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Biofuel made from Syzygium cumini, often known as Jamun, has the potential to be a low-cost, sustainable, and emission-free alternative. In this work, we experimentally explore the performance of a compression ignition (CI) engine that burns a blend of hydrogen and biodiesel. Hydrogen is pumped into the air intake manifold by means of a hydrogen gaseous supplement that, when exposed to atmospheric conditions, co-combusts with a pilot flame ignited by Jamun oil. To investigate the impact of hydrogen supplementation on performance and exhaust emission, a variety of hydrogen–Jamun fuel mixture proportions are provided to the engine. The research demonstrates that adding hydrogen improves the thermal efficiency (5%) of diesel engines whereas lowering specific energy fuel consumption (4%) at fixed Jamun flow rates. The gas emission data demonstrates that when hydrogen (HC) emission (12%) supplements decreases, NOx emission (10%) increases somewhat but opacity (8%) increases significantly. The experiment demonstrates that hydrogen and Jamun duel fuel in compression ignition engines burn smoothly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTEnvironmental pollution, especially from coal-based thermal power plants, poses significant risks to human respiratory health and the environment. This study evaluates the diversity of lichens in the areas. Physiological and bioaccumulation responses of two crustose lichens (Bacidia incongruens and Rindoina sophodes) and one foliose lichen (Pyxine cocoes) in the vicinity of the Feroz Gandhi Unchahar National Thermal Power Corporation, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India were also assessed. These lichens, exposed to emissions including fly ash, greenhouse gases, metals, and particulate matter were analyzed for metal accumulation and physiological responses. Changes in physiological parameters and metal profiles concerning distance from the coal-based thermal power plant to the outskirts were analyzed for B. incongruens, R. sophodes and P. cocoes by utilizing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study identified 18 lichen species from 12 genera and 10 families in the area, with Pyxine sorediata newly recorded in Uttar Pradesh. The dominant species, B. incongruens, P. cocoes, and R. sophodes, preferred substrates like Mangifera indica, Acacia nilotica, and Azadirachta indica bark. Physiological analyses revealed variations in pigment concentrations, with significant differences in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and chlorophyll degradation, while protein content remained stable. Metal accumulation studies showed nine metals with distinct patterns, B. incongruens had higher concentrations in the west (52730.61 µg g-1) and P. cocoes in the east (23628.32 µg g-1). Correlation analyses indicated significant relationships between paired elements, suggesting specific sources of environmental contamination. This research highlights the significance of integrating physiological and environmental factors to understand lichen responses to coal based thermal power plant.This study contributes significantly to lichenological and environmental monitoring by documenting the occurrence and physiological responses of lichen species in the vicinity of a thermal power plant. The study reports the Pyxine sorediata as a new addition to the lichen flora of Uttar Pradesh, India. Furthermore, the research comprehensively analyzes photosynthetic pigments and metal accumulation in Bacidia incongruens, Pyxine cocoes, and Rinodina sophodes. This study marks the first time these three lichen species have been compared based on their physiological characteristics and metal profiles, highlighting the difference between crustose and foliose lichen. The study uniquely correlated the physiological parameters and metal accumulation pattern of these lichen species with their spatial distribution around the coal-based Feroze Gandhi Unchahar National Thermal Power Plant. The detailed PCA analysis offers new insights into the distinct sources and distribution patterns of various metals in the environment. The novelty of the work also lies in the revival and focused study of lichen species to explore their responses to environmental stressors. By investigating the physiological, elemental distribution and bioaccumulation characteristics of both crustose and foliose lichens in the vicinity of thermal power plant, the research highlights the unique potential of these lichens as bioindicators. The approach not only provides critical insights into pollution levels and ecosystem health but also underscores the importance of lichens in environmental monitoring and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to find a viable substitute fuel for diesel and control pollutants from compression ignition engines. Therefore, in the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the effect of 20% proportion of five different biodiesel diesel blends in diesel engine. The 20% proportion of biodiesel such as Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, Annona and Nerium and 80% of diesel is denoted as J20, P20, M20, A20 and N20 are used in the present investigation. The experimental results showed that the different biodiesel blends' brake thermal efficiency is slightly lower compared to neat diesel fuel. However, the N20 blend has shown improvement in performance and reduction in exhaust emissions compared to other biodiesel diesel blends. From, the experimental work, it is found that biodiesel can be used up to 20% and 80% of a diesel engine without any major modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of global climate change and related corporate awareness have brought carbon management models to the fore in sectoral strategies aiming to reduce air pollution/carbon emissions. Dry bulk carriers, making up 42.7% of the shipping market, have a significant share in the decarbonisation process. Reducing fuel consumption of ships, playing a significant role in air pollution, is a requirement for environmental sustainability. Thus, a model adopting a holistic approach is required to support decision-making processes in the shipbuilding industry. The study aims to develop a decarbonisation framework by conducting sectoral environmental impact analyses based on entropy management. In this study, the ships' average exergetic efficiency is calculated as 16.91%, and the sectoral improvement potential is 69.32%, so the improvement potential on entropy generation is 79.44%. In the end, it has been concluded that alternative energy solutions are vital for sectoral development in the shipping industry, and recommendations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based diets are increasingly popular nowadays due to their benefits for human health and the environment. Vegan cooking activities also generate pollutants that might affect human health. Compared to outdoor air quality, indoor air quality (IAQ) is still underrated. Moreover, there is a lack of guidelines for pollutants generated in commercial and residential kitchens. The aim of this review was to characterize emission of pollutants arising from cooking of plant-based dishes and necessary instrumentation. Due to scarcity of studies focusing on IAQ for vegan cooking, emission data on the most common indoor air pollutants—fine particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones as well as volatile organic compounds—during cooking of plant-based and vegetarian dishes as well as of edible oil published in the past 10 years were used to estimate IAQ in kitchens. Attempt to define guideline values for air pollution in kitchens has also been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental work, the effects of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on emissions and performance of 4.4 kW diesel engine powered by palm biodiesel were studied. Palm biodiesel of 20% by volume was blended with diesel fuel (B20). Each test fuel blend was doped with CuO nanoparticles with concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 ppm. Experimentations were carried out for 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% engine loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Different parameters, such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke opacity were analysed. From the results, it is observed that by using CuO