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Within higher education research, the topic of choosing has mainly concerned young peoples’ choices of whether or not to enter higher education and their choice of study programme. However, a study programme is often not a fixed package. Nevertheless, choices within higher education has received comparably little attention. This study unpacks second-year students’ experiences of choosing, and it explores how they navigate these choices. Drawing on empirical material from ethnographic fieldwork at three bachelor programmes, we found that students experience both opportunities and constraints in navigating higher education choices. Inspired by Ingold (2015; 2016) we suggest a theoretical perspective on choice as wayfaring. We found, that navigating through higher education contains both ambiguities and challenges for students, who learn as they go along, discover new paths and thus change direction as they move through the landscape of higher education. We argue that making choices in this sense is an integral part of being a student and an inherent part of what it means to study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major contributor to the global burden of disease, increasingly impacting low-income and marginalised populations in low- and middle-income countries such as Sri Lanka. Microfinance could be a potential approach to target NCDs. Using an ethnographic approach with thematic analysis, this study explored the nexus between microfinance and NCD outcomes. In-depth interviews were conducted with 29 micro-loan borrowing women across 15 field sites within Puttalam district in Sri Lanka. The findings revealed that perceived increases in income from microfinance loans contributed to enhanced household health savings ability, enabling the purchase of medicines bought out-of-pocket and from privately owned pharmacies, and spending for NCD-relevant health emergencies and health-related transportation. Additionally, perceived income increases also influenced the behavioural risks, including the spending and consumption of food, and physical activity levels, both positively and negatively. The microfinance networks also influenced women's perceived social support, psychological stress and coping mechanisms, and health information transmission, positively and negatively. The findings from this study provide important insights on how financial inclusion programs such as microfinance influence the health determinants and outcomes relevant to NCDs. This can help address ways to target both NCDs and inequities of socioeconomically disadvantaged and marginalised populations, particularly women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was performed over all university libraries within the Association of European Research Libraries (LIBER) in order to study how different methods of user input are utilized. Libraries using analysis based on explorative methods—such as UX and process mapping—report significantly increased user knowledge and perceived well-function. Over three-fourths of the respondents reported performing general user surveys. Surveys offer ease of collection, effectively gather researcher user group input and generate data suitable for communicating library value to stakeholders. However, it is resource-demanding to transfer findings into service changes, especially for smaller libraries, and results often support stepwise improvements rather than discovery of new services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I examine an ongoing qualitative and ethnographic research project in a transnational, multilingual setting. I am not primarily a queer scholar, nor do I study queer issues, gender, or sexuality, as a primary focus in my research agenda or career. However, I am the primary research instrument in these projects, and I am also a person whose language, gender, and sexuality are at times, legible, while also to varying degrees, indecipherable to those around me. Some research projects are in the Central American country of Honduras, and as an academic from the Global North, there are many situations in which I was unable to settings and individuals while in the field. I use narrative inquiry to share and assess this illegibility, both on my part and on the part of people I met in the field. The data set includes fifteen years of living and traveling to Honduras to teach and to conduct research; however, it has never specifically been in LGBTI spaces or with LGBTI communities. Regardless, at the end of each day, my fieldnotes are filled with insight gleaned from my presence as a queer person and interactions within LGBTI communities. This article, and the larger research project in general, came to light because of the ways language, gender, and sexuality—specifically my own language, gender, and sexuality—challenged me in this transnational qualitative research setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A medium-sized academic library system conducted a multi-year (2012–2016), large-scale ethnographic study using a survey, observations, and in-depth interviews. The goal of the project was to better understand how students conduct research and study in the library. The analysis of the large pool of data resulted in various reports of theoretical and practical nature. This article addresses one aspect of the findings: undergraduate and graduate student use of library resources. The findings offer an array of considerations for designing effective library services and provide a more nuanced understanding of how student use the library website, libguides, and library databases as well as print and electronic collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arts-based programs can counter the dominant narrative of loss associated with dementia, in part through fostering expressions of agency. This study uses social science theories of interaction between