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Degradation efficiency of 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP) containing both chlorine and bromine substituents in Co/PMS process was investigated in the light of a wide range of substrate, oxidant, catalyst concentrations and pH value. The effects of chloride ion (Cl−) on degradation kinetics, total organic carbon (TOC) removal and intermediates formation during BCP depletion in Co/PMS system were studied. The kinetics results demonstrated that the dual effect of Cl− on BCP depletion in Co/PMS system due to different mechanisms involved. High concentrations of Cl− (>5 mM) can significantly promote the degradation of BCP, but did inhibit BCP mineralisation to a certain extent which was closely related to Cl− content. High degradation rates but lower mineralisation rates were found in the laboratory experiments, owing to the fact that BCP was mainly transformed to new halogenated intermediates instead of complete mineralisation. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) data verified that a series of chlorinated by-products were formed during BCP decomposition process involving of the participation of Cl−. The proposed degradation pathways of BCP and its derivatives in presence of Cl− were discussed on the basis of intermediate products including the undesirable halogenated by-products recognised by GC-MS. These results might offer some new perspectives on the transformation fates of BCP by utilising Co/PMS regent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical and dielectric properties of steel oxide films can have an impact on the corrosion process but are still poorly understood due to the unavailability of measurement methods. In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was adopted to interpret steel corrosion induced by chloride in a simulated concrete pore solution. Particularly, validation of EIS data by Kramers–Kronig transforms was performed prior to further EIS interpretation. Relative dielectric permittivity of corroded steel/electrolyte interface was derived through theoretical induction and corrosion products were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results indicated that measured EIS data in the present study depicted good causality and stability. Corrosion at the steel/electrolyte interface induced by increasing chloride led to high relative permittivity within the low frequency domain while marginal difference could be observed at the high frequency range. AC conductivity of corrosion products at steel/solution interfaces revealed a notable frequency dependence, based on which three distinct frequency regions were subdivided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was performed on the stress corrosion cracking of F304 stainless steel immersed in boiling magnesium chloride solution. Earlier, the Stress Corrosion Cracking behaviour (SCC) of induced residual stress on F304 stainless steel has not been stated widely in the literature. Researchers have used different techniques to understand SCC behaviours. However, the ASTM G36 method is extensively used for SCC testing under U-bend. In this work, the residual stresses were induced by U-Bend, and then the SCC behaviour of F304 Stainless steel was observed in a chloride environment of boiling MgCl2.6 H2O. The combined effect of residual stress and corrosion environment were applied with the help of the U-bend technique. Further, the upper surface of the U-bend was focused on as an investigation area. XRD Stress Analyser measured the residual stresses. The selected spot of stress analysis was the upper surface, end of U-bend curvature, and lower end. Moreover, the heat treatment process was performed to reduce the effect of machining. The results reveal the SCC susceptibility, the magnitude of residual stresses, and elements composition around the cracked surfaces. Similarly, the study also highlights SCC behaviour under the influence of boiling magnesium chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed an extraction method for the retrieval of Cs+ from chloridecontaining salt brine solutions. We employ the calixarene crown ether known as MAXCalix as the extractant, which exhibits a remarkable selectivity for Cs+ over Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, with separation factors ranging from 100 to 104. The efficiency of the extraction strongly depends on the chloride concentration in the aqueous phase. Notably, when the chloride concentration reaches 4 mol L−1, we achieve a Cs+ distribution ratio of 7.9. Accordingly, the retrieval of Cs+ from the organic phase is achieved when the HCl concentration is maintained at a low level. In multicomponent chloride brine solutions, the distribution ratios for Cs+ are somewhat lower, yet still fall within the range of 4–6. Nevertheless, these ratios remain favorable for separation purposes. Additionally, the distribution ratios of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ offer insights into the coordination chemistry of MAXCalix. Our experimental data indicate a correlation between ionic size and distribution ratio. Cs+ forms the strongest complex, followed by K+ and Na+, while Mg2+ and Ca2+ exhibit minimal extraction, potentially due to interactions with the diluent. These findings may open new approaches for the development of a decontamination strategy tailored to address salts and brine solutions contaminated with Cs-137. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2 diol ester (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE) in processed palm oils is of concern, as these oils are widely used for edible purposes. The mitigation method studied here optimizes the removal of chloride through water washing of crude palm oil (CPO), to limit the formation of 3-MCPDE. The contaminant removal obtained via washing CPO supports the quantitative findings. By utilizing 5% water in the washing step, water-soluble chlorides in CPO are removed by up to 76%, resulting in a 71% reduction of 3-MCPDE to within statutory limits. In this study, a linear correlation was developed between the chloride and the corresponding 3-MCPDE with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99. Using the correlations, 1.0 mg/kg of 3-MCPDE in refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) will be obtained from CPO with 1.2 mg/kg chloride with 7% wash water usage. The study also showed minor GE reduction between 7 and 11% was attained after water washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe toxicity from povidone-iodine is rare, causing metabolic acidosis from the conversion of iodine to sodium iodide and direct tissue destruction. We report a case of fatal iodine toxicity following sclerotherapy. An elderly man presented following ablation of a large renal cyst with 10% povidone-iodine and 100% ethanol. He appeared intoxicated however denied alcohol ingestion. Over hours he developed progressive hypotension despite multiple vasopressor agents. Blood gas analysis demonstrated a metabolic acidosis (pH 7.11, bicarbonate 13 mmol/L) with an apparent hyperchloremia of 124 mmol/L. The ethanol concentration was 55 mmol/L (249 mg/dL). Imaging confirmed large volume residual radio-opaque fluid at the procedure site. The fluid was percutaneously drained and dialysis commenced for iodine toxicity. Iodine concentrations peaked at 8940 µmol/L (reference range 0.32-0.63 µmol/L) 14.5 h post exposure. Point of care chloride concentrations remained elevated (peak 129 mmol/L) following the trend of iodine concentrations, normalising once the iodine concentration was 1559 µmol/L. The patient deteriorated despite maximal therapy and succumbed on day 3. Iodide interferes with point of care testing chloride measurements. Point