nanoparticles along with B20, BTE (1.18%-7.69%) were significantly increased and BSFC (4.12%-6.76) were lowered. Besides, by using CuO nanoparticles, there were also substantial reductions in CO (2.21%-8.86%). Furthermore, there is an insignificant increase in HC (0.3%-9.78%), CO2 (2.38%-5.97%), and NOx (1.75%-5.27%) emissions when compared to B20 blend. However, when compared to diesel fuel all the emissions were low for all biodiesel blends except NOx emission. Overall, it is concluded that CuO could be considered as a appropriate petroleum additive for palm biodiesel blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to analyze the emission, combustion, and performance parameters of a CRDI diesel engine fueled by waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel (B20%), diesel (80%), and their blend with two distinct metal-based nanoparticles cerium oxide (CeO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Transesterification was used to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). An ultrasonication procedure was used to gradually mingle the nanoparticles with a B20-diesel fuel blend in mass fractions of 50 and 100 ppm. The developed nanoparticle fuel samples were designated as (B20 + 50 Al2O3, B20 + 100 Al2O3, B20 + 50 CeO2, B20 + 100 CeO2). The CRDI engine was run at a constant speed with four different engine loads: 3 kg, 6 kg, 9 kg, and 12 kg. The result showed that the presence of Al2O3 in the blended fuel improved the BTE by 11.39%, reduced the SFC by 13.74%, and increased the cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR) by 16.77% and 21.48% respectively compared to B20 fuel at peak load condition. Regarding harmful emissions, CO emissions decreased by 15.06% for B20 + 50 Al2O3 than B20 and HC emissions decreased by 50% for B20 + 50 CeO2 than diesel at peak load. Further, NOx is reduced by 18.29% for B20 + 50 CeO2 than B20 at peak loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of lean-burn technology in engines that aims to meet the low-carbon combustion promotes the development of turbulent jet ignition (TJI) system. A turbulent jet ignition system has great potential in improving ignition stability and accelerating flame propagation. In this study, a numerical investigation of the turbulent injection ignition process in a single-cylinder engine with an active pre-chamber is conducted. The turbulent jet ignition mechanism and the effects of pre-chamber injection timing, injection quantity, and spark ignition timing on the jet ignition process and combustion characteristics are analyzed comprehensively. Based on the temperature and composition at the nozzle, the jet ignition process in the engine can be divided into three main phases:1) cold jet. 2) flame jet. 3) full combustion. It was found that the fuel vapor in the pre-chamber will decrease due to the less time for fuel evaporation when the injection timing is excessively delayed. Larger injection quantities will increase the inhomogeneities in the pre-chamber, which further play an important role in the ignition efficiency of the TJI system. Delaying the spark ignition timing will significantly influence the thermodynamic condition in the combustion and correspondingly change the overall combustion progress. For pollutants, most of the nitrogen oxide emissions in jet ignition engines mainly come from the pre-chamber, while the soot emission is produced in the cylinder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emission from diesel engine leads to global warming and health issues. Alternative fuel is the better choice to solve the aforementioned issues. Bio-fuels have the potential to decrease the engine emission. This research works deals with the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine operated with mango seed biodiesel blended with SnO2 and Ag particles. A test was conducted at different loading conditions on the single cylinder, four stroke, and vertical diesel engine. Three types of fuel blends were prepared viz. BD containing 25% methyl ester of mango seed oil and 75% diesel fuel, BD with 50 ppm Ag nanoparticles and BD with 50 ppm SnO2 nanoparticles. Experimental results were compared with the performance, combustion and emission results of diesel fuel. The BD–Ag biodiesel showed 4.4% higher BTE than the pure biodiesel due to the high thermal conductivity of Ag particles. Moreover, the BD–Ag biodiesel exhibited 16.7% more HRR than pure biodiesel owing to better heat transfer ability of Ag particles. In addition, the BD–Ag biodiesel displayed the maximum reduction in CO, UBHC and smoke density of 27.8%, 14.3%, and 11.8%, respectively, compared with that of diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we provide the spectra data of borophosphate zinc tungstate glasses doped with Sm3+or Dy3+ ions based on alkali and mixed alkali oxides. In order to describe the spectroscopic properties of the manufactured Sm3+ and Dy3+ glasses, we used XRD, EDAX, FT-IR, FT-Raman, Absorption, and PL Spectra. The amorphous nature of glass has been studied by looking at its X-ray diffraction data. Glasses that have been doped with Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions have been shown to exhibit significant absorption bands at 401 nm in the Vis-NIR range, as well as three weak bands at 360, 373, and 473 nm, and bands centered at roughly 1079, 1216, 1363, and 1455 nm in the NIR area. Multiple absorption bands at various wavelengths, from 796 nm to 1667 nm, are present in both series C and D glasses. After being excited at 402 nm, the emission spectra of Sm3+ doped glasses show three emission transitions at 562, 598, and 645 nm. The transition at 598 nm has been proven to produce brilliant orange-red light. Excitation at 350 nm in the emission spectra of Dy3+ doped glasses causes three emission transitions to occur at 482, 574, and 664 nm. The 574 nm emission band offers the clearest evidence of yellow emission. Energy level diagrams have been used to describe the emission process that occurs in these glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to examine the interaction of enzyme activities, microbial biomass carbon, and CO2 respiration with heavy metals under different land uses in terms of quality and sustainability of the soil. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between dehydrogenase enzyme activity and Mn, Pb, Cd, and Co, while it was negative between Cr. There was a positive correlation between catalase enzyme activity and Mn and Pb and between urease and Co. The higher interaction of dehydrogenase activity with heavy metals, which is included in the endo enzyme group, has been explained as a much stronger effect of heavy metals on living microorganisms and endoenzymes than extracellular enzymes stabilized on clay minerals and organic matter. The high clay content of the soil is thought to reduce some of the negative effects of heavy metals on enzymes. The results of this study may be good indicators of enzyme activities, especially dehydrogenase, catalase, and urease, for soil health and quality, chemical degradation and restoration processes, and ecosystem functioning in soils contaminated or to be contaminated with heavy metals. It shows that the activities of these enzymes are very sensitive and can decrease rapidly in case of high concentrations of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have prepared the RE3+(Sm, Dy): MgLa2V2O9 phosphors of different mol% by solid-state reaction approach. The obtained powder phosphors of RE3+(Sm, Dy): MgLa2V2O9 were analyzed by SEM, XRD, FTIR, EDAX, PL spectroscopy, and CIE chromaticity diagram of the color of different mol%. The XRD pattern of the powder phosphors exhibits the phosphor's crystalline nature. The obtained size of prepared phosphors is around the size of 500 nm was observed by analysis of SEM. The element's existence in the phosphors was obtained by analysis of EDAX. Functional groups were identified by FTIR analysis. From the PL analysis Sm3+: MgLa2V2O9 phosphors show intense orange-red emission at 599 nm, that is attributed to the 4G5/2→6H7/2 transition having an excitation λexci=404nm (6H5/2→4F7/2). It exhibits yellow emission for Dy3+: MgLa2V2O9at 574 nm having a transition of 4F9/2→6H13/2having an excitation wavelength λexci.