. In spite of the initial hypothesis, according to which a higher percentage of these phraseological units was expected to be found in national texts, the results of the analysis show that EU judgments contain a higher percentage of complex prepositions, in line with the results obtained by Biel on a number of different legal genres in Polish. From a qualitative perspective, the study also compares similarities and differences in the phraseological patterns used in the two subcorpora, and hints at the untypical use of some units in the EU subcorpus, traditionally considered as traces of 'translationese', but functionally interpreted in this study as examples of contact-induced features characterising Spanish Eurolect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phraseology is a key element to take into account when considering the quality of a translated text. This paper investigates the translation of multi-word terms in a bilingual (English-Italian) parallel corpus of European Union (EU) labour law legislation. The aim of the research is to identify the recurrent patterns of translational behaviour for these terms in view of the complexities of legal translation in the multilingual context of the EU. The study was carried out with a frequency-based approach, combining quantitative analysis with the aid of corpus linguistics tools and qualitative analysis of the parallel sections where the collocations occur. The data were compared with a reference corpus of Italian national labour law legislation and the results were considered in the light of the contextual factors that may have influenced the translators' choices. The findings reveal inconsistencies in the translational behaviour for the multi-word terms analysed, strong interference from the source texts on the collocational patterns used and marked divergence from the conventions of legal language in the target culture. In the context of universals of translation, the study also provides evidence of the untypical collocations hypothesis as a linguistic feature that characterises legal translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on "Edward III" Play by Thomas Kyd. It mentions that identify instances of authorial self-repetition, a universal phenomenon in Elizabethan drama, given the competition between theater companies and the constant need for new plays. It also mentions that Elizabethan plays to eliminate common phrases, a number of close matches with Kyd's phraseology kept turning up in some scenes.

The article focuses on relationship between plays "The Dutch Lady" and "The Roundheads; or, The Good Old Cause" by Aphra Behn. Topics include utilizing anti-plagiarism software is thus concerned with phraseology that cannot be deemed commonplace within the theatrical vernacular, , and Behn show how words used in "The Dutch Lady", to cast a group with political power in a negative light.

The aim of the present article is to verify one of the fundamental principles of Construction Grammar: the absence of a clear boundary between free expressions and phrasemes. Proceeding from this postulate, properties of linguistic expressions such as idiomaticity, fixedness and non-compositionality should be viewed as a matter of degree. The data for the investigation are Russian expressions based on the pattern nu i X. The focus is on both idioms (nu i nu 'well, now!') and on compositional collocations introducing a special question (Nu ikak tebe ėta stat′ja? 'Well, so what do you think of this article?'). Located between these poles are many items that are not fully compositional but also do not belong to the field of traditional phraseology (nu i ladno 'well and good', nu i pust′ 'so be it'). Using statistical analysis, the article identifies the most stable items following the pattern nu i Х. Semantic analysis permits us to identify two groups of constructions: 'surprise', and 'indifference'. Occurring within each group are constructions with different degrees of idiomaticity. Thus we are dealing with a continuum, that is, a gradual transition from free co-occurrences to idiomatic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, mass digitization has opened up voluminous text corpora to human interpretation. Full-text search lets historians now find new sources that can change their understanding of thoroughly studied historical episodes. At the same time, it forces scholars to access historical sources in a new way: through specific words. This article analyses the consequences of this new way of accessing sources and investigates which search technologies are best suited for historical source selection in digital repositories. It argues that to seize the opportunities that digitization offers, historians must refine their search technologies so that they are based on words but are less dependent on exact phraseology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Historically, the word phraseology has been connected with lexicography (Knappe 2004), especially with bilingual dictionaries (Moon 2000) and their norm-setting role associated with foreign-language teaching and learning. Nineteenth-century specialised bilingual lexicography seems to depart from the then usual norm-based approaches and to favour the inclusion of use-related phraseological combinations. This paper analyses the treatment of word combinations which can be referred to asante-litteramcollocations in two rather different dictionaries, namely Tarver’sRoyal Phraseological English–French, French–English Dictionary(1845–53) andNutt’s English–Italian Conversation Dictionary(1894), to see to what extent nineteenth-century specialised bilingual lexicography has marked a move away from prescriptivism and affected later studies on the lexicographical treatment of collocation and changes in the use of the word phraseology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how formulaic sequences fit into a constructionist approach to grammar, which is a major post-Chomskyan family of approaches to linguistic structure. The author considers whether, in this framework, formulaic sequences represent a phenomenon that is sufficiently different to warrant special status or whether they might best be studied in terms of the larger set of all constructions found in language. Based on data