structure and agency to examine how an arts-based movement program, entitled Mouvement de passage, supports agency among individuals with dementia. Ethnographic methods were used to trace how participants enact agency within the structure of the movement program. The program's sessions were video recorded and iteratively analyzed. Participants expressed their agency in three ways: 1) transforming the exercise's structure according to individual interests and desires; 2) resisting the exercise's structure; and 3) improvising movements collectively. The movements of individuals with dementia were shaped by both program structure and individual/collective expressions of agency. The design of Mouvement de passage, based on open-ended structures and voluntary participation, provides a template for developing interventions that foster agency among these persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Antwerp, everyday interactions in ethno-racially diverse neighbourhoods have become the object of polarized debate and policy interventions that posit 'living together' as an ideal. Residents routinely use living together as a frame to assess themselves and their neighbourhood. They also bring divergent vernacular moral practices and sensory experiences to everyday interactions across difference. This complicates understandings of conviviality as a singular, demarcatable dimension of urban life. This paper delineates, instead, theoretical, methodological and textual manoeuvres for approaching conviviality in the plural. Methodologically, biographical interviewing and go-alongs are combined to explore diverging vernacular modes of engagement, and their intersections. Textually, the stylistic device of a collage of 'mobile monologues' – first-person, situated stream-of-consciousness narrations – works to recreate in writing a polyphony of embodied and moral modes of being, and their unfolding across myriad interactions. Finally, mobile monologues bring-out understudied dimensions of conviviality: (1) the situated performance of local narratives, (2) the circulation of moral economies of neighbourliness, (3) the contested political resignification of vernacular notions and practices in relation to discourses of living together. Conviviality emerges as heterogeneously assembled from a multiplicity of intersecting vernacular universes, whose political relevance in relation to living together is actively made and contested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using ethnographic data from a study in Honduras, this article looks at how my research was shaped by shifting perspectives on my gender, especially from the perspectives of the participants within the unique context, Gender identity was not always a personal conception, as is common in contemporary U.S. queer culture; instead, gender was co-constructed and dependent on the language used (Spanish or English), whether I had my children with me in the field, and visible access to material resources (a motorcycle, for example). This article is significant to the fields of qualitative and educational research methods, queer and gender studies, and transnational feminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the relevance that aesthetic practices play extending parental involvement and influence in school contexts in Spain. One rural, one urban and one peri-urban school have been included in the research. Participant observation and interviews were the main means of data production. In the results all the different schools promoted parents' participation. However, differences in aesthetic practices and experiences were found. Parental involvement was developed in schools in different ways in relation to local contextual conditions and the salient characteristics of the geographic spaces the schools belonged to. Practical aesthetic knowledge produced multiple strategies of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge is now recognized as an important basis for competitive advantage and many firms are beginning to establish initiatives to leverage and manage organizational knowledge. These include efforts to codify knowledge in repositories as well as efforts to link individuals using information technologies to overcome geographic and temporal barriers to accessing knowledge and expertise. We suggest that Knowledge Management (KM) efforts, to be successful, need to be sensitive to features of the context of generation, location, and application of knowledge. To this end, we highlight the situated organizational learning perspective that views knowledge as embedded in individuals, in connections between individuals, and in artifacts as a useful lens to examine phenomena related to the establishment of KM initiatives. In an ethnographic case study of an effort to change knowledge-work processes in a market research firm, we apply the situated knowledge perspective to highlight the factors responsible for the limited success of the initiative in the firm. This study suggests that a consideration of the situated knowledge web and the alignment of the initiatives with the features of the knowledge web are central to success in knowledge management efforts in firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers some behind-the-scenes insights drawn from the collective fieldwork experiences of the contributors to this Special Issue. These include reflections on: how decisions about modes of accessing research participants fundamentally shape the research process and outcomes; the pitfalls of only focusing on young people's migratory experiences while ignoring the multiple other dimensions to their lives; how we can best capture and represent young people's often paradoxical vulnerability and agency; the relative merits of methodological innovations increasingly integrated into work with marginalised and hard to reach communities; and, finally, our own positionality when conducting research