= (6H15/2→4I15/2). The CIE diagram shows the orange and yellow emission for Sm3+: MgLa2V2O9 and Dy3+:MgLa2V2O9correspondingly. The CIE coordinates shows that the great purity of color of the phosphors powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen and natural gas are promising alternatives to fossil fuels in combustion engines for sustainable environment. Consumption of fossil fuels is a matter of growing concern that needs to be dealt with seriously for a sustainable, better tomorrow as fossil fuels have dreadful implications on the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need across the globe to quest for environmentfriendly alternative fuels, which can power internal combustion engines. Moreover, regulated and unregulated emissions from engines have been affecting human health and the environment. In this review article, hydrogen in combination with natural gas along with diesel as a pilot fuel is investigated. The impactsof exhaust gas recirculation with hydrogen and natural gas are also discussed. It is observed from the review that an H2 proportion of up to 5–30% is beneficial in combination with natural gas as well with other alternative fuels. The further increase in the hydrogen proportion create the problem of backfiring, knocking as well as increasing the NOx emissions. The transportation and storage are the biggest problems with the hydrogen fuel. Among the alternatives, gaseous fuels have great importance, and they need proper attention for inclusion in the CI engine as a fuel used in dual-fuel mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural gas high pressure direct injection (HPDI) engines have attracted attention due to their high combustion stability and thermal efficiency comparable to diesel. However, the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from HPDI engines remain high. In this study, the coupling effects of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and pilot diesel quantity were investigated on a four stroke HPDI engine by simulation. Three pilot diesel quantities and four EGR rates were involved, and the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine were compared and discussed. The results show that with increasing EGR rate, the maximum combustion pressure (Pmax) decreases with different pilot diesel quantity, and the crank angle corresponding to the maximum combustion pressure (CPmax), the crank angle corresponding to the maximum heat release rate (CHRRmax) and the crank angle corresponding to the 50% cumulative heat release (CA50) are all pushed back. NOx emissions decrease gradually with the increase of EGR rate, but soot, unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and methane escape all increase and the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) decreases. The traditional "trade-off" relationship between NOx and soot emissions still exists on HPDI engine and becomes more obvious as the quantity of pilot diesel increases. NOx and soot emissions can be well balanced at moderate EGR rate. Increasing the quantity of pilot diesel can partially offset the hysteresis effect of EGR on the combustion process. And when the EGR rate is controlled within 30%, increasing the quantity of pilot diesel is beneficial to reduce HC and CO emissions and methane escape. By increasing the quantity of pilot diesel coupled with a moderate level of EGR rate, it is possible to significantly reduce NOx emissions while maintaining the ITE, methane escape and unburned diesel, HC and CO emissions at the same level as without EGR. But soot emissions will increase substantially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, The pressure drop in the intake system when the new air filter is -1mbar, then -21mbar, −40 mbar depending on the pollution, and −65 mbar in a fully clogged state, were investigated. While the pressure drop in the intake system was -1mbar, the maximum power produced in the engine was initially 64.2 kW, and the maximum torque was 386 Nm. When the pressure drop reached −65 mbar, the engine's maximum power dropped to 58.1 kW and its maximum torque to 360 Nm. When the engine is at maximum torque (1400 rpm), the pressure drop in the system is −1 mbar, while the fuel consumption is 16.4 L/h, and when the pressure drop reaches −65 mbar, the fuel consumption increases to 34.3 L/h. Similarly, at maximum engine power (2200 rpm), the pressure drop in the system is −1 mbar, while fuel consumption is 14.8 L/h. When the pressure drop reaches −65 mbar, fuel consumption increases to 31.2 L/h. At the same time, it has been observed that while all the performance values of the engine have decreased depending on the air filter pollution level, harmful exhaust emissions CO, NO, and NOx increased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As fossil fuel is depleted day by day, there is a vast gap in the market and supply of fuel to the different industries that consume oil. In order to improve fuel properties, performance, combustion, and emissions from diesel engines, microalgae oil biodiesels are used as fuel with 20% of diesel on a mass basis by volume and 50 and 100 ppm of CeO2 nanoparticles as additives in combinations of biodiesel/diesel blends. The engine configuration consists of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, 3.5 kW, 1500 rpm diesel engine. Experiments were performed at constant speed on experimental test fuels for various load conditions. The addition of cerium oxide (CeO2) in the added biodiesel diesel blends improved the brake thermal performance (45%) compared to engine output. With CeO2 in the B20 blends, better combustion properties were observed, such as increased length of combustion (36 CA°), ignition delay (16 CA°), and heat release rate (55 J/deg) in the cylinder. The enhanced and improved fuel characteristics and combustion characteristics of CeO2 in the added biodiesel diesel blends minimise HC (0.54 g/kWh) and CO (4.6 g/kWh) emissions and smoke (0.61%) while increasing NOx (10.2 g/kWh) emissions from the engine cylinder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation was performed using Diesel RK software, specifically designed to analyse and optimise the performance of diesel engines. Injector design, piston bowl design, stroke length, and fuel properties like cetane rating were used as the input data for the simulation. A simulation study revealed that the lower blend ratio of B20 closely resembled the performance of diesel fuel. At the rated speed of 1500 RPM, the brake torque and brake power decreased by up to 2.5% and 4% for B20 than diesel. The volumetric efficiency and mass flow rate were found to be increased for B20 than diesel by 1% and 2.17%. The trend of BSFC for B20 closely resembled diesel’s outcomes. At full load, the emission characteristics of nitrogen oxides (NOx) for diesel, B20, and B100 were measured as 622.66 ppm, 613.12 ppm, and 627.01 ppm. B20 demonstrated better emission performance. These simulation results were validated with the experimental study. The experiments were carried out with the juliflora biodiesel blended with diesel at various proportions B20, B30, B40, and B100 using the Kirloskar TV1 engine. Both simulation and experimental values were almost similar with lesser error and a standard deviation of 1. Based on these findings, it was finally concluded that B20 was the most suitable blend among the tested mixtures and can serve as a feasible alternative to diesel fuel because of the better performance emissions characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food products, especially those with high value-added, are commonly subjected to strict quality controls, which are of paramount importance, especially for attesting to some peculiar features related, for instance, to their geographical origin and/or the know-how of their producers. However, the sophistication of fraudulent practices requires a continuous update of analytical platforms. Different analytical techniques have become extremely appealing since the instrumental analysis tools evolution has substantially improved the capability to reveal and understand the complexity of food. In light of this, multi-elemental composition has been successful implemented solving a plethora of food authentication and traceability issues. In the last decades, it has existed an ever-increasing trend in analysis based on spectrometry analytical platforms in order to obtain a multi-elemental profile that combined with chemometrics have been noteworthy analytical methodologies able to solve these problems. This review provides an overview of published reports in the last