drawn from a large corpus of Wikipedia texts, it is argued that it is extremely difficult to form a distinct class of formulaic sequences without creating highly arbitrary boundaries. On the other hand, based on existing theoretical claims that formulaic sequences are the basis of first language acquisition, a marker of proficiency in a language, critical to the success of communicative acts and key to rapid language processing, it is argued that formulaic sequences as constructions are nevertheless significant enough to be the focus of research, and a theoretical category meriting particular attention. These findings have key repercussions both for research primarily interested in formulaic language and phraseology as well as for construction grammatical research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this contribution, I investigated the structure of Italian idioms from a perspective that combines insights from constructionist and dynamic-systems approaches to language. First of all, I empirically analyzed the occurrences of a sample of constructions downloaded from theitTenTencorpus, interrogated via the online corpus-query systemSketch Engine. On the basis of the tendencies observed in the analysis, I observed that the patterns of stability and variation of idioms in use can be satisfactorily accounted for in dynamic-systems terms. I then argue that the use of idiomatic constructions is governed by a principle ofcausal circularity, whereby the attractor stateconstrainsthe possible use of a construction, but at the same time the bulk of occurrences of an idiomshapesthe attractor in an ongoing, nonlinear process of self-organization. Looking beyond idioms, I propose that similar mechanisms may regulate the functioning of the linguistic system as a whole, consistent with the constructionist view of language as a network of interconnected units. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study targets automatic analysis of Turkishmakammusic pieces on the phrase level. Whilemakamis most simply defined as an organization of melodic phrases, there has been very little effort to computationally study melodic structure inmakammusic pieces. In this work, we propose an automatic analysis algorithm that takes as input symbolic data in the form of machine-readable scores that are segmented into phrases. Using a measure ofmakammembership for phrases, our method outputs for each phrase the most likelymakamthe phrase comes from. The proposedmakammembership definition is based on Bayesian classification and the algorithm is specifically designed to process the data with overlapping classes. The proposed analysis system is trained and tested on a large data set of phrases obtained by transferring phrase boundaries manually written by experts ofmakammusic on printed scores, to machine-readable data. For the task of classifying all phrases, or only the beginning phrases to come from the mainmakamof the piece, the corresponding F-measures are.52 and.60 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The social presence of African-American boxing champion Jack Johnson reflects one of the most controversial social and media issues of the early twentieth century. Accordingly, the journalistic taglines "white hope" and "great white hope" stand out among the most socially significant legacies of the Johnson controversy. This study traces the genesis and use of these idioms from 1908 through today. Its findings illustrate how these historical phrases have become clouded with misunderstanding, and contemporary usage often is inaccurate, incomplete, and misleading. Most significant, white-hope phraseology predates the Johnson controversy by more than a century. Moreover, the boxing moniker "Great White Hope" was not emphasized during Johnson's era; rather, it reflects 1960s phraseology that journalists interposed onto a historical artifact. The study's archaeological orientation offers historians a more complex understanding of how, for more than a century, news and commercial interests have exploited these phrases to advance troublesome agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plural phrases are open to many interpretations in English, where cumulative interpretations of noun and verb phrases are possible without any disambiguating morphology. A sentence likeEvery week, the high school kids went to the movies or the ballgamemight involve quantifying over multiple occurrences of a single scenario, in which subsets of the kids do different things, or it might involve quantifying over distinct scenarios, in which all of the kids do one thing or all of them do the other. We pursue the No Extra Times principle that favors interpretations where a phrase is construed as describing a single event taking place during a given time period. In two written interpretation studies, we found that participants more often interpret indeterminate sentences with disjunctive predicates by partitioning the set of individuals rather than partitioning the predicate to denote distinct scenarios or times. We conclude by offering some speculations about why partitioning the eventuality denoted by the verb phrase into multiple times is more costly than partitioning the entities denoted by its subject noun phrase into multiple sets. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Research on early word learning reveals that verbs present a unique challenge. While English-acquiring 24-month-olds can learn novel verbs and extend them to new scenes, they perform better in rich linguistic contexts (when novel verbs appear with lexicalized noun phrases naming the event participants) than in sparser linguistic contexts (Arunachalam & Waxman 2011) However, in languages like Korean, where noun phrases are often omitted when their referents are highly accessible, rich linguistic contexts are less frequent. The current study investigates the influence of rich and sparse linguistic contexts in verb learning in Korean-acquiring 24-month-olds. In contrast to their English-acquiring counterparts, 24-month-olds acquiring Korean perform better when novel verbs appear in sparse linguistic contexts. These results, which provide the first experimental evidence on early verb learning in Korean, indicate that the optimal context for verb learning depends