of care chloride concentrations may have a role as a surrogate marker for iodine but only at very high iodine concentrations (>2000 µmol/L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinization in freshwater ecosystems has become an increasingly prevalent issue. Past studies indicate that increased salinity levels in lakes can impact biota, stimulate internal nutrient loading, and prevent seasonal turnover, potentially resulting in impairment to the lake ecosystem. Salt retention in soils and groundwater causes elevated salt concentrations in fresh water long after road salt was applied. We examined salt retention and release in soils collected near the tributaries flowing into and out of a salt-impacted urban lake. We distributed each soil sample into plastic trays and exposed them to three treatments, conducted in series: (1) non salt-contaminated water as a conditioning rinse; (2) salt-contaminated water to mimic salt de-icer runoff; and (3) non salt-contaminated water to determine salt release. We measured retention of chloride from each soil sample based on how much chloride was measured in water draining the soil (effluent). We observed considerable variability among sites presumably because of soil heterogeneity, although overall the soils in our study area retained a modest amount of chloride (mean of ∼29 mg/L) from simulated salt runoff events, even at short exposure times (<30 min). In addition, some soils released chloride following a relatively salt-free rinsing event. There was an overall positive relationship between percent soil organic matter and Cl- retention. We also measured the impact of chloride on bioavailable phosphorus concentration in the effluent, which was relatively modest and variable. Soil total phosphorus had a strong positive correlation with %SOM. Our results suggest that in addition to direct runoff of salt de-icers from roads to lakes, soil retention can also serve as a chloride source that can be released over time, resulting in a delayed impact to aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perleberg DJ, Anderson JP, Streitz AR. 2023. The recovery of a shallow lake within an agricultural landscape of Minnesota—an interdisciplinary approach to change. Lake Reserv Manage. 39:311–326. This case study of Lake Shaokatan, Minnesota, reveals how long-term climate, hydrology, water chemistry, and macrophyte data can explain and predict shallow lake phase shifts. After decades of agricultural landscape nutrient loadings, lake and watershed management efforts successfully reduced summer mean total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations to levels that met standards set specifically for shallow lakes in the Northern Glaciated Plains ecoregion (0.09 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L, respectively). The lake "flipped" from a turbid, phytoplankton-dominated phase (<20% macrophyte occurrence) to a clear, macrophyte-dominated phase (annual average of 90% occurrence), and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency removed it from the state's impaired waters list. A paired groundwater and lake water quality investigation was critical in understanding how increased precipitation might affect lake water quality, the relationship between groundwater and surface water in this system, and how compounds such as chloride and phosphorus are transported through the watershed. Lakewide macrophyte occurrence has been sustained for at least 7 yr. While abundant macrophyte growth helps maintain a clear water state, it can also create recreational boating issues. Lake managers question how long the lake will remain in the present clear phase as lake users weigh the recreational and aesthetic differences between the 2 phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical review of the reasons behind the initiation of this project to find a more sustainable, cost efficient, and safer form of chloride extraction that would result in stabilisation of archaeological copper and its alloys with tin and zinc. The imperative has become increasingly strident with cutbacks in funding for museum conservation facilities and with the reduction in staff, leaving less time for routine analyses of traditional immersive washing treatments that could take several years to effect. Owing to the faster oxidation and reduction kinetics of copper, compared with tin and zinc ions, the problems of uncontrolled corrosion of copper alloys in a chloride-rich environment have led to unacceptable levels of decay in heritage collection items. This study looked at the chloride extraction rates under subcritical conditions for both primary and secondary chloride-rich mineral species nantokite, clinoatacamite, and atacamite and determined the impact of changing the solution pH from 8 to 10, while also addressing the impact of temperature. The range of temperatures between 130 and 230°C was assessed at 50°C intervals at both levels of acidity of the leaching liquors. For the nantokite treatment, the formation of a cuprite patina which replaced the waxy-grey initial corrosion products was regarded as a bonus. The nature of the patina and changes in surface textures resulting from the treatment are critically reviewed and a series of recommendations for future work are included in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Ni-25Cr (wt.%) alloy coated with the salts and mixtures of these salts with an industrial coal ash was exposed to Ar-60CO2-20 H2O at 650 °C for 300 h. The alloy without any deposit developed a uniform internal oxidation zone (IOZ) and an external metallic nickel layer surmounted by a thin NiO scale. Salt deposits changed the scale constituents and morphology. Predominantly, a duplex scale of NiO over a Cr2O3 layer grew with an underlying IOZ containing large Cr-rich oxide precipitates. Under a deposit of ash plus salts, the basic reaction morphology was the same as in the gas-only case, but the oxide layer was non-uniform. Local voids were formed within the alloy beneath chloride plus ash deposits. Under ash with sulphates, the alloy formed both partially protected areas and non-protective multi-layered scales. Spherical ash particles were enveloped by NiO in both salt-ash deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With regard to concrete materials used in the infrastructure of high-speed railway (HSR), the properties and service life are influenced not only by the fatigue loads caused by the running train but also by the environmental actions including CO2 gas, chloride ions, freeze-thaw cycles and acid rain erosion, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the service life prediction of concrete under the coupling effect of fatigue loads and environmental actions. Previous studies suggested that the deterioration rate of concrete by the coupling effect is accelerated compared with that by single fatigue loads or environmental actions, which lead to shorter service life. More studies are needed to clarify coupling mechanisms especially with respect to the concrete failure caused by fatigue or environmental attack, whichever is first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Europe, design for the durability of new reinforced concrete structures is currently based on a prescriptive approach. The design, execution (construction) and planned maintenance of a concrete structure have to lead to the intended level of safety and serviceability throughout its entire service life. This requires numeric models based on a sound scientific background of mechanistic understanding as the basis for design and management tools and for the further development of standards and regulations. Designers must understand the basic deterioration mechanisms and the potential types and rates of damage