decade (from 2011 to 2021) on food authentication and quality control from their multi-element composition in order to evaluate the state-of-the-art of this field and to identify the main characteristics of applied analytical techniques and chemometric data treatments that have permit achieve accurate discrimination/classification models, highlighting the strengths and the weaknesses of these methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nuclear fuel cycle, 30 vol % tributyl phosphate/kerosene is always used as the major actinide extractant. However, there is a risk of fire accident during the usage of the solvent solution. It is necessary to investigate solvent fire because of the release of radioactive materials and possible overheating and blocking of ventilation filters. This paper discusses several tests of solvent solution combustion that were carried out to analyze the safety of solvent fire. Parameters such as gas emission of solvent burning, mass loss rate, and production of aerosol were obtained and analyzed. The experimental data obtained in this paper can be useful to develop a method of solvent fire assessment and evaluate a solvent fire accident in a nuclear fuel cycle facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) mitigate fossil fuel dependency and reduce emissions; they are considered sustainable alternatives to conventional vehicles. To support EVs' intercity trips, a recent study proposed a charging infrastructure planning framework implemented for the intercity network of Michigan, considering different projected EV market shares for 2030. This study aims to estimate emission savings, including CO2, HC, CO, and NOx, associated with the projected electrification rate and the proposed infrastructure for light-duty vehicles in the earlier study. To this end, a state-of-the-art emission estimation framework is proposed for state-wide intercity trips. The main contributions of the proposed framework include (1) Incorporating a micro emission estimation model (MOVES) for the simulated vehicle trajectories in a large-scaled network considering monthly travel demand, temperature variations, and heterogeneity of vehicles; (2) Contrasting the required investment in charging infrastructure to support EVs intercity trips with the associated emission savings. To this end, the proposed emission estimation framework is benchmarked against a traditional method based on vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Then, different scenarios of EV adoption are explored to assess potential emission savings. The results suggest that the annual CO2 savings (as the most critical emission) due to intercity travel electrification ranges from 0.34 to 1.45 million ton. The societal cost savings justify the investment in network electrification. Note that only 3.8%–8.8% of the EV energy demand must be satisfied by the DC fast charger network proposed by the charging infrastructure planning framework. This requires 22.45–51.60 BWh annual energy consumption for Michigan's EV market share for 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface characteristics are effectively improved using diamond burnishing. This study proposes and optimizes the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube-minimum quantity lubrication-based diamond burnishing (HMDB) operation to decrease the total carbon emission (CBE), air pollution (AP), and the maximum height of profile roughness (MPR). The HMDB factors are the spray distance (DA), spray angle (SA), pressure inlet (PI), and lubricant quantity (LQ). The Entropy method is employed to compute the weights of HMDB responses. The multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) is utilized to determine the best scenario. A novel manufacturing cost (MC) model is developed regarding the HMDB parameters to compute machining expenses. The observed results indicated that the optimum findings of the DA, SA, PI, and LQ were 15 mm, 45 deg., 4 Bar, and 70 ml/h, respectively, while the CBE, AP, MPR, and MC were decreased by 3.8%, 26.5%, 34.3%, and 11.6%. The optimizing technique comprising the Taguchi, Entropy, and MOORA could be named as a prominent solution to solve complicated optimization issues. The optimal data could help the machine operator to improve the HMDB performances for saving trial costs and essential efforts. The proposed hybrid cooling-lubrication system could be widely applied to different machining processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and Ti-doped WO3 nano systems synthesized by the solid state reaction method and annealed at different temperatures, were studied for changes in structural, optical and magnetic properties. X-ray diffraction, Raman, UV–Vis, photoluminescence spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques were employed for structural, optical and magnetic characterization to study the modification of the electronic structure and disorder developed in the samples. Inclusion of Ti ions leads to degradation in the crystallinity of the monoclinic single phase system with an increase in the content of the dopant ions, whereas increased annealing temperature enhances crystallinity. A red shift in the optical band gap indicates the production of defect states. As the annealing temperature is raised, the amount of visible photoluminescence (PL) emissions caused by oxygen vacancies decreases. Magnetic experiments demonstrate the ferromagnetic properties of the prepared samples, which exhibit a decrease with Ti doping and an increase in annealing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the power grid composition is changing as more renewable energy generators and energy storage systems are being integrated. This in turn influences the dynamics of the new grid as frequency instability sets in due to declining system inertia. It is therefore important to properly select renewable energy generators and energy storage units to mitigate frequency instabilities, particularly during times of system contingencies. This study therefore, proposes a new deterministic generation and transmission expansion planning model that enhances the frequency stability of the modern grid. Thus, a mixed integer quadratic constrained programming model is developed to minimize emissions, and cost, while maximizing the overall system inertia. The proposed multi-objective model was validated using three case scenarios and tested on a modified IEEE 9-bus test system. The results obtained from the model simulation reveal that the proposed model (case 3) achieves better frequency stability, higher system inertia, and minimized emissions compared to the models in case 1(only economic objective is considered) and case 2(only economic and environmental objectives are considered), however, at a marginally higher cost which justifies the aim of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road authorities are committed to improving community infrastructure through Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) projects. Yet, these initiatives often disrupt traffic, as seen in the Amman BRT project. A study assessed traffic conditions during various stages to address these disruptions, including simulated BRT operations. The research collected data on traffic volume, travel time, delays, and transit ridership before, during, and after construction and after BRT operations began. As a case study, the study focused on the impact of Amman's first mass transit system at the Yajouz intersection. Traffic volumes decreased by 28% during construction, reducing delays significantly from 118.03 to 91.04 seconds. Although average speeds increased slightly (one km/h, on average), travel time doubled, negatively impacting 84% of businesses due to considering alternative routes for traveller destinations. However, delays significantly reduced after construction to 58 seconds per vehicle despite the higher traffic volume. Traffic simulations during construction underestimated observed delays (53.5 seconds per vehicle vs. 73.7 seconds per vehicle), still indicating a Level of Service (LOS) E. In BRT operation, modelled delays (55.8 seconds per vehicle) were lower than observed (63.8 seconds per vehicle), maintaining same LOS level. BRT minimally impacted ridership, an expected outcome given its trial phase. Environmental assessments revealed emissions peaking during construction, with a 25% modal shift to BRT yielding the lowest emissions. The