on many factors, including how event participants are typically referred to in the language being acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this brief article is to investigate four-year-olds' interpretation of attributive measure phrases (MPs), such as3-pound, and the role of cardinality in mediating children's responses. In two experiments, I demonstrate that children at this age are starting to recognize that such MPs refer to a property of an individual, such as weight per unit (rather than the weight of an entire collection). Accordingly, they distinguish between attributive and pseudopartitive MPs. However, when the opportunity presents itself to treat the number word as referring to the cardinality of a set, some children succumb to this pressure, deviating from adult-like responses. I argue that the fundamental aspect of number word meaning that children take the first few years of life to master—that number words denote exact cardinality of a set of discrete objects—is precisely the aspect they must overcome when interpreting these MPs. However, the evidence shows that four-year-olds are well on their way to doing so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usage-based theories of language learning suggest that native speakers of a language are acutely aware of formulaic language due in large part to frequency effects. Corpora and data-driven learning can offer useful insights into frequent patterns of naturally occurring language to second/foreign language learners who, unlike native speakers, are not privy to a lifetime of input and fine-tuning. Recently, the use of the web in combination with the Google search engine as an accessible corpus and concordancer has received much attention. This article describes an experiment which tests the hypothesis that native speakers of English perceive learner-generated phrases to be more natural after learners have searched the phrases on Google and modified them in light of the frequency of search results. The findings indicate that native speakers perceive phrases that generated more results in Google searches to be more natural. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The language barrier between science and policy is as large and often underestimated as that between British and American English. Although most of the words are the same, they often carry different meaning. One good example of this is the term theory, which has caused much trouble for policy makers in relation to school curricula on evolution. However, there are many other words that have one specific meaning when used by scientists and another more common meaning in everyday use. Translation difficulties may also arise from the particular phraseology and writing conventions used by scientists. These are often more subtle but can create just as much, if not more, trouble in the sound-bite world of mass media, especially in high-profile subject areas such as the effects of noise on marine mammals. Using an excerpt from a report in this subject area by the US National Research Council as a case study, the authors will provide some examples of where scientific language use can be misunderstood (and potentially even intentionally misused) by policy makers and stakeholders and offer some possible solutions to these issues. The intent is to facilitate communication between scientists and policy makers to order to improve management efforts.Environmental Practice 15:79–83 (2013) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to demonstrate (contra Geza Vermes and Ernst Lohmeyer) that Phil 2.6-11 is an integral part of the Letter to the Philippians as well as a natural part of the Corpus Paulinum, both linguistically and theologically. Essential vocabulary, phraseology, and themes in Phil 2.6-11 are compared with several other texts from Philippians, Romans, and Galatians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the semantic component of English phrasal verbs, that is, lexicalized combinations of a verb and a particle which function semantically and syntactically as a single unit, but to varying degrees. More specifically the investigation focuses on how these structures have developed non-compositional readings over time, given that such meanings were not available in the early stages of the language. In the light of data from the Helsinki Corpus, ARCHER 1 and the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts Extended Version, different types of semantic change are described, changes by which means phrasal verbs have developed non-transparent meanings, including several forms of metaphorization, the addition of aspectual/aktionsart particles, specialization, reduction, creation of brand new combinations and changes in the real world. After this, the question of whether phrasal verbs have undergone a process of idiomatization is discussed. The main conclusion is that if idiomatization is understood as a semantic process which occurs within lexicalization and/or grammaticalization and causes the obscuration of meanings of combinations, then it can be maintained that phrasal verbs have undergone idiomatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on self-correction using corpora involve monolingual concordances and intervention from instructors such as marking of errors, the use of modified concordances, and other simplifications of the task. Can L2 learners independently refine their previous outputs by simply using a parallel concordancer without any hints about their errors and guidelines from instructors? This paper addresses this question and reports a pilot study about the effects and use of a parallel concordancer in a Chinese-English translation task. Twenty-one subjects, whose English reading proficiency attained higher-intermediate level, participated in the study, in which they used the Yahoo Chinese-English bilingual dictionary in the pretest and employed the CERT parallel Chinese-English concordancer to modify their translations in the posttest. The results indicated that the mean score in the posttest was significantly higher than that in the pretest, suggesting that learners can independently make corrections by consulting parallel corpora without any simplification of the task as well as hints and guidelines from their