with migrant young people and the importance of taking account of how our own subjective, political, philosophical and ethical standpoints influence our interactions throughout our research endeavours. These contributions seek to promote greater reflexivity and transparency among academics conducting ethnographically driven research with young people in the context of forced migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on data from an ethnographic case study that examined how pupils’ gendered identities are constructed in one rural secondary school in Scotland. We utilise the work of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler to provide theoretical insight into how and why pupils take up particular gendered positions in school, focusing on the influence of teacher-pupil interactions. The findings suggest that some teachers reinforce traditional constructs of masculinities and femininities, and fail to disrupt boys’ views of girls as objects of desire. Teachers are also seen to reinforce gender stereotypes in their understandings of the rural landscape as an exclusive site for constructing masculine identities. We claim that this potentially limits pupils’ educational experiences. We conclude by suggesting that there is a need for teachers to develop deeper, more sophisticated understandings of gender, an area currently neglected in Scottish educational policy and teacher education programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This visual essay describes a pilot study aimed at evaluating the methods 'Sketch and Talk' and photo-voice in researching the impact of the physical environment in special residential homes in Sweden. The homes provide compulsory care for young persons with psychosocial problems, criminality or drug abuse. The field of research on the physical environment's impact focuses mainly on security and risk factors; little is known about the lived experience of young incarcerated persons. Visual and written data was collected at a home for young men (16-21), and analysed through a phenomenological approach outlined by van Manen and Ahmed. In this article, we present Lived Space as a main theme with three sub-themes that emerged from critical reading of the young men's narratives: Being elsewhere; Being punished and Being disempowered. The methods proved to be suitable, however, due to challenges related to the context and the young men's specific life situations, modifications were necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technologies open new windows for ethnographic explorations of cultural experiences. In this paper, we examine text messaging among academically talented teenage girls of colour at three US urban high schools. Texting introduced a new communication modality into the girls’ lives and created a space for new discourses mediating their participation in school. We draw on the concept of ‘serious play’ to reveal the paradoxical nature of the girls’ texting. At each school, distinct text-messaged discourses emerged – with implications for ethnographic studies of discourse and young people’s commitments to schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Reproductive Health Working Group (RHWG) was established in 1988 in Cairo to advance research in the Arab countries and Turkey on the health of women, broadly defined. The paper considers the ways in which the group contributed to global health conversations through three examples of interdisciplinary research that, in privileging local contexts, modified or even challenged prevailing approaches to health and often raised entirely new issues for consideration. The three examples cited in the paper are: (i) the network’s early research on reproductive morbidity; (ii) a broad set of ongoing studies on childbirth/maternal health; and (iii) emerging research on health and conflict. The paper discusses how the RHWG has strengthened research capability in the region, and explores the reasons for the longevity of this research network. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article reports and discusses findings from an ethnographic case study, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of how different children perceive their learning environment in the first grade of primary school, with regard to social as well as academic aspects. The theoretical framework is based on an interactional perspective, where children’s learning and development are considered to take place in a dynamic and ecological system. The reported results are based on interviews with 16 children, and observed teaching situations during the first year of primary school. Research among children demands special ethical considerations, such as how to avoid questions and interest from the researcher affecting the position of children being vulnerable in some way. The findings show that, within a group of children, facing a similar learning environment, there are significant differences between the experiences expressed. The findings presented support the importance of listening to children when planning educational settings. Listening to and taking into account the children’s different voices is an essential part of research and education that strives for inclusion, learning and well-being of all children. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study was to explore the similarities and differences in student behavior in or uses of four academic libraries in the greater New York City area. Using on-site observations and semistructured interviews, the authors collected data about resources and tools used by students as well as their academic and nonacademic activities and contributing factors. Across all four libraries, the study identified that students were actively engaged in academic pursuits utilizing multiple library resources while working with print and digital tools. Students were also observed resting, eating, and engaging in other nonacademic activities. The variations in student behaviors across the four libraries can be explained by contextual variables that influence students' behavior in a library, including student demographics, academic requirements, work habits, and disciplinary affiliations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article uses wardrobe interviews with women in the ages of 62–94 to explore transitions and continuities during the life course. During interviews the women have defined their style preferences. One categorization favored by several of them wascomfortable. Different meanings were attached to this concept. Practical and convenient outfits were described as increasingly important when aging. Garments that did not expose the body—and its changes with aging—were preferred. The informants talked about the importance of feeling at ease, appropriately dressed for the occasion and situation. They were concerned with feeling nice in their outfits but also stressed becoming more laid-back and prioritizing convenience in their later years. All of these examples had to do with comfort and being comfortable. Uncomfortable clothes were too tight, deemed wrong for the occasion, and unwanted sources of self-consciousness and visibility. Transitions in their style of dress had been gradual, slowly adapting to changes in everyday life as well as in their bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents findings from a qualitative study with passionate fans of the rock and roll band, Jerry Joseph & the Jackmormons. The study looked at how fan involvement in the music scene enhanced quality of life through the ability to access a personal sense of spirituality. While the majority of participants (87%) had been raised in religious households, most of those (93%) had intentionally abandoned religious affiliation only to come to embrace a language of spirituality and religion to describe their attraction to the music. This study fills a gap by exploring how aspects of spiritual language and sensations can be embraced in a secular context after departure from a formal religious upbringing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conducting research into young learner experiences of school poses methodological challenges which are compounded when, as is increasingly the case, the classroom interaction is multilingual and the research methods are participatory. Each new or adapted method sheds further light on the issues that can arise. Researcher-initiated role play is a method where a researcher invites a group of children to engage in role play, something that many young children do spontaneously. This gives children the interactional space to take control of the specifics of the role play and to present their perspectives and concerns through multiple semiotic layers. This paper explores ethical issues that arise when role play reveals familiar but occluded practices; practices that are not readily presented to outsiders. Specifically, when this researcher-initiated role play was used to explore how children in their first years of school learn to read in different languages and in different multilingual, primary school contexts, certain occluded disciplinary practices were revealed. This paper considers the nature of an ethical response to such revelations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes a contribution to the debate about health service utilisation and the role of trust in fostering demand for health services in sub-Saharan Africa. It is framed as a narrative literature review based on a thematic analysis of nine empirical, qualitative studies. For the purposes of this article trust is defined as a voluntary course of action, which involves the optimistic expectation that the trustee will do no harm to the trustor and is increasingly perceived as an important influence on health system functioning. The article looks at trust issues in interpersonal, intergroup and institutional situations. The findings of the review point to four elements that are important for trust to develop in health sector relationships: the sensitive use of discretionary power by health workers, perceived empathy by patients of the health workers, the quality of medical care and workplace collegiality. When trust works in health sector encounters, it reduces the social complexity and inherent uneven distribution of power between clients and providers. The article concludes that understanding and supporting trust processes between patients and providers, as well as between co-workers and managers, will improve health sector collaboration and stimulate demand for health care services. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Parental involvement is interpreted as a key form of support that can contribute to the establishment of inclusive practices in schools, but this can be difficult in sparsely populated areas. Using ethnographic methods of participant observation, informal conversations and document analysis, this article therefore focuses on family involvement practices in two small rural schools in Aragón (Spain) that carry out creative teaching practices as a way to encourage parental participation. Our data show that teachers promote parental involvement using strategies such as acceptance, expression and communication in school. These strategies seem to be negotiated in each situation based on the values prioritised by the teachers as a result of their interaction within the context they find themselves in. Factors such as family mobility, dispersion of homes and sociocultural status appear to condition these strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A recovery orientation is imperative in mental health services. While structural aspects of programs can influence service providers’ orientation to recovery principles, team culture as exemplified by staff attitudes, values, and beliefs is central to the incorporation