study stresses sustainable urban mobility, advocating for meticulous planning, adaptable policies, and public awareness, emphasizing the need for detailed pedestrian research in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and Ti-doped WO3 nano systems synthesized by the solid state reaction method and annealed at different temperatures, were studied for changes in structural, optical and magnetic properties. X-ray diffraction, Raman, UV–Vis, photoluminescence spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques were employed for structural, optical and magnetic characterization to study the modification of the electronic structure and disorder developed in the samples. Inclusion of Ti ions leads to degradation in the crystallinity of the monoclinic single phase system with an increase in the content of the dopant ions, whereas increased annealing temperature enhances crystallinity. A red shift in the optical band gap indicates the production of defect states. As the annealing temperature is raised, the amount of visible photoluminescence (PL) emissions caused by oxygen vacancies decreases. Magnetic experiments demonstrate the ferromagnetic properties of the prepared samples, which exhibit a decrease with Ti doping and an increase in annealing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims at to explore the possibility of juliflora biodiesel as alternative fuel in a single cylinder, water cooled constant speed, direct injection diesel engine. The Performance parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) are computed. The emission constituent's namely hydro carbon emission (HC), carbon monoxide emission (CO), smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are evaluated. It is found from the experimental investigation that JF20 shows that slight increase of BSFC, BTE and EGT which is closer to that of diesel fuel. Further, the HC, CO, smoke of JF20 is decreased when compared to that of diesel but the expense of NOx. Hence, JF20 can be selected as optimum blend which can be used in diesel engine without any major modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diesel engine powered with Mesua ferrea Linn oil (20% MLO) and diesel (80%) blend fuel (MLO20) is fortified with diethyl ether (DEE) for possible enhancement of the engine's performance, combustion, and tailpipe emissions. DEE is added to the MLO20 to create three different kinds of ternary blends. This study investigates the combined effects of biodiesel, ether, fuel injection pressure, and engine load on engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics. By considering several parameters at the same time, this investigation offers a fresh perspective that extends beyond the individual parameter analysis used in earlier studies. The first contains 5% DEE and 95% MLO20 by volume (MLO20DEE05), whereas the second has 10% DEE and 90% MLO20 by volume (MLO20DEE10) and the third has 15% DEE denoted as MLO20DEE15. The inclusion of DEE in the MLO-diesel mix improves engine thermal efficiency by 1% to 2.47% while reducing both CO emissions by 7.2% to 12.8% and NOx emissions by 3.7% to 11.9%. This generated a multi-input and multi-output predicament in which it was critical to determine the appropriate fuel blend to achieve the most efficiency while emitting the fewest exhaust emissions. In the current study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the control components to attain the optimal engine response variables. The analysis of variance was employed for model development while desirability was used for optimization. The 75.36% engine load, 238 bar injection pressure, and 14.2% DEE addition provided the best engine output as 24.95% BTE, 59.16 bar peak pressure, 0.39 kg/kWh, 298.4 ppm NOx, 42.48 ppm UHC, and 0.051% CO emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To resolve power reduction and engine knock, we investigate the influence of adding ethanol to the natural gas (NG)-air mixture on the combustion and emissions of NG-diesel dual-fuel (NDDF) engines by numerical analysis. The baseline engine is a 4-cylinder diesel engine. NG and ethanol fuels are injected into the intake port, while diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. The simulation is performed using GT-Power software, and the results are validated using experimental data. The engine speeds are set at 1000, 1800, and 2800 rpm. The engine loads are set at 50% and 75%. The diesel injection ratios are 10% and 20%. The ethanol substitution rate (ESR) varies from 0% to 60% with an interval of 10%. The results indicate that combustion and emissions are improved with the increase in ESR. First, the engine knock is reduced since the maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) decreases. Second, the power performance and economy performance of the NDDF engine is improved because the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) increase. In addition, although the emissions of the NG-ethanol-diesel ternary-fuel engine are higher than that of NDDF engines, some emissions, such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, are lower than that of pure diesel engines. This suggests that the addition of ethanol can improve the power and economic performance of NDDF engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental research is performed to determine the performance, combustion and emission qualities of a variable compression engine at constant speed using copper oxide nanoparticles as being fuel-borne additives in diesel–biodiesel blend. In this research, the effects of adding CuO2 nanoparticles to neochloris oleoabundans methyl ester-diesel blended (B20) fuel on compression-ignition engine had been experimentally investigated. The B20 with 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm dosage of CuO2 nanoparticles were examined at various engine loads and constant engine speed. The fuel blends were labeled as B20, B20 + 25 ppm, B20 + 50 ppm, B20 + 75 ppm, and B20 + 100 ppm. Moreover, without any engine alterations, the performance, combustion, and emission properties of those fuel blend samples were investigated through the experimentally measured standards such as viscosity, density, cloud point, calorific value, and pour point while the engine performance were examined through the factors such as EGT, BSFC, BTE, exhaust emission of HC, CO, NOx, and smoke opacity. The experimental outcomes show that the use of biodiesel blend along with CuO2 nano particles in diesel-fueled engine revealed better combustion, good improvement in performance characteristic and also decreased in exhaust emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are exploring for new alternatives to fossil fuels to improve the performance and reduce the pollution of internal combustion engines. This is because fossil fuels are becoming more expensive and pollution levels are going up. The purpose of this research was to find a way to replace standard diesel with blended fuels. This was done by putting mixtures of diesel, biodiesel, methanol, and nitromethane (CH3NO2) into an engine and looking at how they burned, how well they worked, and how much pollution they made. The fuels that were tested were diesel, B10 (90% D and 10% biodiesel), B10NM1 (diesel 87%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 1%), B10NM2 (diesel 86%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 2%), and B10NM3 (diesel 85%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 3%). Experiments were done on a single-cylinder, four-stroke DI diesel engine using blends of diesel, biodiesel, and nitro methane to find the ideal blending ratio and engine operating conditions for enhancing performance and minimizing emissions. Under normal engine conditions, the B10NM3 blend (made up of 85% diesel, 10% biodiesel, 2% methanol, and 3% nitro methane) gave the highest performance and the least amount of pollution. Compared to pure B10, the B10NM1 mix decreased emissions (HC by 8.1% and CO by 13.6%) while raising BTE by 15.6%, NOx by 7.2%, and cylinder pressure by 2.2%. On the other hand, NOx emissions went up by 7.