instructors. Inspection of the subjects' translations showed that the improvements made in the posttest centered on phraseology involving word choices and word combinations. The users' attitudes toward CERT as well as the theoretical implications of parallel concordancers in second language acquisition theories are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerous large-scale research projects in progress focusing on the phraseology of modern languages evince the scholarly fascination for word-combinations because of their acknowledged relevance in both theoretical and applied linguistics. The reasons why some words tend to associate with others in a given order and at a given time in the history of a language are still a matter of conjecture. However, it is generally assumed that, whatever the circumstances of mental organisation turn out to be for speakers to associate some words, word-combinations must have ultimately developed in a cultural framework and been more dependent on lingo-cultural domains than on a statistical probability of co-occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-linguistic research in English-Spanish phraseology has been limited to the comparison of idioms or metaphors in both languages, or the study of categories of set phrases around a given topic such as anger. In exploring the phenomenon of collocations - as a major category of multi-word combinations - in bilingual dictionaries, this paper focuses on the instrumentality of multi-word-combination dictionaries for the translation of news as a case in point. By conducting a case study examining the translation of collocations from the website of BBC News (in English) into the corresponding Spanish online site (i.e. BBC Mundo), this contribution draws attention not only to the mistranslations pervading this news service but also - and perhaps more importantly - to the current deficit in tools enabling professionals to translate word collocations accurately. The potential of English-Spanish multi-word dictionaries like the one presented as part of this paper is likewise considered. This study reveals that bilingual phraseological dictionaries such as the English-Spanish Phraseological Units Dictionary herein employed, along with corpus-based resources, can provide an invaluable help to the practising translator, as current dictionaries do not seem to cover a large variety of real-life collocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the proverbial similes in the book "English Dialect Dictionary" (EDD), by Joseph Wright. It explores several markers of similes found in the book such as "as if," "like as" and " as or like." It argues that the similes' formulaic quality is indicated through the frequency of notions or words in EDD. It presents several most frequent simile grounds found in EDD including well, long and soon, claiming that the word muck is the most prevalent simile vehicle used in the book.

Bis heute ist es den Deutschen nicht überzeugend gelungen, einen verbindlichen gesellschaftlichen Konsens über den angemessenen Umgang mit nationalsozialistisch belasteten Wörtern und Wendungen herzustellen. Einsehbar wird diese Problematik am Fall von 'Jedem das Seine', einer jahrtausendealten Gerechtigkeitsformel, die ab dem 18. Jahrhundert den Wahlspruch Preußens repräsentierte, seit 1938 jedoch, als die Nationalsozialisten den Ausdruck in das Haupttor des Konzentrationslagers Buchenwald einschmiedeten, zu einer Todesformel mutierte. Ungeachtet dieser begriffsgeschichtlichen Zäsur wurde die Wendung nach 1945 jahrzehntelang in ahistorisch profaner Bedeutung weiter benutzt, zuletzt vor allem von der Werbeindustrie. Zwar zeichnet sich seit den 1990er Jahren in der Öffentlichkeit ein zunehmend kritischer Umgang ab, der jener Pervertierung im Kontext des Holocaust Rechnung trägt, gleichwohl belegt dieser Fall exemplarisch, dass die Aufarbeitung des lexikalischen NS-Erbes in Deutschland immer noch beträchtliche Defizite aufweist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the extent to which the detection of phraseological (in)consistency in the translation process can be automated. We describe the acquisition of a large corpus of Belgian legal documents consisting of French arrests translated into Dutch. We apply the sentence alignment tool GMA to the corpus, and extract phraseological unit candidates from the sentence pairs through the term candidate extraction tool TermCalc and the word alignment data produced by the GIZA++ tool. The candidates are compared to a reference set from a manual study of an MA student at Lessius/ KULeuven. They appear to cover only 33% of the bilingual phraseological unit pairs and only four French units with more than one Dutch equivalent. This indicates the need for devising techniques specifically aimed at detecting multiple equivalence, hence potential phraseological inconsistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well pointed out in literature that the existential sentence, i.e. the there + be construction, was established by the beginning of Modern English. In Present-day English, the phrase there's is often observed to exhibit number disagreement. There is a consensus view that such a phenomenon is attributed to the grammaticalised status as a single unit of the item concerned. Through analysing quotation texts in the Oxford English Dictionary, this study has investigated when grammaticalisation of there's started in the English history. By conducting the research into non-concord in number, passivisation, and notional subjects containing a definite referent, it is proven that it was already grammaticalised at the beginning of Modern English when it was first attested in the Oxford English Dictionary. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that there's played a major role in the formation of the there + be+ NP + VP construction. This study proposes that after a long process of grammaticalisation and subjectification, there's came to function as an adverbial-like particle on certain occasions by the end of Late Modern English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the impact of late 19th-century Reform Movement in Great Britain on the teaching of English as a foreign language, phraseology in 19th-century bilingual dictionaries, and English grammar.

