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This study aimed to synthesize and characterize chitosan-coated noisomal doxorubicin for the purpose of enhancing its medical application, particularly in the field of cancer treatment. Doxorubicin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, was encapsulated within noisomes, which are lipid-based nanocarriers known for their ability to efficiently deliver drugs to target sites. Chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide, was used to coat the surface of the noisomes to improve their stability and enhance drug release properties. The synthesized chitosan-coated noisomal doxorubicin was subjected to various characterization techniques to evaluate its physicochemical properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a spherical structure with a diameter of 500–550 ± 5.45 nm and zeta potential of +11 ± 0.13 mV with no aggregation or agglomeration. Chitosan-coated noisomes can loaded doxorubicin with entrapping efficacy 75.19 ± 1.45%. While scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed well-defined pores within a fibrous surface. It is observed that chitosan-coated niosomes loading doxorubicin have optimum roughness (22.88 ± 0.71 nm). UV spectroscopy was employed to assess the drug encapsulation efficiency and release profile. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) helped determine the thermal behavior, which indicated a broad endotherm peak at 52.4 °C, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis provided information about the crystallinity of the formulation with an intense peak at 23.79°. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the formation of new bonds between the drug and the polymer. The findings from this study will contribute to the knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the synthesized formulation, which is crucial for ensuring its stability, drug release kinetics, and biological activity. The enhanced chitosan-coated noisomal doxorubicin has the potential to improve the effectiveness and safety of doxorubicin in cancer treatment, offering a promising strategy for enhanced medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular hydrogen ($\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 ) is a renewable energy carrier, however, its practical applications are limited due to the challenges of developing safe and efficient $\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 storage devices. Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) containing at least two different metal ions in their structures are called as mixed-metal MOFs (MM-MOFs) and they could adsorb $\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 in higher amounts compared to structures containing single metal nodes. We theoretically examined the $\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 storage capacities of 26 MM-MOFs having various physical and chemical properties applying Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations. $\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 adsorption isotherms were calculated using a five-site anisotropic $\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 model. QIXSOG, YOMVIG, OSOYUR, Cu-Mg-BTC, Fe-Mg-BTC, and Cr-Mg-BTC were selected as top-performing MM-MOFs maximising $\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 adsorption gravimetrically and volumetrically at near-ambient conditions (233 K and 100 bar), approaching the DOE targets. YOMVIG has the largest $\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 adsorption enthalpy, calculated as $-9.93\, \hbox {kJ/mol}$ − 9.93 kJ/mol at 233 K and 100 bar. DFT simulations have been conducted to analyse preferable $\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 adsorption sites as well as identify guest-host interactions. Electron density difference analysis showed that adsorbed $\hbox {H}_{2}$ H 2 molecules in the OSOYUR, Cr-Mg-BTC, Cu-Mg-BTC, and Fe-Mg-BTC are polarised. Our study challenges existing literature by identifying promising MM-MOFs as potential next-generation hydrogen storage adsorbents at near-ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMolecular descriptors are essential tools that bridge the gap between chemical structures and their properties. Among these, the Randić index (R), geometric-arithmetic index (GA), and arithmetic-geometric index (AG) are well-established. However, the relationships between these descriptors, particularly the gaps GA−R and AG−R, have not been extensively explored. This study investigates the impact of these descriptor gaps on chemical graph theory. Our findings reveal that the differences GA−R and AG−R provide unique insights into the structure-property modeling of molecules, particularly outperforming AG, GA, R, and other known descriptors for alkanes. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are organic molecules composed of multiple fused aromatic rings. PACs are of significant environmental concern due to their persistence and potential toxicity, including carcinogenic properties. The effectiveness of GA−R and AG−R is observed to be strong in structure-property modeling for some polycyclic aromatic compounds. Additionally, GA−R and AG−R are recognized as important descriptors for various pharmaceutical compounds employed in treating malignant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) is a mixture of octadecenoic acid with multiple positional and geometric isomers (including four 9, 11, 13-C18:3 isomers and three 8, 10, 12-C18:3 isomers) that is mainly present in plant seeds. In recent years, CLnA has shown many promising health benefits with the deepening of research, but the metabolic characteristics, physiological function differences and mechanisms of different isomers are relatively complex. In this article, the metabolic characteristics of CLnA were firstly reviewed, with focus on its conversion, catabolism and anabolism. Then the possible mechanisms of CLnA exerting biological effects were summarized and analyzed from its own chemical and physical characteristics, as well as biological receptor targeting characteristics. In addition, the differences and mechanisms of different isomers of CLnA in anticancer, lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory physiological functions were compared and summarized. The current results show that the position and cis-trans conformation of conjugated structure endow CLnA with unique physical and chemical properties, which also makes different isomers have commonalities and particularities in the regulation of metabolism and physiological functions. Corresponding the metabolic characteristics of different isomers with precise nutrition strategy will help them to play a better role in disease prevention and treatment. CLnA has the potential to be developed into food functional components and dietary nutritional supplements. The advantages and mechanisms of different CLnA isomers in the clinical management of specific diseases need further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3,5-diethyl-2,6-di(2-bromophenyl)piperidin-4-one picrates (3,5-DEBPP) compound was synthesised and characterised by spectral techniques. The title molecule adopt a normal chair conformation with all of its substituents, such as the bromophenyl group at positions C-2 and C-6 and the ethyl group at locations C-3 and C-5, orientated equatorially, according to the measured chemical shifts and coupling constants. The DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis set was used to optimise the molecular structure. The non-linear optical behaviour of the material was assessed by computing the first order hyperpolarisability. Using NBO analysis, it was determined whether the molecule's stability as a result of hyper conjugative interactions and charge delocalisation was satisfactory. The HOMO and LUMO values were used to compute the physico-chemical parameters. The electrophilic and nucleophilic attack of the current molecule is visible on the MEP surface. The Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Vibreo cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton rubrum were among the bacterial strains that the 3,5-DEBPP was tested against. Docking investigations were thoroughly conducted to establish knowledge regarding the interactions between protein and this new chemical theoretically. Structure-based topological indices enable prediction of chemical properties and the bioactivities of this compound through quantitative structure–activity and structure–property relationships methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of okra's importance to food security in developing countries, its production is limited by low soil nutrient and health status. A screenhouse study examined soil chemical properties, okra growth and yield under complementary application of biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizer in an Ultisol. The treatments comprised 5 kg soil each amended with 5 t biochar ha−1, 5 t poultry manure compost (SPM) ha−1, urea at 56 kg N ha−1, urea (28 kg N ha−1) + 5 t biochar ha−1, 5 t ha−1 (2:1, PM: biochar) (SPMB), urea (28 kg N ha−1) + 5 t ha−1 (2:1, PM: biochar) (SPMBF2). The treatments, replicated thrice, were arranged in a completely randomized design. There were two sets of plants terminated at 50% flowering (dry matter yield (DMY) and nutrient uptake) and at 10 wk post-planting for growth and yield determination. Results revealed that soil chemical properties, okra growth and yield increased responsively to the organic amendments. The SPM, followed by SPMB and SPMBF, enhanced soil pH (0.18–0.19 unit), total N (79–100%), organic carbon (75–100%), available P (55–58%) and exchangeable cations over the control and others (p < 0.05). These treatments also increased the plant's agronomic parameters: plant height (10–19%), number of leaves, leave area (21–31%), stem girth (33–51%), DMY (59–67%), and tissue Ca, Mg and K. The SPMBF2 – treated soil had the highest fruit yield (45 g pot−1). Conclusively, sole and complementary applications of biochar and compost improved soil chemical properties, and okra growth and yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the effect of ozone gas on the mortality of Acanthoscelides obtectus adults on stored common bean seeds was assessed. Ozone was evaluated at concentrations of 500, 1000 and 1500 ppmv and three exposure times. Changes in the cuticle of adults were examined under scanning electron microscope, and the chemical composition of common bean seeds treated with ozone was determined. Mortality of A. obtectus adults was improved with increase of ozone concentration and exposure time. A full mortality of A. obtectus adults was achieved 4 days post treatment by all tested concentrations at exposure time 3 h. Examination with scanning electron microscope of A. obtectus adults showed scratches of the elytra surface in different areas of the body cuticle. Moreover, sensilla were absent in some points leaving spaces between parts on the dorsal surface. Furthermore, the chemical composition analysis of treated seeds showed a slight decrease in protein, fat and carbohydrate, moisture, and a slight increase in fat, fiber and ash contents compared with untreated seeds. Our findings suggest ozone can effectively protect common bean seeds against A. obtectus beetle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch noodle, originally produced from mung bean starch, is now patronized in many parts of the world. Although cassava is one of the most abundant sources of starch in Nigeria, previous works determining its applicability for noodle production are scarce in literature. This study therefore determined the chemical properties of starches from selected white and yellow cassava for dry starch noodle production. Descriptive attributes and sensory acceptability of the starch noodle produced were also determined using commercial starch noodle as reference sample. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS (version 21). Chemical properties of cassava starches varied significantly (p <.05). Using clustering and discriminant function analyses, two product clusters were identified with their distinct physical and sensory properties. This study showed that the most acceptable cassava starch noodles were obtained from TMS 01/1206 followed by TMS 01/1368, the least acceptable noodle was obtained from TME 419. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na-ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising replacement for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for low-cost and large-scale energy storage systems in the forthcoming years after additional in-depth examination and investigation. A significant part of the development of innovative anode materials and their in-depth understanding has come through simulations. Ab initio simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been proven to be a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective way to design new anode materials for SIBs. As a result of the identification of graphene, researchers and scientists were influenced to create new two-dimensional (2D) materials. On account of their distinctive physical and chemical properties, the broad expanse of surface, innovative electronic features, and charging ability of 2D materials attract much attention. Many of these characteristics are significant prerequisites for using anodes in batteries. Herein, based on recent research progress, we have reviewed the structures and electrochemical properties of 2D materials as anode for Na-ion batteries from a theoretical perspective. The effective methodologies for high-performance anode materials are provided based on the substantial literature and theoretical studies. Added to that, we have also explored the various techniques such as heterostructure, doping, defect- and strain-engineering of 2D materials for the improvement of the performance of these materials as anodes for SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin K is one of the many health-promoting substances whose impact on the human body has been underestimated until recently. However, recently published research results have changed this situation, prompting some researchers to consider it a new panacea for diseases of old age. The result is a significant increase in interest in the accurate analysis of vitamin K in various types of samples, ranging from food, through dietary supplements, to biological matrices and clinical trials, both observational and interventional. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the proven and speculated biological activity of vitamin K and its importance for the world's aging societies, including the methods used for its isolation and analysis in various matrices types. Of all the analytical methods, the currently preferred methods of choice for the direct analysis of vitamin K are chromatographic methods, in particular liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This technique, despite its sensitivity and selectivity, requires an appropriate stage of sample preparation. As there is still room for improvement in the efficiency of these methods, especially at the sample preparation stage, this review shows the directions that need to be taken to make these methods faster, more efficient and more environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of 1.75 MeV N5+ ion beam irradiation of varying ion fluences, ranging from 1 × 1012 to 3 × 1014 ions/cm2, on high-density polyethylene have been done to investigate the structural, optical and chemical properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. XRD patterns show no significant change in crystallinity in irradiated polymer samples. The lattice plane and crystallite size of the irradiated polymer have not changed noticeably. More than 50% decrease in optical band gap were found for higher ion fluences of 3 × 1014 ions/cm2. UV–visible spectra show a red shift in absorption maxima due to the formation of extended conjugation. FTIR peaks 3646, 1707 and 2170 cm−1 in irradiated polymer were observed. The reaction mechanism chemistry of radiation-induced product formations, including chain scission, molecular crosslinking and hydroxyl, carbonyl and alkyne functional groups have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphalt aging is a natural process that causes changes in the properties of asphalt, particularly in asphalt adhesion. Previous studies show that the effect of aging on asphalt adhesion performance is not uniform and depends on the asphalt source and aging conditions. To investigate the effects of different SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) ratios and structural changes