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplementary requests for nonrenewable-based fossil fuel and a massive increase in atmospheric air quality, due to the excess dependency on nonrenewable fuel especially diesel, offered a view to find energy production from a renewable resource for the unaltered compression-ignition engine. The present work intends to evaluate the engine characteristics, namely, emission and performance of a Jojoba oil biodiesel (JB100) fueled diesel engine with Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) as an antioxidant at distinct mass fractions (50, 75, and 1000 ppm). The experimentation was conducted in a single cylinder, water-cooled, direct injection compression ignition (DICI) diesel engine with 1500 rpm at constant speed. The experimental work on the compression-ignition engine revealed that the blending of BHA to JB100 leads to improved engine efficiency through diminished fuel utilization. The findings exhibited that the addition of BHA leads to an upgraded production of emission levels from the engine (especially hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke). BHA addition to JB100 has a substantial effect on decreasing NOx emission. JB100+ BHA1000 showed lower NOx compared to all other prepared fuel samples. Based on experimentation, JB100 was observed as a noticeable substitute for conventional fuel and BHA presence helps to improve the performance and emission parameters. JB100+ BHA1000 sample was deliberated advantageous compared to JB100+ BHA750 and JB100+ BHA500 based on its engine characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high prospective of rice bran oil, it can be used as a resource for biodiesel production. This study aims to produce high-quality rice bran biodiesel through enzymatic transesterification using lipase enzyme. The fuel properties are tested with standard protocols. Three explicit blends B20, B40, and B40 on v/v basis are prepared for the test purpose. With the CI engine test, the performance characteristics brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption are arrived and compared with pure diesel. The emissions of CO, NOx, and HC are also analyzed. Test outcomes uncovered that the blend with lower biodiesel content performed well in the engine with brought down CO, HC and NOx outflows. In any case, with the higher biodiesel concentrations, there was a significant increment in the emission range. By and large, b20 and b40 blend brought about improved performance with limited emissions and can be used in an unmodified diesel engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are exploring for new alternatives to fossil fuels to improve the performance and reduce the pollution of internal combustion engines. This is because fossil fuels are becoming more expensive and pollution levels are going up. The purpose of this research was to find a way to replace standard diesel with blended fuels. This was done by putting mixtures of diesel, biodiesel, methanol, and nitromethane (CH3NO2) into an engine and looking at how they burned, how well they worked, and how much pollution they made. The fuels that were tested were diesel, B10 (90% D and 10% biodiesel), B10NM1 (diesel 87%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 1%), B10NM2 (diesel 86%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 2%), and B10NM3 (diesel 85%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 3%). Experiments were done on a single-cylinder, four-stroke DI diesel engine using blends of diesel, biodiesel, and nitro methane to find the ideal blending ratio and engine operating conditions for enhancing performance and minimizing emissions. Under normal engine conditions, the B10NM3 blend (made up of 85% diesel, 10% biodiesel, 2% methanol, and 3% nitro methane) gave the highest performance and the least amount of pollution. Compared to pure B10, the B10NM1 mix decreased emissions (HC by 8.1% and CO by 13.6%) while raising BTE by 15.6%, NOx by 7.2%, and cylinder pressure by 2.2%. On the other hand, NOx emissions went up by 7.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the feasibility of diesel engines with high butanol substitution rate (BSR), the performance and emissions of diesel–butanol dual fuel engines are studied numerically. It i based on a four-cylinder diesel engine, which is modified into a diesel–butanol dual fuel engine with port-injected butanol fuel and direct-injected diesel fuel. The simulation is performed using GT-Power software, and simulation results are validated with the experimental data. The engine speeds are set at 1600, 2300, and 3600 rpm, respectively. The engine load is set at 25%, 50%, and 75% engine load, respectively. The BSR varies from 0% to 80% with an interval of 10%. The results show that, with the increase of BSR, the peak cylinder pressure (PCP), and the maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) decrease, while the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) increase under various working conditions. Among them, the MPRR increases by 9%–12%, while the ITE increases by 6%–7%. In terms of emissions, the nitrogen oxide (NOX) decreases obviously (decrease by 32%–54%), while the carbon monoxide (CO) and the hydrocarbons (HC) decrease slightly (CO: decrease by 4%–10%, HC decrease by 3%–4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, n-butanol-diesel blends were tested on a small size agriculture-based compression ignition (CI) engine. Taguchi analysis was carried out to identify the optimum blending ratio and engine operating parameters. Experiments were conducted with n-butanol/diesel blends (10–20% by volume) by varying compression ratio (CR) (17.5–19.5), injection timing (21–25 CA btdc) and injection pressure (200–220 bar). The 20% n-butanol/diesel blend (BU20) showed better results of performance and emissions at increased CR under similar operating conditions. When engine was fueled with BU20, reduction in Smoke, NOx (Nitrogen-oxides) and CO (Carbon-monoxide) were observed to be 49.03%, 13.68% and 5.88%, respectively, in comparison to diesel. However, HC (Hydrocarbons) were found to be higher by 11.76% for BU20 as compared to diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, unheated and preheated rice bran methyl ester (RBME) is investigated for performance, combustion, and exhaust parameters against diesel on CI engine. Investigation of performance parameters revealed that break power variation is independent of the type of the fuel used while maximum break thermal efficiency, at full load, is achieved with diesel (28.24%) followed by preheated RBME (26.11%) and unheated RBME (24.92%). At full load, maximum exhaust gas temperature was observed for preheated RBME (335.87°C) while least was observed for unheated RBME (320.43°C). Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of preheated RBME (0.3487kg/kWh); at full load, improved in comparison to unheated RBME (0.3652 kg/kWh) while BSFC for diesel (0.3034 kg/kWh) was recorded minimum. Combustion analysis shows that maximum cylinder pressure occurs for diesel (70.5 bar) while cylinder pressure for preheated RBME (66.75 bar) is improved in comparison to unheated RBME (65.17 bar). Furthermore, heat release rate for preheated RBME (66.86 J/deg.) is better in comparison to unheated RBME (58.35J/deg.); however, both are significantly lower compared to diesel (81.42J/deg.). In emission analysis, highest NOx emissions were recorded for preheated RBME while the highest emissions of CO2, HC, and CO were observed for unheated RBME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reported study was undertaken to determine which soil health indicators showed measurable signs of improvement, during the first year of the process of introducing a Conservation Agriculture (CA) cropping system in rainfed areas in Madhya Pradesh, India. Soil health indicators of soil aggregate stability, soil-atmosphere CO2 fluxes, water infiltration, soil moisture, potentially mineralisable nitrogen, soil organic content and bulk density were measured. Results demonstrate that generally, there were improvements in all measured soil health indicators in CA soils, with decrease in CO2 emissions and increase in soil aggregates being statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major problem that is confronting mankind is the rapid depletion of fossil resources creating an energy demand along with their environmental impact. Therefore, finding an alternate energy source is the primary goal to attain sustainable development. Biodiesel is a promising alternate energy source for compression ignition engines. But it has some drawbacks like lower thermal efficiency, higher emission of smoke, NOx, CO and HC. Adding fuel additives with biodiesel–diesel blends is a fruitful