development. For example, different types of corrosion cause very different damage developments, some of which reduce structural safety. We propose that the next generation of service life models should either explicitly include the propagation period or implicitly include it by selecting an accepted probability of depassivation that reflects the type of corrosion and its structural implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusion-bonded-epoxy (FBE)-coated steel rebars have been used in many concrete structures in anticipation of better corrosion resistance. However, due to premature corrosion observed, FBE-coated rebars are banned in many parts of the world. On the other hand, such rebars with damaged coating are still used widely in some other parts of the world. This paper discusses the thickness, continuity, flexibility, and chemical composition of coating. Also, the performance indicators such as electrical resistance, UV-resistance, moisture resistance, and chloride diffusion coefficient of coating, and the chloride threshold of FBE-coated rebars are discussed. Laboratory tests adopted techniques (EIS, LA-ICP-MS, and EDX) on samples of coating peeled-off from coated rebars and specimens of coated steel rebars embedded in cement mortar, indicate that more comprehensive and stringent specifications are required to promote the use of quality epoxy materials, FBE-coated steel rebars, and construction practices are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the degradation of coating materials on concrete surfaces exposed to accelerated and natural ultraviolet (UV) rays under a chloride environment for two years. Two types of coating materials, epoxy (EP) and cementitious-based waterproof (CW) were studied. The surface of cement-only concrete was coated by the coating materials. The UV radiation sources for inducing degradation of the coating materials were natural sunlight and accelerated UV in the laboratory. The intensity of the accelerated UV was about 4–5 times higher than that of the sunlight. The wet/dry cycles (1 week per cycle with 3 days wet and 4 days dry) were applied to concrete specimens during the tests. The specimens were exposed to the chloride solution during the wetting period and UV radiation during the drying period. At the end of each specified cycle, visual inspection and measurement of chloride contents in the concrete specimens were conducted. From the experimental results, it was found that UV radiation significantly degraded the coating materials. The degradation of the surface coating materials depended on the intensity of the UV. The chloride penetration resistance of the coated concrete with EP was considerably higher than that coated with CW after 107 cycles of the wet-dry test (two years of exposure). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective is to modify the conventional migration test from the perspective of assessing the transfer parameters of radionuclides, in cementitious materials through their stable isotopes. The French standard procedure designed for assessing chloride ions diffusivities in cementitious materials has been adjusted: (i) the diffusing species concentration has been reduced to eventually observe surface charges effect and (ii) the migration setup is performed without whole-cell solution renewing to get a continuous current and the downstream chloride evolutions. The specificity of this method aims at analyzing the evolution of the current response and the diffusing species concentration in downstream acquired during the whole experiment. This paper shows that the migration test measurements provide relevant results with low chloride concentrations such as 50 mol/m³. The sensibility of the methodology was investigated by carrying out migration tests, on Hydrated Cement Pastes with various W/C ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is much debate on the expression used for the critical chloride threshold as well as on its value for breakdown of the protective layer of steel for reinforced concrete. In fact, this concept suggests that the breakdown is only driven by dissolution of the protective layer. A reactive transport model including dissolution and precipitation of solid species with their kinetics is then used in order to simulate the ingress deleterious substances in a concrete exposed to seawater and the chemical degradation of the oxides and hydroxides present in the protective layers covering a steel rebar. The numerical results confirm that most of the oxides are thermodynamically very stable even after a long period of exposure, especially in the inner layer. This finding suggests that corrosion initiation depends on protective layer thickness and history. These results also provide a sound explanation why a wide scatter of values of critical chloride threshold values is reported in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous variations in the composition of melt inclusions in diamonds from K-rich saline to carbonatitic indicate their possible genetic relationship. This causes interest in the study of chloride-carbonate systems at high pressure. Here we present experimental data on phase relations in the KCl–CaCO3 and KCl–MgCO3 systems at 6 GPa and 1000–1600 °C. The studied systems have the eutectic type of T-X diagrams. Subsolidus phases are represented by aragonite + KCl and magnesite + KCl. The KCl–CaCO3 eutectic is situated at 1200 °C and K2# 20, while the KCl–MgCO3 eutectic is located at 1400 °C and K2# 43, where K2# = 2KCl/(2KCl + CaCO3 + MgCO3)×100 mol%. The concentration of K and Cl in water-soluble chloride, and Ca, Mg, and CO2 in carbonate suggests that K-rich saline fluid entrapped by 'fibrous' diamonds could be a low-temperature derivative of a carbonatite melt containing KCl and H2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of nickel by LIX® 63 hydroxyoxime ('hydroxyoxime') under acidic (10–100 g/L hydrochloric acid) chloride conditions was investigated with the intent of determining the stoichiometry of the resulting complex in solution. Maximum loading and continuous variation tests indicate that nickel is extracted as a cationic salt with chloride counter-ions, the resulting complex exhibiting octahedral coordination with 1:3:2 nickel:hydroxyoxime:chloride stoichiometry. This species is also observed to readily form under mildly acidic (pH 1–4) chloride conditions, with the extent of formation being independent of pH. Nickel extraction kinetics were moderately fast, equilibrium being reached in 10 minutes. The behaviour of this system helps to provide clarity in relation to complex stoichiometry and the role of different ligands in synergistic systems utilising LIX 63 and an organic acid such as Versatic 10, opening up the possibility of nickel extraction from acidic chloride media using LIX 63. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfill leachate has a high chloride (Cl−) content. Because it is highly mobile, and cannot be sorbed or transformed bio-chemically, it is important to have detailed information about how it migrates in landfill sites. In this study, we set up four lab-scale simulated landfills, including an anaerobic landfill (AL), an anaerobic landfill with leachate recirculation (RAL), an anaerobic/semi-anaerobic landfill with leachate recirculation (RASL), and an anaerobic/semi-aerobic landfill (ASL), to explore how, when regulated, moisture and air affected the migration of chlorine. We found that water and air had a strong influence on the release of Cl−. Leachate obviously promoted Cl− dissolution in refuse when recirculated. When air was introduced into landfill, thereby changing it from anaerobic to semi-aerobic, the leachate Cl− concentration increased sharply from around 4–9 g L−1 (RASL) and 18 g L−1 (ASL), respectively. In principle, Cl− is released continuously when leachate is recirculated in landfills (RAL and RASL), but it can also be found a terminal when the leachate recirculation stops (AL and ASL). Cumulative amounts of 64, 66, 27, and 53 g of Cl− were released from the AL, RAL, RASL, and ASL, respectively. Lower COD/Cl and N H 4 + -N/Cl ratios in ASL and RASL after day 175 indicated that lower Cl− pollution risk than that in AL and RAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We wanted to have a more substantiated idea about the extreme values which are possible in patients not dying or being moribund. for nine regular analytes the five most extreme results registered between 2014 and 2018 in our database were searched. Results had to have been confirmed by multiple analyses in different samples. Patients should have lived at least 28 days after the extreme analyte value was observed. Patient diagnoses and symptoms were checked to understand the pathology and apparent consequences of the extreme values. most extreme values (lowest and highest; mmol/L): sodium 100/178, potassium 1.2/9.8, chloride 58/138, total calcium 1.02/4.98, ionized calcium 0.37/2.44, magnesium 0.07/3.31, phosphate <0.1/7.3, pH <6.8/7.81, hemoglobin 1.3/14.9 in non-newborns; not determined/16.4 in newborns. All extreme values deviated 7 s.d. or more from the means. Patients obviously can survive rather deviant analyte values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Muscle cramp is a painful, involuntary muscle contraction, and that occurs during or following exercise is referred to as exercise-associated muscle cramp (EAMC). The causes of EAMC are likely to be multifactorial, but dehydration and electrolytes deficits are considered to be factors. This study tested the hypothesis that post-exercise muscle cramp susceptibility would be increased with spring water ingestion, but reduced with oral rehydration solution (ORS) ingestion during exercise. Methods: Ten men performed downhill running (DHR) in the heat (35–36 °C) for 40–60 min to reduce 1.5–2% of their body mass in two conditions (spring water vs ORS) in a cross-over design. The body mass was measured at 20 min and every 10 min thereafter during DHR, and 30 min post-DHR. The participants ingested either spring water or ORS for the body mass loss in each period. The two conditions were counter-balanced among the participants and separated by a week. Calf muscle cramp susceptibility was assessed by a threshold frequency (TF) of an electrical train stimulation to induce cramp before, immediately after, 30 and 65 min post-DHR. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 65 min after DHR to measure serum sodium, potassium, magnesium and chroride concentrations, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and serum osmolarity. Changes in these varaibles over time were compared between conditions by two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance. Results: The average (±SD) baseline TF (25.6 ± 0.7 Hz) was the same between conditions. TF decreased 3.8 ± 2.7 to 4.5 ± 1.7 Hz from the baseline value immediately to 65 min post-DHR for the spring water condition, but increased 6.5 ± 4.9 to 13.6 ± 6.0 Hz in the same time period for the ORS condition (P < 0.05). Hct and Hb did not change significantly (P > 0.05) for both conditions, but osmolarity decreased (P < 0.05) only for the spring water condition. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations decreased (< 2%) at immediately post-DHR for the spring water condition only (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that ORS intake during exercise decreased muscle cramp susceptibility. It was concluded that ingesting ORS appeared to be effective for preventing EAMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Zn(II) complex with two nicotinamide (nia) ligands, two chloride ions, and two co-crystallized nicotinamide molecules, [ZnCl2(nia)2].2nia, was synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR), conductivity measurements, DFT and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallized in orthorhombic crystal system with pccn space group and cell dimensions: a = 27.1852(2), b = 7.6705(4), c = 12.7502(8) Å and α = β = γ = 90°. Single-crystal structural analysis revealed the presence of a neutral complex having tetrahedral geometry. In this complex, Zn(II) is coordinated to two chloride and two nicotinamide ligands in the coordination sphere and two nicotinamide molecules are co-crystallized. Hydrogen bonding interactions (N-H...O, C-H...O, N-H...N, C-H...Cl) along with π...π bonding interactions (between the coordinated nicotinamide and free nicotinamide moiety) stabilize the crystal lattice. The DFT studies consolidated the experimental findings and provided deeper insight into vibrational spectra, excitation spectra and hydrogen bonding interactions between nicotinamide molecules. The interactions and binding parameters of this complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been probed through absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy which revealed the presence of static quenching mechanism and good binding propensity of the Zn complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automobile production plants have advanced the utilization of stainless steel alloys for the production of exhaust mufflers due to corrosion failures associated with their operating lifespan and conditions of application. Corrosion vulnerability of as received and heat treated (500oC and 1000oC) 439 L ferritic stainless in 3.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte at 0% to 6% NaCl concentration was evaluated with potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic measurement, open circuit potential measurement, and optical microscopy characterization. Potentiodynamic polarization results show heat treatment improved the general corrosion resistance of the steel. Heat treated 439 L steel at 500°C displayed the lowest corrosion rate trailed by the heat treated steel at 1000°C. However, potentiostatic measurement shows that heat treatment decreases the resistance of the steel to localized corrosion deterioration from inspection of the metastable pitting current and passivation potential values. Results from open circuit potential measurement show heat treatment increases the thermodynamic tendency for 439 L steel to corrosion while improving its corrosion resistance. Optical images of the as-receive and heat treated steels show the presence of numerous corrosion pits and corrosion along the grain boundaries. However, the extent of deterioration is significantly higher for the as-received steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency department presentations of sodium nitrate poisoning are increasing in frequency. Point-of-care blood gas analysis is useful for identifying methaemoglobinaemia and other abnormalities in such patients. Topically applied nitrate is known to positively interfere with chloride measurement in both point-of-care instruments and automated analysers of the clinical chemistry laboratory. In this article, the authors describe a case of pseudohyperchloraemia caused by sodium nitrate, which was consumed orally for the purpose of suicide. Consistent with the established pattern of interference, the ABL800 (Radiometer Medical, Brønshøj Copenhagen) blood gas analyser produced spuriously high chloride results, whilst the Alinity (Abbott Diagnostics, Abbot Park, Illinois) automated analyser resulted in chloride measurements comparable to those of inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Both instruments, measure chloride with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The ABL800 (Radiometer) uses a membrane electrode, which