of recovery principles in everyday practice. Using Fine's (1979)idiocultureframework, this study examined the discursive process in team meetings at a housing first program. Researchers observed team meetings and conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with case managers from two assertive community treatment teams. Open coding identified categories indicating discursive processes grounded in the recovery language and higher-level coding derived intersubjective themes related to the use of recovery oriented culture during team meetings. Discursive processes included giving benefit of the doubt, withholding judgment, celebrating small things, and accentuating the positive and softening the negative. Using these discursive practices, the team navigated triggering events from landlords and providers by engaging in language that defused situations, normalized behaviors, and recognized residents’ successes, which served to facilitate positive discussions about residents rather than pathologizing their behaviors. Understanding the underlying processes contributing to team culture can inform and facilitate the implementation of recovery-oriented practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phonographic wax cylinder equipment was the principal means by which late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century comparative musicologists recorded and played back the music that they encountered in the field. Many comparative musicologists used these recordings to conduct detailed rhythmic, pitch and temporal analyses and used the findings to make comparative judgements of distinct musical cultures. This article examines the work of several prominent comparative musicologists by focusing on one key issue: accurately determining the playback speed which most appropriately matches that used at the time of the original field recording. This article draws on a range of source material including published texts, interviews and numerous wax cylinder recordings stored at the British Library Sound Archive to construct the argument that accurately determining playback speeds is of central importance when duplicating and digitising ethnographic wax cylinder recordings, and when assessing the methods of comparative musicologists and the validity of their findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central purpose of this paper is to highlight the research in a context where inclusive education is recognised within current global challenges in education. We aim to present different teaching practices and perceptions of teachers from rural schools regarding attention to diversity, before and during a collaborative action that reinforces and develops creative teaching practices. Participant observation, informal conversations and video-recording are the methods that we used. The data show the adoption of relevant group creative teaching practices and the development of inclusive thought. These aspects seem to promote the access to the curriculum of all children. The collaborative work is interpreted as encouraging the professional development. The study is of interest as it shows how the knowledge of creative teaching practices from a collaborative work can be systematised. This paper considers implications for founding research that contributes to the comprehension and development of educational contexts of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Is ethnography (as constituted in the social sciences) a reliable method with which to understand interspecies intersubjectivity? Can a method that has become a cornerstone approach to a qualitative understanding of humans for more than a century interrogate the social ties between humans and animals? Will it illuminate the similarities and differences between humans and their animal familiars? Using a programmatic approach to ethnography, and drawing on lessons from cyber ethnography, this article examines the challenges facing an ethnography that takes animals seriously as social beings and ethnographic subjects. The ability of ethnography to deliver a faithful portrait of being relies in large part on the communicative trust developed between ethnographers and their participants and interlocutors; it lies in the quality of the intersubjective exchange. Communicative ¡ntersubjective trust is both the paragon quality one wants in ethnographic social exchange and the most illdefined and difficult to ascertain. So much ethnographic authority is underpinned by the hope that ethnographers have understood the people they work with in their terms and can faithfully re-present and interpret that world view. This article argues that the tricky and ambiguous business of nitersubjective exchange poses important methodological questions for anthrozoology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeologists have increasingly turned to ethnography as a tool for understanding the contemporary social context of material culture, archaeological practice, and 'de-colonizing' archaeology. Furthermore, ethnographers have turned their analysis to the practice of archaeology, providing insights into key ethical dilemmas. This work has produced significant dialogue, demonstrating the potential for research and collaboration at the interface of two sub-disciplines. However, much of the research to date has relied on a limited range of ethnographic methods. We suggest that archaeologists working in this area would benefit from using a wider repertoire of ethnographic data collection tools and ethics training opportunities. We advocate for greater collaboration between archaeologists and ethnographers and provide suggestions on methods that are well-suited for use in archaeological practice. In the long term, the most effective and far-reaching solution may be to incorporate ethnographic methods training as fundamental to graduate programmes in archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores some of the issues for policy scholars arising from the increasing attention paid to ‘emotion’ and ‘affect’ in contemporary social science. One such issue is in the focus placed on detailed ethnographic methods and interpretive forms of analysis, and the problem this raises for drawing out connections to changing regimes of governing and wider shifts in policy and politics. A second lies in the modernist traditions of policy studies, traditions which privilege the rational actor and deliberative subject. This article uses my own recent research to tease out some issues of method and of theory in conducting a research project that seeks to connect individual working lives to some of the major cultural and social change in Britain over the last 60 years. The article begins by outlining the project and some of the issues raised in interpreting ‘emotion’, then goes on to show how I tried to link ethnographic data to wider questions of policy and power. The final section offers two different critical repertoires that have the capacity to link emotions and emotion work to analysis of shifting governmentalities and material conditions of work. Throughout my aim is to enhance the possibility of interdisciplinary conversations by introducing concepts and analytical framings from beyond the traditions of policy studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within Western nation-states such as Denmark, Islamic identities are often seen as inherently and divergently visible, an aspect that some argue is detrimental to the secular nation-state. From a research perspective, one way to nuance this position is by focusing on groups of 'invisible' Muslims. Another path, which I pursue here, is to situate the activism of Muslims in the historical fabric of the neighbourhood(s) in which they live, in this case the Copenhagen neighbourhood of Nørrebro. Given that Muslims and others use Nørrebro as they do, this neighbourhood has become a prominent example of the effects of multiculturalism in larger national debates, a situation affecting research engagement with the community. In the last part of my article I describe my dialogical approaches for engaging with the community, thus situating the article within wider discussions of research self-reflexivity and critical ethnography (Clifford and Marcus 1986; Madison 2005). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how digital video technology can be used in ethnographic research and considers the implications of digital production, presentation and dissemination of ethnographic educational research knowledge. In this article, I introduce the term Ethnography 2.0 and address some of the issues that emerged from my decision to use digital video as part of a research process and consider the ontological and epistemological positions of research which looks at how learning and ethnography change in the digital world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apparent simplicity of ethnographic methods - studying people in their normal life setting, going beyond what might be said in surveys and interviews to observe everyday practices - is deceptive. Anthropological knowledge is gained through fieldwork and through pursuing a reflexive flexible approach. This study carried out in a non-government primary school in Perth, Western Australia focused on the processes used by the teachers to implement reporting policy. The focus of this paper is not on the data of the research, but on the experiences of a researcher in the field for the first time. Despite being aware of what Schweder (1997) describes as the need to be open to the surprise of ethnography, the events which followed my first hours in the field still managed to disturb my equilibrium as they proceeded to unfold in unexpected ways. The factors which influenced the outcome of the research were serendipitous and for the researcher were vital in my initiation into ethnographic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine conceptual and practical aspects of carrying out cross-disciplinary, multi-method, interventions that bring together methods from operational research (OR) with ethnographic tools drawn from sociology and anthropology. We note that such methodological hybridization is not a new development, although historically, the role of ethnography in OR has not always been explicit in written accounts. We illustrate such usage by means of a number of concrete examples. We then describe recent work in which we have successfully combined problem structuring methods with ethnographic investigations in order to address disparate problem issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates six recent contributions to the literature on ethnographic research methods. Four concern collecting and analyzing texts, one introduces the use of textual and numerical data, and one illustrates the use of quantitative methods for qualitative data. The first four books reveal that current thinking in qualitative methods continues to privilege inexplicit criteria for data collection and analysis despite recognizing that explicit criteria work best. The last two books show how to effectively integrate qualitative and quantitative data in ways that resolve these contradictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Librarians have many methods which can be used to determine how, why, and when their clients use their services. Too often they rely on questionnaires which have low return rates and require respondents to remember their own behavior. Observational methods often reveal more about information-seeking behavior than self-report surveys. Naturalistic inquiry and qualitative, subjectivist or ethnographic methods are well-suited for answering questions about why clients behave as they do. There is a recent body of literature reporting such studies and explaining how to do them in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]