method to overcome these problems. In this work, acetone is used as an oxygenated fuel additive in the volumetric proportion of 5%, 10%, and 15% with biodiesel–diesel blend and named as B20A5, B20A10 and B20A15. The performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled vertical diesel engine has been evaluated. The experimental results revealed that B20A15 has resulted in a nominal increase in brake specific fuel consumption by 8%, brake thermal efficiency of 1%, and reduction in CO by 18.4%, smoke opacity by 4.46%, HC by 1.42%, and NOx by 4.36% when compared to diesel at full load condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide ion (Ln3+) doped Y2O3 materials are used in making display devices. Ln3+ ions can occupy C2 and S6 sites in Y2O3. In many reported papers, Ln3+ ions occupy more C2 site leading to enhanced luminescence intensity of electric dipole transition as compared to that of magnetic dipole transition. In this study, we have prepared Eu3+ ion doped Y2O3 particles dispersed in silica (SiO2) using urea hydrolysis at 165°C. Among the prepared samples lower heated sample show cubic phase Y2O3 wherease 1400oC show α-Y2Si2O7 and all the samples show the luminescence characteristics of Eu3+. In Y2O3:Eu-SiO2, the as-prepared, 500 and 900°C heated samples show the higher luminescence intensity for the electric dipole transition than that of magnetic dipole transition and it is opposite upon annealed at 1400°C. It confirms that Eu3+ ions in as-prepared, 500 and 900°C heated samples occupy C2 site (asymmetric environment), whereas in 1400°C heated sample, they occupy the S6 site (symmetric environment). However, microparticles of the Y2O3:Eu sample annealed at 1400°C show that Eu3+ ions occupy more C2 site as compared to the S6 site. This study suggests that occupancy of C2 and S6 sites in Y2O3 by Eu3+ ions can be varied by surrounding medium as well as heat-treatment temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reduce 1% of the annual emissions in the city of Izmir. In line with this target, this study worked on the integration of a liquid solvent-based DACS system within Izmir. Primarily, the emissions within the city boundaries were calculated based on the calculation method of each sector. For the mentioned target, each component's energy requirement of the KOH solvent-based DACS system was calculated in detail. According to these calculations, the system's total energy requirement, economic, and area calculations were obtained. As a result, the total emission amount was calculated as 11,809,362 tCO2. Total needed energy, area, and cost for DACS system resulted to be 1,169 kJ kg−1, 12,527 m2, and $136.6 million, respectively. In addition to numerical results, DACS is the most logical solution apart from increasing environmental awareness for creating a better, stronger, and environmentally friendly city for the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower alcohols have long been the figureheads of diesel/biodiesel additives in characterizing renewable fuels. Next-generation alcohol like n-octanol occupied the reified position due to their better fuel properties. In this paper, combustion, performance and, emission of different graphene-oxide nanoparticles (nanoGO) added jatropha biodiesel, n-octanol and petrodiesel blends are investigated in a 4-stroke DI diesel engine. This article also aims to optimize the engine inputs accountable for better performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine running with nanoGO dispersed biodiesel/diesel/higher alcohol blends. Full Factorial Design-based Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is utilized to model the experiments using Design-Expert software to optimize engine responses. Validation of the developed model is carried out using sophisticated error and performance metrics, namely, TheilU2, Kling-Gupta Efficiency (K-G Eff), and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (N-S Eff) along with the conventional statistical database. The model optimized engine inputs of 3.898% n-Octanol, and 49.772 ppm nanoGO at 99.2% load with a desirability index of 0.997 as the optimum engine parameters. The experimental validation revealed that the model optimized blend at full load witnessed a reduction of 15.6% CO, 21.78% HC.u, and 3.26% NOx emission compared to petrodiesel. However, a slight increase in brake specific energy consumption (2.95%) is also recorded because of the lower heating value of the blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A few decades ago, hydroelectric projects were considered a clean source of energy. The present study aims to assess the biomass and soil carbon (C) stock in the hydroelectric catchment in India and further, its implications to mitigate GHG emissions. The estimation depicts the low 'C' stock in the reservoir's catchment in comparison to reservoirs located globally in the same eco-region which will ultimately result in lower GHG emission in the future. Moreover, estimated total carbon density of the forest species was found as 54.92 ± 18.07 MgC.ha−1 while mean SOC was 79.64 ± 19.32 MgC.ha−1. The average total 'C' stock of Tehri hydroelectric reservoir's catchment was estimated as 134.56 MgC.ha−1. Moreover, ratios (total flooded carbon/installed capacity) comprised between 4 and304 kgC/W from the other reservoirs reported globally. These ratios are higher than the Tehri reservoir (0.28 kgC/W) as flooded area of Tehri reservoir during impoundment was 52 km2. Thus, Tehri reservoir was found to emit less GHG in time to come. The present study helps the hydropower industries, policymakers, and environmentalists in designing the catchment area treatment plan to minimize the negative impact of GHG on climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profit-based unit commitment is a maximisation problem, which consists of the revenue minus costs subject to related constraints. However, with increasing concerns for the global warming, environmental limitations must also be observed. The objective of this study is to develop a novel heuristic optimisation algorithm for solving profit-based unit commitment, considering selling reserve, satisfying demand, and environmental emissions. Without emission limitations, the results show profits between 0.02% and 17.60% for profit-based unit commitment, as compared with other algorithms reported in the literature. As far as emission limitations are considered, the profits of 1.65–118.71% and emission cost reduction of 2.16–7.79% are achieved, as compared with those found in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's society, waste plastic recycling has gained a lot of traction. The utility of energy has increased as a result of the significant increase in population expansion. Traditional fuels, such as petroleum and its byproducts, are finite resources that are insufficient to address fuel scarcity. In this scenario, an endless, low-cost, and readily available alternative fuel is required. The most acceptable solution is to extract fuel oil from waste plastics. Modification of waste plastics to productive fuel oil in a pyrolysis reactor is out through in this experimental investigation. The physio-chemical properties of plastic oil obtained in a pyrolysis reactor are compared to ASTM standards at the matching interval. The viscosity has increased, and carbon residue can be seen. At the pyrolysis reactor, diesel (80%) with waste plastic oil (20%) and diesel (60%) with waste plastic oil (40%) are combined in a volume ratio of 80% to 20%. Combustion analysis is performed in the diesel engine's ignition chamber. The results indicated that employing waste plastics oil-diesel fuels in a diesel engine moderated thermal efficiency by 2.2% when associated to using pure diesel fuel at CR17.5. Furthermore, the peak rate of pressure rise, peak cylinder pressure, and smoke emission were all dime stored by 0.72%, 8.1%, and 1.5%, respectively. In analogy with diesel, waste plastic oil has slightly higher values. Even so there is additionally specific fuel consumption. The physic-chemical properties of waste plastic oil have superior influence on combustion besides performance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortage-inflation of fossil fuels and aggravation of pollution intensity have initiated the search for innovative biofuel blends. Binary and Ternary fuels are studied for a long time. The use of biodiesel/vegetable