A wide range of evidence points to a preference for syntactic structures in which dependencies are short. Here we examine the question: what kinds of dependency configurations minimize dependency length? We consider two well-established principles of dependency-length minimization; that dependencies should be consistently right-branching or left-branching, and that shorter dependent phrases should be closer to the head. We also add a third, novel, principle; that some “opposite-branching” of one-word phrases is desirable. In a series of computational experiments, using unordered dependency trees gathered from written English, we examine the effect of these three principles on dependency length, and show that all three contribute significantly to dependency-length reduction. Finally, we present what appears to be the optimal “grammar” for dependency-length minimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rhetoric following 11 September 2001 was full of talk of operations and battles that would be fought out of the public view, in an effort to prepare voting publics for a conflict of indeterminate scope, duration, and indeed, of place. Locational issues were quickly made central to the new war. 'Sanctuaries', 'safe havens', 'operating environments', 'enabling environments': these were the buzzwords for the long war. They were not new terms of reference, however. Conceptually, sanctuary implies a complex terrain composed of numerous paradigms, correlates, and characteristics. There is also a long and rich history of sanctuary concepts and practices, the lessons of which suggest that perhaps it is more appropriate to think of the issues not in terms of static, grid-referenced points on a map, but as systemic gaps, cracks, elisions, or voids--or perhaps as a series of evolving perspectives, processes and conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the retracing of the history of the concept of local color. It states that etymologically, local color is the English equivalent of the French term "couleur locale" which was first recorded in the writings of French art critic and theorist Roger de Piles. Relative to this, it is also posed that from the end of the 18th century the term commenced to be used in literacy criticism in France, and gaining wider value at the start of the 19th century when it came to be related with the Romanticist movement. In its North American variant, the term has been used as a regionalist prose.

Formulaic speech has been notoriously difficult to define and identify despite its crucial importance to native-like fluency and idiomaticity. In this article, I introduce a way of identifying phraseological units in a running text. I am interested in recurrent fragments like charged with crimes against humanity in texts which involve multiple word collocations in a 'fuzzily fixed' lexico-syntactic frame. I suspect these kind of phraseological fragments not only add to the fluency and idiomaticity of texts, save text production time, but actually constitute milestones in the generation of text and sentences. No currently well known corpus seems large enough to provide adequate instances of prefabricated chunks like this for closer investigation. It is proposed here that Internet as a gigantic corpus and a search engine like Google can help identify and retrieve these phraseological units for linguistic research and language teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, La Heij and colleagues have presented accounts of a number of context effects in Stroop-like word-production tasks. Roelofs (2007 this issue) criticises various aspects of our proposals, ranging from the number of processing stages assumed to details of simulation results. In this reply we first argue that we do not challenge spoken-word production models developed in the psycholinguistic tradition for being 'too complex', as Roelofs asserts. Next we discuss Roelofs' detailed criticisms on our proposed solutions. Finally, in response to Roelofs' argument that increasing the structural complexity of our model would render it similar to its main competitor, WEAVER++, we discuss the crucial differences that would still remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A certain type of multiword lexical item, namely a non-compositional string of words or idiom, is examined in this article. The motivation theory is used in an attempt to provide an explanation for those cases where the language user is able to make sense of an expression on the basis of the meanings of individual words in such an expression or idiom. A small group of idioms was examined, namely idioms in which the words butter or bread or both appear. From the results the following can be deduced: those idioms which are clearly well-known are recognised without a problem. The string of words is probably stored with its figurative meaning in the mental lexicon. Language users furthermore demonstrate a definite consciousness of the link between literal and figurative meanings of certain individual words in the idioms. It is not clear to which extent other motivational links (like encyclopaedic knowledge) contribute to the decoding of idioms that are less well-known or not known at all. For the moment the most that can be concluded is that the highest degree of motivation