is vulnerable to permeation by lipophilic nitrate ions, whereas the Alinity (Abbott) employs a silver chloride redox electrode system that is resistant to precipitation of silver nitrate due to its relatively high solubility. These mechanistic differences likely explain why nitrate interferes with some point-of-care devices but does not appear to affect the results of automated analysers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel embedded in concrete is normally in a passive state against corrosion due to a thin iron oxide layer that forms on the steel surface and remains stable in the high alkaline environment of the concrete. This protective film must be destroyed (depassivation) and this can be mainly done in two ways: by the attack of chlorides on the steel (seawater, de-icing salt, unwashed sea sand, admixtures, etc.) or by carbonation. Corrosion inhibitors may be a good alternative to protection steel against corrosion due to its lower cost and easy application. Many researchers are inclined to use surface applied corrosion inhibitors and prefer to use the Cl–/inhibitor parameter as an indication of chloride inhibitor threshold level. The objective of this study was to fill the gap left by public research in developing methods of corrosion control of reinforcement in concrete by synthetic solutions to emulate concrete environment. Three inhibitors were distinguished as passivation inhibitors in real solution extract and synthetic. In this study, the tests with calcium nitrite (CNI), sodium monoflurophosphate (MFP) and ethanolamine-based inhibitors showed reductions in the overall rates of corrosion after the inhibitive treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet (UVUV) nanosecond laser cutting of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films was evaluated by experimental design and laser ablation principle. Factors such as laser power, cutting speed, and repetition numbers of laser cutting will influence the quality of cutting seam. Narrower width of cutting seam (55.1 ± 4.6 μ m ) and smaller area of heat-affected zone (HAZ) (25.5 ± 2.4 μ m ) were obtained when processing parameters combination chosen as 0.2 W-20 mm/s-5 (laser power, laser cutting speed, repetition numbers of laser cutting). In the meantime, no obvious taper was observed. The feasibility of UV laser precise cutting of PVC film was quantitively demonstrated. Mechanism of laser cutting of PVC film was laser ablation according to Raman analysis and rapid pyrolysis analysis. Gas by-products such as hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and organic compounds with benzene ring structure generated during laser cutting process were potentially toxic. Therefore, corresponding protective measures must be taken during laser processing of PVC film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the water-soluble ion concentrations in the washing solution of leaves of different roadside tree species at three sites in Iran to estimate the ionic composition of the dry deposition of ambient air particulates. All considered water-soluble ion concentrations were significantly higher next to the roads with high traffic density compared to the reference site with low traffic density. The PCA results showed that Ca2+, Mg2+, N O 3 − and S O 4 2 − originated mainly from traffic activities and geological sources, and Na+, Cl−, K+ and F− from sea salts. In addition to sea salt, K+ and F− were also originated from anthropogenic sources i.e. industrial activities, biomass burning and fluorite mining. Moreover, the concentration of the water-soluble ions depended on species and site. C. lawsoniana had significantly higher ion concentrations in its leaf washing solution compared to L. japonicum and P. brutia which indicates C. lawsoniana is the most suitable species for accumulating of atmospheric dry deposition. From our results, it can be concluded that sites with similar traffic density can have different particle loads and water-soluble ion species, and that concentrations in leaf-washing solutions depend on site conditions and species-specific leaf surface characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a systematic study of the extraction of gold(III) in acidic chloride solutions by a number of aliphatic esters with the focus on dibasic esters, it was found that di- or tribasic esters are more effective extractants than monobasic esters. The equilibrium for the extraction of gold(III) by a series of dibasic esters C2H5OCO(CH2)nCOOC2H5 (n = 0 to 8) has been studied. Diethyladipate (n = 4) was found to be the most reactive. The extraction of gold by diethyl adipate increases with increasing proton and with increasing chloride ion concentrations. The latter is due to the effect of chloride ions on the activity coefficient of the proton in concentrated HCl solutions. Gold is extracted more effectively by the use of diluents with a high dielectric constant. Gold is extracted as the tetrachloro-complex ion. Slope analysis has shown that the extracted gold complex contains three molecules of the ester and one hydrated proton. The Donor number obtained by calorimetric measurements increases with increasing number of methylene groups and is constant for greater than 3 methylene groups. The distribution coefficient correlates with the Donor number up to 4 methylene groups with steric effects resulting in a decrease in extraction for the higher chain length esters. It is proposed that gold is extracted as an ion-pair in the organic phase with a hydrated proton solvated by the esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speciation of beryllium chloride solutions has been investigated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ion modes. The majority of observed species were mixed beryllium-chlorido-oxido-hydroxido species, with the degree of hydration of the observed ions depending on the number of chloride ions. The observed species contain between 1 and 6 Be ions. The interactions of BeCl2 with a selection of crown ether ligands and cryptand[2.2.2] were also investigated using ESI MS. These ligands have low affinity for Be2+, instead the observed ions are dominated by species formed from adventitious Na+ or K+ ions. The crown ether 12-crown-4 showed the most complex spectra, as a result of greater interactions with Be2+, as evidenced by observed ions such as [BeX(12-crown-4)]+ (X = Cl or OH). The interactions of crown ethers with beryllium ions (as well as coordinated Cl- or OH- ancillary ligands) were investigated using Density Functional Theory [B3LYP/6-311++G(dp)], where it was shown that the species [BeX(crown ether)]+ (X = Cl or OH) are considerably more stable than [Be(crown ether)]2+ species, with 12-crown-4 forming the most stable complex. The combination of ESI MS and DFT investigations indicates that full encapsulation of the Be2+ by crown ethers is unfavorable, and coordination with an accompanying hydroxide or chloride is preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unconventional natural gas extraction by hydraulic fracturing requires millions of gallons of water and generates flowback water, produced water and recycled fluids of varying chemical composition. Ion chromatography (IC) is a relatively low cost and efficient means to determine the anionic composition, however, the wide range in anionic content of these fluids poses a challenge to analytical methods developed for "natural" waters. We report here that the combination of UV and conductivity detectors increased detection sensitivity (e.g., 10–50 ppb) and expanded the number of anions detectable in a single sample run. Samples from four unconventional shale gas wells, two impoundments, nine conventional oil wells, two freshwater streams and mine drainage samples were analyzed