oil up to 5–20% can replace fossil fuel with little modification in engine. However, to replace fossil fuel dependence up to 30–40% with little or no modification in engines is a challenge to researcher. This can be approached to evaluate a novel biofuel mix pattern called optimum Quaternary Blend by the experimental investigation. The main objective of the present research is to replace conventional Diesel with biofuels 30–40% with innovative fuel mix and lesser NOx-soot emission. In view of this, experimentally investigated combustion, emission, and performance behavior of single cylinder Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine fueled by quaternary blends combination of diesel (60–70 vol %), vegetable oil (Cotton Seed Oil – 5 vol% fixed), biodiesel (Mahua Biodiesel 5–25 vol %), and bio-alcohol (n-butanol 10–25 vol %). Further, to compare engine characteristics with D100% and D50B50%. Engine performance measures like brake thermal efficiency, specific energy consumption, emissions, and combustion characteristics such as rate of pressure rise (RPRR), combustion duration, CA50, CA90, mean gas temperature, combustion-chamber pressure, and net heat release rate are studied. It is noted that Diesel 60%, cotton seed oil 5% with mahua biodiesel 15–20%, and n-butanol 20–15% showed superior quaternary blend among all fuels. This optimum quaternary blend QB3-QB4 showed relatively higher brake thermal efficiency 8% more at lower specific energy consumption 10 MJ/kg about 29% less compared to other blends. Also, controlled combustion with rate of pressure rise 8.6 bar/deg CA about 14% less compared to other fuels. The NOx 10% less and smoke 2% less reported by optimum quaternary blends QB3 compared to other blends. However, CO emissions are noted least with marginal penalty in HC emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the year 2020 has become a curse for mankind and their livelihood, and India has not been exempted from it. India currently (August 2020) is among the top five countries in terms of the number of cases and is being reported on a daily basis. This also stems due to India having the world's second-largest population. The country is being largely run by the informal sector, which has brought the economic sector to a standstill. Essential service sectors such as pharmaceutical, food industry, and logistics are up and running. However, these barely contribute to the country's economy but have replenished the environment. This manuscript analyzes the environmental effects of enforced lockdown in India on air quality, water quality, and noise levels. In comparison to 2019, levels, air quality, and water quality show positive trends with a reduction in the concentration of major pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and carbon monoxide (CO). Parts of the India have witnessed up to 44% reduction in the Air Quality Index. Dissolved oxygen (DO) has increased and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) has decreased in most of the rivers in the country, enhancing the water quality. The noise levels in different parts of the country have declined during this lockdown period. However, the stockpiling of COVID-19 related biomedical waste and lack of proper handling has raised concerns over the spread of the disease. Thus, the study shows that the nature itself is capable enough to reduce the environmental pollution within a span of months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative fuels offer various advantages over traditional fossil fuels, including the fact that they are recyclable, sustainable, Contribute to energy independence, and reduce emissions. Renewable fuels such as Compressed natural gas and biodiesel were used in this study. Natural gas is an appealing and appealing fuel because of its vast availability, low Cost, and Clean-burning qualities. The use of biodiesel, namely mustard oil biodiesel, aids in making it Cleaner and more Cost-effective. The present study aims to reduce tailpipe emissions from diesel engines using dual-fuel Combustion, which employs a Combination of fossil and renewable fuels. An experimental analysis was Carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and tailpipe emissions of a twin-cylinder diesel engine fueled by pilot Mustard oil biodiesel (MOB) and CNG, with variations in the rate of CNG flow and time of pilot injection. According to the findings, advanced pilot injection timing (PIT) at 24°CA bTDC (degree Crank angle before top dead Center) and using a lower rate of CNG flow (0.2 kg/h) resulted in the highest brake thermal efficiency (31.21%), while brake specific fuel Consumption decreased by nearly 10% at this setting. Increasing pilot fuel injection to 24°CA bTDC and maintaining a modest rate of CNG flow at 0.2 kg/h in a dual-fuel model decreased NOx emissions by 26% when Compared to diesel alone mode, but resulted in a minor rise in CO emissions. The Current study may aid in the Conversion of a significant number of small to mid-segment diesel engines used in irrigation and the industrial sector in the Indian subcontinent. The study helps in minimizing NOx emissions while also lowering import fossil fuel Costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using 25% of rubber seed oil methyl ester-diesel blend (RSME25) with different proportions of Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (10%, 20%, and 30%) inducted through fumigation technique. Fumigation is a method of injecting liquid fuel (DMC) in a vaporized form into the intake manifold and the biodiesel blend is injected into the engine cylinder directly through the fuel injector in a diesel engine. The experiment was conducted in a diesel engine, fueled with 25% rubber seed oil methyl ester blends with diesel (RSME25) and different proportions of Dimethyl carbonate (10%, 20%, and 30%) fumigation with the help of a vaporizer and an injector. The results indicated that RSME25 with fumigation of DMC showed an overall ignition delay of 3°CA was increased for all the percentage of fumigation as compared with diesel and RSME25 without fumigation at full load. Also, the RSME25 with 30% of fumigated DMC gave improved performance and reduction in exhaust gas emissions than other proportions. The nitric oxide (NO) emission and smoke opacity were found to be lowered by 28% and 36%, respectively, for RSME25 with 30% DMC fumigation, when compared to diesel at full load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blending gasoline in diesel may decrease the viscosity and decrease the distillation temperature and thus improve the spray and air-fuel mixture quality. Diesel (D100), 80% diesel and 20% gasoline by vol. (D80G20), and 60% diesel and 40% gasoline by vol. (D60G40) were experimentally investigated. The ignition delay prolongs, the combustion duration shortens and the peak combustion temperature increase with gasoline. The number concentrations (NCs) of ultrafine particles (UFPs) decrease and the NOx emissions increase with gasoline. The NCs of UFPs increase and the NOx emissions decrease with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The NCs of UFPs and the NOX emissions of D60G40 can be simultaneously reduced with 20% EGR compared to D100 without EGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power system optimization, especially in the field of operation, has experienced essential changes in recent years regarding the introduction of the concept of the hybrid energy system (HES). As a result, the optimal power flow (OPF) problem, as the cornerstone of power system operation studies, has faced new challenges regarding the modeling of these complicated systems. In this article, the OPF in a HES is proposed using the hybrid particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (HPSO-GA) approach considering the fuel cost as the main objective and the emission cost as the primary objective function. As the mentioned objectives are counterintuitive, to obtain the optimal point, they should be considered simultaneously. To overcome this problem, the Pareto optimal front (POF) is applied and the multi-criteria technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is used simultaneously. The results of the simulation case study on an improved IEEE 14-bus standard system confirmed the performance of the proposed method against the mathematical method by applying MATLAB optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]