in this particular group of idioms can be discerned in those idioms which are also best known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas the logistic curve can be used to model the increase in the percentage of periphrastic do in several types of English sentences, a different fit to the data for affirmative declaratives is needed. Two possible fits are considered in this paper, both based on a generalized logistic differential equation with a time-dependent coefficient. Linear and piecewise constant coefficients are used. Linguistic and practical implications of the two approaches are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valid and reliable measures are fundamental to advancing social science. Phrase completion scales were designed to provide enhanced psychometrics compared to Likert scales by more closely conforming to foundational measurement and statistical assumptions. This article tests the two approaches by examining responses (N = 134) to items formatted using the Likert approach with comparable items formatted using the phrase completion approach. An assessment of the written comments, Cronbach's alphas, inter-item correlations, factor scores, and SEM coefficients suggested that items constructed in the phrase completion format may yield higher validity and reliability relative to Likert constructed items. The advantages of phrase completion scales may be particularly pronounced when measuring attitudes that fall at all points along the underlying attitudinal continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a phraseological analysis of William Shakespeare's use of 'O Lord, sir!' in his play 'All's Well That Ends Well.' According to the author, scholars have inferred it variously as a foppish or empty phrase of seventeenth century court usage or as a universal response fit for all situations. He shows from dialog that beyond satire and phonetic use, the phrase signifies a genuine prayer for relief and forgiveness, and later, that it also serves to convey sincere gratitude.

This article begins by discussing the phrase ‘philosophic geography’, as noted in the journal of John Ledyard in the 1780s, in the context of his project to walk round the world and, particularly, to cross Siberia to reach North America. The concept of ‘philosophic geography’ was related to Ledyard's sense of the difference between ‘civilisation and incivilisation’, and involved making judgements about lands and peoples according to the supposedly ‘philosophical’ values of the Enlightenment. Ledyard's vision was global inasmuch as it was related to his intended circumambulation of the globe, and the hypothesised trans-Pacific resemblance between the indigenous peoples of Siberia and of North America. This vision was also harnessed to eighteenth-century American imperial aspirations concerning continental North America, which in some ways corresponded to Russian imperial domination in Siberia. Ledyard's global vision emerged from the context of his earlier participation in Captian Cook's third voyage, which explored the northern Pacific, including Alaska, and first brought Ledyard to the juncture between Siberia and North America. The article proceeds to consider the ways in which Siberia, also viewed as ‘Tartary’, and the Pacific Ocean served as global points of reference for ‘philosophic geography’ in the late eighteenth century, and how those points of reference were applied to such seemingly irrelevant imperial projects as Venetian Dalmatia and Habsburg Poland, that is, Galicia. Résumé: Cet article commence par discuter le terme de géographie philosophique noté dans le journal de John Ledyard dans les années 1780s, dans le contexte de son projet de voyage à pied autour du monde et en particulier à travers la Sibérie pour rejoindre l'Amérique du Nord. Le concept de géographie philosophique se rapportait aux définitions de Ledyard de la différence entre ‘civilisation’ et ‘incivilisation’. Cette géographie demandait des jugements sur les terres et les peuples d'après les valeurs des lumières. La vision de Ledyard était globale dans la mesure où elle se rapportait à ses voyages autour du globe et dans ses comparaisons entre les peuples de la Sibérie et de l'Amérique du Nord. Cette vision épousait les aspirations impériales américaines et russes et émergeait de sa participation au troisième voyage de Cook dans le Pacifique nord et en Alaska qui mena Ledyard à la jonction entre la Sibérie et l'Amérique du Nord. Cette article se penche sur la façon dont la Sibérie ou Tartarie et l'océan pacifique servaient de points de référence globaux pour la géographie philosophique de la fin du dix-huitième siècle et comment ses points de référence pouvaient avoir une application pour des projets impériaux aussi divers que la Dalmatie Vénitienne ou la Pologne des Habsbourg, la Galicie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the term, compassionate resistance, that the author used in the article she wrote last summer of 2005 in Israel and Palestine. The term appears to be a fusion of two contradictory concepts. The author tried to illustrate the organic relationship between compassion and resistance and the transformative potential that lies in blending the two concepts and utilizing them to inspire social and political struggles.