in this study. All produced water samples and impoundment samples had high chloride (17,500–103,000 mg L−1, 93,900 to 134,000 mg L−1, 27,700 and 30,700 mg L−1), bromide (178–996 mg L−1, 183–439 mg L−1, 230 and 260 mg L−1) and conductivity (38,500–160,000 μS/cm3, 95,300 to 183,000 μS/cm3, 61,500 and 103,000 μS/cm3), respectively, relative to mine drainage and freshwater stream samples. Molar ratio analysis using Cl−/Br− to Cl− and SO42−/Cl− to Br− revealed significant differences between the samples, providing a simple means for distinguishing water impacted by different sources of contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquid-liquid extraction of cobalt(II) from an acidic chloride solution by using bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) diluted in kerosene has been modelled by means of a combination of physicochemical and engineering approaches. This model is able to calculate the performance of solvent extraction flowsheets (residual fraction at the outlet of the flowsheet and concentration factor between the feed solution and eluate) as a function of pH, leach solution flowrate, solvent flowrate, and stripping solution flowrate. The influence of these parameters and mixer-settler arrangements on the performance of 11 flowsheets is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents analysis of breakthrough curves collected from monitoring wells located around an impoundment that leaked produced water in fractured bedrock. The analysis demonstrated that fractured bedrock flow could be highly heterogeneous, with produced water impacting some monitoring well, but not others located within the same distance as impacted wells, and within the same general alignment from the leaking impoundment. Breakthrough curves that were collected before and after the impoundment leak event contained information that was used to reconstruct events that led to the leaking of the impoundment. The breakthrough curve analysis methods presented in this work could be used in similar situations where groundwater flow is dominated by unidirectional fracture porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid, and accurate method for the determination of trace level anionic impurities of fluoride and chloride in nuclear grade boron carbide and elemental boron is presented. The method involves ultrasound assisted dispersive solid–liquid extraction (UA-SLE) of fluoride and chloride from sample matrix, followed by determination of the analytes using ion exchange chromatography in suppressed conductivity mode. A Dionex IonPac AS11-HC anion exchange analytical column connected in series with an IonPac AG11-HC guard column has been employed for fluoride and chloride separation with 15 mM NaOH as the eluent. The limit of detection for fluoride and chloride is 1.0 and 2.0 µg g−1, respectively, and the relative standard deviation is 4% for the method. The present analytical method has a higher throughput. The recovery of added anions was in the range of 93–105%. The method was validated using ASTM method of pyrohydrolysis and ion selective electrode analysis. The method developed, eliminated the use of chemical reagents required in the case of regular sample pretreatment procedures. An uncertainty budget is presented for analysis using bottom up approach. Major contributor to the combined uncertainty was found to be the calibration intercept and instrumental response in the case of fluoride and chloride, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant research has been conducted to assess the amount of chlorides that results in corrosion initiation, CT, and propagation of the embedded reinforcing steel in concrete. However, the lack of a standard definition for corrosion initiation and the lack of a standard test and measurement criterion for determining corrosion initiation, all contribute to wide scatter in reported CT values in the literature. In this study, a hierarchical Bayesian approach is used to develop a predictive model for CT based on the reported CT values in the literature. The developed model accounts for the influence of cement type, supplementary cementitious materials, water-to-binder ratio, and the surface condition of the reinforcing steel on CT. The developed model can be used to streamline and standardize the process of selecting CT for service life modeling but to reduce the uncertainty in service-life predictions, it is essential to develop a standard test for determining CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lake Chad Basin (LCB) is an endorheic transboundary catchment highly vulnerable to drought. For effective groundwater management, recharge areas need identification and replenishment quantification. At present, little research exploring unsaturated zone water flow processes and groundwater recharge are available. In this study, 12 vertical soil profiles were analysed for stable water isotopes and chloride concentration to estimate evaporation and groundwater renewal. Most δ18O and δ2H isotope profiles reveal typical arid environment patterns, with maximum enrichment at depths between 2.5 and 20 cm and depletion towards the surface (atmospheric influence) and depth (mixing and diffusion). Average annual dry season evaporation rates in Salamat and Waza Logone range from 5 to 30 mm, in Bahr el Ghazal and Northern Lake Chad from 14 to 23 mm. According to the chloride mass balance (CMB), the average annual recharge rate is estimated between 3 and 163 mm in Salamat and Waza Logone and less than 1 mm in Bahr el Ghazal and Northern Lake Chad. Based on the CMB results, potential recharge sites were identified, while estimated soil evaporation corresponds to plant water use at the initial growing stage, which is an important component in irrigation water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this comprehensive review is to: 1) review the physiology of sweat gland function and mechanisms determining the amount and composition of sweat excreted onto the skin surface; 2) provide an overview of the well-established thermoregulatory functions and adaptive responses of the sweat gland; and 3) discuss the state of evidence for potential non-thermoregulatory roles of sweat in the maintenance and/or perturbation of human health. The role of sweating to eliminate waste products and toxicants seems to be minor compared with other avenues of excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract; as eccrine glands do not adapt to increase excretion rates either via concentrating sweat or increasing overall sweating rate. Studies suggesting a larger role of sweat glands in clearing waste products or toxicants from the body may be an artifact of methodological issues rather than evidence for selective transport. Furthermore, unlike the renal system, it seems that sweat glands do not conserve water loss or concentrate sweat fluid through vasopressin-mediated water reabsorption. Individuals with high NaCl concentrations in sweat (e.g. cystic fibrosis) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating; however, sweat-induced deficiencies appear to be of minimal risk for trace minerals and vitamins. Additional research is needed to elucidate the potential role of eccrine sweating in skin hydration and microbial defense. Finally, the utility of sweat composition as a biomarker for human physiology is currently limited; as more research is needed to determine potential relations between sweat and blood solute concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions for electrodeposition of Fe-Sn alloys from a novel, environmentally friendly, ferrous chloride-based electrolyte were studied. The influence of the pH on the electrolyte stability and deposit stoichiometry was studied and discussed. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), XRD and SEM/EDX were used to characterise the electrodeposited phases. The results from ASVs indicated the possibility to deposit at least two different phases at high overpotentials. Hull cell depositions in an electrolyte with a Sn to Fe ratio 1:1 and a pH value of 2.8 showed regular deposition of Fe-Sn. Fe-rich deposits (54.84 at.-%) were obtained from an electrolyte with Sn to Fe ratio 1:10. The XRD results were compatible with the electrochemical investigations. In all studied samples β-Sn, FeSn2 and Fe5Sn3 were detected. The presence of ferromagnetic Fe5Sn3 was not influenced by the Sn to Fe ions ratio in the electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to reinforced concrete (RC) structures on land, RC shield tunnels in coastal regions deteriorate rapidly after their construction because of the combined effects of multiple mechanical and environmental stressors. In this paper, by considering the coastal hazards associated with chloride and the impacts of hydrostatic pressure, a novel approach is presented to estimate the life-cycle structural performance of a shield tunnel that has undergone deterioration due to chloride-induced steel corrosion. Deterioration processes in segmental linings are investigated via corrosion-accelerated experiments on individual segments, and the combined effects of corrosive agents and loads are emphasized. Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the time-variant failure probability of shield tunnels in a marine environment. In an illustrative example, the effects of structural location, hydrostatic pressure and material properties on the life-cycle reliability of shield tunnels are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In field conditions, soil salinity may be due to an excess of different soluble salts. In order to compare the impact of chloride and sulfate salinities on rice, two contrasted cultivars (IKP: salt-sensitive and Pokkali: salt-resistant) were exposed to iso-strength Na+ nutrient solutions (NaCl 50 mM or Na2SO4 25 mM; EC: 5.31 dS m−1) for 2 weeks under controlled environmental conditions. It was found that NaCl was more toxic than Na2SO4, especially for the salt-sensitive IKP. Sodium and proline accumulation were higher while shoot osmotic potential was lower in NaCl-treated plants than in those exposed to Na2SO4. Chloride-treated plants exhibited a higher shoot malondialdehyde concentration, suggesting a higher level of lipid peroxidation while Na2SO4-treated plants presented a slightly higher total antioxidant activity. Pokkali was more tolerant than IKP to both types of toxicities although it accumulated similar concentration of toxic ions. Pokkali was able to reduce the root osmotic potential and to quickly recycle oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione, which may help the plant to more efficiently control its oxidative status in stress conditions. It is concluded that different salts may have distinct impacts on the plant physiology and that differences may vary according to the considered cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of carbonation and moisture on chloride and ionic transport into concrete are studied. Based on the concrete composition and porosity as well as the physicochemical equilibrium, a comprehensive macroscopic model is proposed for this problem. The model features the chemical activity of ions, the interactions between chloride ions and concrete; and the ion–ion interactions in the solution. The governing equations of moisture and ionic transport into nonsaturated concrete are thoroughly described and solved numerically by the finite difference method in time and in space. Applications of the numerical model are demonstrated by predicting the evolution of the porosity and the service-life of a concrete specimen exposed to an aggressive environment containing chloride, carbon dioxide and moisture. A comparison of the model with a set of experimental data is finally proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a physically and chemically based model including thermodynamic equilibrium, kinetic control and surface complexation is used. Different cases are proposed and simulated with the same set of parameters. The results are compared with experimental data. They show very good agreement between experimental and numerical results. They also show that the parameters are not very sensible to cement composition, concrete mix-design or environmental exposition. Hence, this numerical model seems to be used as a reliable tool to predict the chloride binding capability and external sulphate attack. It is also convenient because of its limited number of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a high-nutrient halophyte suitable for ‎cultivating in semi-arid climates and saline soils. The current study investigated the ‎effect of various water salinities (ECi) (i.e., 0.3, 10, 15, 20, and 25 dS m−1) and different ‎irrigation methods (IMs) on accumulation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), ‎sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) ions in shoot (stem+leaves) of quinoa at the end of vegetation (onset of flowering) and seed at the end of seed-filling. Therefore, 30 pots (five ECi and two IM in three replications) were prepared with similar conditions. Considering that the salinity threshold value (STV) of quinoa varies during growth and is 8, 20 and 15 dSm−1 at each of ‎establishment, flowering, and seed-filling growth stages, the two IMs consisted of considering STV at each growth stage (T) and permanent irrigation by ‎constant levels of ECi(P). Results indicated that by increasing the ECi from 0.3 to 25 dSm−1 the amount of Na, Cl, and Mg in shoot increased 82.2%, 75.8%, and 8.7%, respectively, while Ca decreased 37.2%. In seeds, Na and Cl increased 43.3% and 50%, respectively, while Mg increased 8% and Ca did not change significantly. An increase in ECi ‎significantly changed ion accumulation content, especially at ECi higher than STV, ‎because it is the onset of damage due to salinity stress and particularly in‏ ‏‎shoot compared to seed due to the halophytic properties of quinoa. The T ‎method of irrigation was preferred due to less accumulation of Na and Cl in ‎shoot and seed, and therefore less damage and loss, especially at higher ‎salinities.‎ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of toxic compounds, potentially carcinogenic, during food processing has been considered an important food safety issue. Among them, particular attention has been given to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE), which can be formed during vegetable oil refining, especially palm oil. These substances may pose a health risk to humans due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of washing bleached palm oil (BPO) with different solvents, and evaluate the reduction of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE as well as assess the quality parameters of the final product. For this purpose, we used two types of washing with different solvents. A single washing was carried out in one step and a double washing in two steps using a solvent gradient. Single washing had a limited reduction in the levels of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in an increased level of GE, whereas double washing slightly reduced 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in a significant reduction of GE levels. The reduction achieved in this study was up to 17.1% for 3-MCPDE, 56.4% for 2-MCPDE and 76.9% for GE levels. The reduction of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE might be due to the removal of part of the ethanol-soluble chlorinated precursors from the oil which suggests that highly lipophilic forms of these substances are present in BPO. The substantial reduction on GE levels might be associated with the removal of the precursors present in the oil such as diacylglycerols. Thus, the washing treatment could be used as a supplementary strategy to reduce processing contaminants from palm oil, especially GEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of alkali stress on crop production has gained importance around the world. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is considered a salt-sensitive species, but the effect of alkaline water on avocados has not been sufficiently studied. Plant growth, leaf damage, and chemical analysis were evaluated in response to alkali salt (NaHCO3) and neutral salt (NaCl) stresses on six clonally propagated avocado rootstocks. All plants exhibited exclusion mechanisms by the accumulation of Na+ and Cl− in their root systems, Na+ was concentrated to a greater extent than Cl−. The accumulation of Na+ in the leaves was greater when applied as NaHCO3 compared to the NaCl treatment. Although Cl− toxicity is more commonly observed under usual field conditions, in our experiments when Na+ reached the leaves it caused nearly two times more leaf necrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean [Glycine Max (L.) Merr.] growth and yield are adversely affected by soil salinity. Identification of salinity tolerance genes that improve soybean performance in saline soils is a highly effective way to use and develop soybean genotypes with high salt tolerance. The objective of this study is to identify and confirm quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with salt tolerance using an F2:3 mapping population derived from the cross Ozark (salt-sensitive) × Jake (salt-tolerant). This population was screened in the greenhouse for salt stress using 120 mM NaCl and evaluated for leaf scorch score (LSS), percentage of dead plants (PDP), leaf chlorophyll, and leaf chloride content, and genotyped using a SoySNP 6K chip. A major QTL on chromosome 3 was confirmed, and a minor QTL on chromosome 19 and additional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with salt tolerance were found in this study. These markers, once validated, will be valuable for marker-assisted selection in a soybean breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how changes in heart failure (HF) status induce changes in the index of erythrocyte hydration based on mean red blood cell volume (MCV). Data from 47 HF patients (32% men; 78.2 ± 9.7 years) that experienced worsening and recovery of HF were analysed. Blood tests included measurements of MCV, albumin, serum solutes and b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Among a total of 47 worsening HF events, changes in MCV were positively correlated with changes in body weight (r = 0.31, p = .034), serum sodium (r = 0.417, p = .0036), and chloride (r = 0.457, p = .0012), and negatively correlated with changes in blood urea nitrogen (r= -0.389, p = .0069) and creatinine (r= -0.494, p = .0004). At recovery from worsening of HF by conventional diuretic therapy, change in MCV was positively correlated with the change in body weight (r = 0.457, p = .0012), serum sodium (r = 0.466, p = .001) and chloride (r = 0.484, p = .0006). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated an independent association between the increase in serum chloride and MCV from stability to worsening of HF (odds ratio [OR] 6.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-33.2, p = .039) and the increase or absence of change in serum chloride concentration and preserved MCV after decongestion (OR 11.5, 95% CI 1.53-85.9, p = .017). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the changes in MCV under transition in HF status do not reflect a change that occurs in parallel with changes in HF-related markers, such as body weight and serum BNP level, but is independently associated with a change in the serum chloride concentration. Whether changes in MCV actually reflect the bodily cellular hydration status warrants further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two full-scale beams with dimensions 3000 × 280 × 150 mm were exposed in a chloride chamber for 27 and 36 months. Corrosion of the reinforcement in the beams was accelerated by wetting and drying cycles. Two deep beams were taken from each full-scale beam. Loading tests were carried out on the four deep beams and loading-deflection curves and slip of tensile bars were recorded during the tests. Then, the cross-sectional loss in the tensile bars and diameter loss in the stirrups were examined. The results showed that corrosion distribution was not uniform along the tensile bars. The correlation between cross-sectional loss of steel bar and surface crack width was weak. Serious pitting corrosion on the tensile bars changed the failure mode of deep beams from shear to flexure. The failure mode of corroded deep beams depends not only on span to effective depth ratio and the degree of corrosion of the tensile bars but also on the corrosion degree of the stirrups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lehman JT. 2018. Variable retention times and in-stream nutrient sinks. Lake Reserv Manage. 34:1-6.This note reports an explicit test of theory proposed by the author in a previous paper. A 1-season field campaign was conducted to test the proposition that point sources, nonpoint sources, and sinks can be distinguished from one another along stream segments where both are present. Both a conservative ion, chloride, and a non-conservative ion, nitrate, were measured. Predicted chloride fluxes matched measured fluxes almost perfectly, demonstrating point sources and nonpoint sources but no sinks. Nitrate fluxes proved problematic, however. Point sources, non-point sources, and sinks were evident and the data suggested that a 3-parameter plug flow reactor (PFR) model with variable retention times was superior at time scales of 1 week to the 2-parameter linear model that had been proposed earlier. Applied to historical data at the scale of 1 mo the 2 models were indistinguishable. By using the conservative tracer it was possible to verify the completeness of the water balance, which was essential for distinguishing between the 2 models at short time scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anion channels perform a diverse range of functions and have been implicated in ATP release, volume regulation, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Platelets have been shown to express several anion channels but their function is incompletely understood. Due to a paucity of specific pharmacological blockers, we investigated the effect of extracellular chloride substitution on platelet activation using aggregometry and flow cytometry. In the absence of extracellular chloride, we observed a modest reduction of the maximum aggregation response to thrombin or collagen-related peptide. However, the rate of aggregation was substantially reduced in a manner that was dependent on the extracellular chloride concentration and aggregation in the absence of chloride was noticeably biphasic, indicative of impaired secondary signaling. This was further investigated by targeting secondary agonists with aspirin and apyrase or by blockade of the ADP receptor P2Y12. Under these conditions, the rates of aggregation were comparable to those recorded in the absence of extracellular chloride. Finally, we assessed platelet granule release by flow cytometry and report a chloride-dependent element of alpha, but not dense, granule secretion. Taken together these data support a role for anion channels in the efficient induction of platelet activation, likely via enhancement of secondary signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]