This article argues that chapter 35 serves as a bridge between mainly Proto‐ and Deutero‐Isaiah, but partly also to Trito‐Isaiah. Its method is to compare intertextually phraseology in chapter 35 with similarities in the other parts of the Book of Isaiah. Outlook is all the way from chapter 35, backwards to Proto‐ and forwards to Deutero‐ and Trito‐Isaiah. In summary, there are a series of intertextual relations to particular parts of Proto‐Isaiah, especially to those parts were blessings predominate over curses, while the intertextual relations to Deutero‐Isaiah are closer to the essence of its message, in particular to chapters 40‐48. Intertextual relations between chapter 35 and Trito‐Isaiah are more sparse. Intertextually these relations are mainly from the “canon‐before‐canon” stage (cf. Fishbane) of the text, rather than “author intended intertextuality” (cf. Nielsen). But there is also an aspect of “editor intended intertextuality” (cf. Nielsen). The investigation demonstrates how central this chapter is in the Book of Isaiah, but it is intertextually closest related to Deutero‐Isaiah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is situated at the crossroads between contrastive linguistics and phraseology. Its objective is to show how some characteristic elements of the co-text of supposedly true friends in English and Italian form different phraseological patterns which account for (un)suspected semantic and pragmatic divergences in their use. Some pairs of true friends, which are supposed to share the same meaning and use in the two languages, have been analysed in two broadly comparable corpora. Findings shed new light on the web of linguistic, cultural and pragmatic relations occurring beneath the lexical level: they ultimately explain why the cognate words analysed often turn out not to be translational equivalents of each other. The same corpus-based approach could prove helpful in analysing similar phenomena in other pairs of languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the work of Sigmund Freud regarding idioms and psychoanalysis. Consideration of the sexualization of thought; Role of obsessionality in Freud's writing; Difference between psychoanalytic and non-psychoanalytic language.

In this article, I employ a cognitive semantic approach to compare figurative uses of 3 oral body parts ("mouth," "lip," and "tongue") in English and Malay phraseology to establish whether either language shows an orientation toward metaphor or metonymy. The main finding is that where figurative language is being employed for the similar discourse function of offering an evaluation, though each language shows evidence of both figures-as well as blends between them-English has a tendency toward metonymy whereas Malay has a tendency toward metaphor. This is explained with reference to cultural differences in attitude toward facial expressions and in stylistic preferences; in English for hyperbole and in Malay for euphemism. This is because of cultural pressures toward the more encrypted style of metaphor in Malay. A better knowledge of the linguistic characteristics of figurative phrases provides a rich source of insight into cultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the occurrence of certain lexical items and phrases which are used by the Venda royalty in and around the chiefs palace. Past studies have primarily referred to these forms as being representative of the so-called Musanda language. This article will motivate the need to recognise social 'language varieties' within a standard language, (as opposed to dialects), and will substantiate the viewpoint that the lexical items and phrases as listed, represent the Musanda 'language variety', which is indeed a social variety of Venda, that is restricted to the environment of the chief's palace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A total of 96 children aged 11 to 12 years were given statistical inference problems (base-rate and law of large numbers) designed to test the effects of wording on theft answers. The wording of the problems was manipulated to make the information on base-rates and on the law of large numbers either more salient or less salient. The latter condition was established by adding extraneous information to base-rates, or, in the case of the law of large numbers, making the context unfamiliar or focusing choice on a particular person rather than on the group. A significant main effect of wording was found across all problems in favour of the salient condition. The results indicated that the children had a high level of statistical intuition and that they knew when to reason statistically and when not to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By and large, both statesmen and scholars have failed to comprehend the non-rational, emotional well-springs of ethnonationalism and, consequently, have tended to underestimate its capacity for influencing group behaviour. By contrast, those who have successfully appealed to ethnonationalism have understood that at the core of ethnopsychology is a conviction that members of the nation are all ancestrally related, and they have not hesitated to appeal to this sense of kinship. A broad review of the speeches and proclamations of those who have successfully appealed to ethnonational sentiments demonstrates a remarkable uniformity in the use of phraseology. This near universality with which certain images and phrases appear -- blood, family, brothers, sisters, mothers, forefathers, home -- and the proven success of such evocations in eliciting massive, popular responses tell us much about the nature and potency of ethnonationalism and suggest possible avenues of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]