on the adhesive properties of asphalt after aging, this study employs molecular dynamics simulation to calculate asphalt properties such as density, viscosity, and work of adhesion. The above properties were computed for 12 categories of asphalt molecules, individual SARA components, and asphalt models characterised by diverse SARA ratios, followed by a correlation analysis. The study reveals that asphalt aging increases density, viscosity, and adhesion to silica. The increase in polar functional groups, namely ketone and sulfoxide, is responsible for the enhanced adhesion of asphalt to silica due to the resulting increase in electrostatic potential energy. Different SARA ratios lead to different asphalt properties, with the RA/SA index ((asphaltene%+resin%)/(saturate% + aromatic%)) showing a better correlation with the properties. Positive correlations were observed among density, viscosity, and work of adhesion. This study advances our understanding of chemical and structural effects on aged asphalt properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymes are challenging to formulate due to their inherent instability, particularly in solution. This study aims to use the design of experiment (DOE) approach to develop spray-dried encapsulated trypsin nano-powder (TrySP) with maximum activity and stability using a Büchi B-90 nano spray dryer. A 53 full factorial design with 26 randomly ordered experiments was created to study the impact of process variables on the quality attributes of TrySP. The additive concentration (%), mesh cap size (μm), inlet temperature (Tinlet) (°C), trypsin concentration (%), and additive type (Mannitol or trehalose) were selected as the independent variables. The dependent parameters were yield value, particle size, residual enzyme activity, and moisture content. Further, comparative physicochemical and kinetic characterization of TrySP was performed. TrySP had diverse qualities (yield value 60.2–96.8%, residual activity >90–50%, particle size 314–1030 nm, and moisture content 0.7–2.2%). Optimized TrySP exhibited 89% yield value and 95% residual activity in the presence of 8% (w/w) mannitol. Kcat of TypSP increased from 22.5/s to 25.6/s with improved operational and storage stabilities. The half-life (t1/2) of TrySP showed 6 folds increase. Furthermore, TrySP activation energy increased from 45,918 J/mol to 94,491 J/mol. The sustainable model presented in this study enables the development of a thermostable, encapsulated trypsin nano-powder with physical and chemical properties that are optimized for various biotechnological industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop PSU membranes by adding different concentrations (zero, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt.%) of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) during synthesis to evaluate the influence of GNP on membrane permeability, retention capacity, mechanical and chemical resistance, structure, and membrane chemistry. All produced membranes had a hydrophilic character, which reduced with the increase in GNP content (72.4° to 84.4°) and a decrease in thickness (200.8 µm to 109.3 µm). Adding GNP did not affect the membranes' mechanical properties and chemical resistance. GNP addition increased the compaction time (from 5.35 h to 35.62 h) and reduced membrane permeability (from 6.78 L∙m−2∙h−1∙bar−1 to 0.10 L∙m−2∙h−1∙bar−1) of pure water. The obtained membranes were classified as ultrafiltration membranes, with an egg albumin retention rate (45 kDa) above 80 %. A greater retention of egg albumin was observed with the highest amount of GNP (1.5 wt.%). Adding GNP stabilized the polymeric matrix (PSU) properties, including increased chemical and mechanical resistance, interaction between the polymer and the nanofiller, and hydrophobic characteristics with a smaller thickness. This study contributed to Brazilian research in membrane synthesis, promoting the investigation of outstanding materials in the field of nanotechnology, in particular, the use of GNP as an additive in the preparation of mixed matrix membranes for water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dopamine modified peanut husks (PH/DA), a novel adsorbent, were investigated to enhance the adsorption capacity of dyes (neutral red, NR and crystal violet, CV) and fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ofloxacin, OFLX and enoxacin, ENO). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method were used to characterize PH and PH/DA. The findings demonstrated that the physical and chemical properties of the peanut husks were changed after dopamine-modification. As for adsorption kinetics, NR adsorption properties were satisfactorily explained by the Elovich model, whereas CV adsorption processes suited to the pseudo-second order model. Both OFLX and ENO followed the pseudo-first order model. Isotherm data showed that CV and ENO conform to the Temkin model while NR and OFLX fitted better to the Langmuir model. The qmax of NR, CV, OFLX and ENO by PH/DA were 52.37, 45.92, 46.57 and 58.40 mg/g at 290 K, respectively, according to Langmuir model. The adsorbent maintained an adsorption efficiency of above 70% even after three adsorption-desorption cycles. These findings proved that PH/DA's successful development offers important insights into the production of sorbents for water treatment based on biomass. The adsorption of dyes and antibiotics on dopamine-modified peanut husk was investigated. The adsorbent was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, BET and TG-DSC. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics models were fitted with the experimental data. Mechanism for the adsorption of dyes and antibiotics were elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a laboratory evaluation of the volatility and organic compositions of ultrafine particles (UFPs) generated from unused jet engine lubrication oil. The particle generation method was based on the evaporation of jet engine lubrication oil droplets in a heated quartz tube followed by the nucleation of oil vapors by cooling. Our experiments were not aimed at strictly simulating the particle formation processes in jet engines but exploring the possibility of generating UFPs having chemical properties similar to those of UFPs observed in the real atmosphere. The particle volatility was estimated by measuring the particle number concentrations upstream and downstream of a heated stainless-steel evaporation tube. The organic compositions of the UFPs were measured by thermal desorption – gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of size-segregated aerosol samples collected on quartz fiber filters. The volatility and compositions of the UFPs varied significantly with the particle generation (quartz tube) temperature (TPG). We show that the evaporation of the jet engine lubrication oil droplets at TPG = 250 °C and subsequent nucleation by rapid cooling could form UFPs having volatility similar to that of the particles observed at Narita International Airport and composed of nearly intact forms of jet engine lubrication oil. Our results suggest that it is possible to generate UFPs that can consistently explain the chemical properties of the UFPs observed in the real atmosphere by the evaporation and nucleation of jet engine lubrication oil droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerene molecules have been intensively studied over the past few decades due to their unique chemical and physical properties, which have great potential in a wide range of applications. In this article, the formation and aging of C60 colloids in the xylene/ethanol system is considered. The peculiarities of these processes are studied by the methods of refractometry, optical absorption, Raman spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). It has been experimentally established that the formation of colloidal particles in a C60/xylene/ethanol mixture depends on the volume content of the components and the storage time of the solution. The time required to achieve stability of self-organization of solute molecules in a C60/xylene/ethanol mixture is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications and regenerative strategies have been used to improve the clinical practice of repairing large bone defects associated with surgical resections, congenital malformations, and trauma. The scaffolds are designed to stimulate a biological response, including cell interactions, and guide tissue regeneration by functioning as artificial biomimetic extracellular matrixes. Polymeric biomaterials are suitable for bone tissue engineering since they possess both chemical and physical properties, enabling the control of shape, morphology, and biodegradability, which makes them suitable for bone regeneration and tissue engineering applications. In vivo animal models were studied for collagen, chitosan, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), the four most common polymers employed in bone tissue engineering. Through analysis of the results of this review, the in vivo studies can provide a large-scale evaluation of the possibility of achieving optimal bone-forming capabilities and regenerative capabilities. Furthermore, the review will serve as an essential reference for bone tissue engineering applications as well as contribute to the development of novel in vivo investigations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peat is an unrenewable resource. Compost can partially replace peat in the growing seedling substrates due to its high electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density (BD), and pH. This study aimed to assess the potential of substituting peat for seedling substrate with compost made from a mixture of agricultural and agro-industrial wastes. Four compost piles (C1–C4) were constructed as follows: C1: a 1:1:1.5 weight ratio mixture of filter mud, mushroom waste, and date-palm fronds, while C2–C4: a 0.5:1 weight ratio mixture of either bagasse, cutting grassland, or date-palm fronds and cattle dung. After four months of decomposition, the compost's physical, chemical, and biological properties were estimated in comparison to commercial compost (CC), peatmoss (PM), and their ideal ranges (IR) for seed germination and seedling growth. Composts differed significantly in their physical and chemical properties. Some composts revealed property values within the IR. In comparison to PM, Composts have a lower C/N ratio and organic matter, along with higher BD, EC, and pH. Cattle manure enhanced organic matter and carbon, total nitrogen and potassium, and ammonium levels, and reduced ash levels in C2–C4 compared to filter mud in C1. In winter 2018 and 2019, C1–C4 substrates were compared with CC and PM substrates to determine their suitability for producing crisp lettuce 'Big Bell' seedlings under plastic-house conditions. Substrates had significant effects on lettuce seedling traits. Shoots of C2–C4 substrate seedlings grew more rapidly than those of other substrate seedlings due to the increased length and diameter of their stem and leaf area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of dicofol's behavior in soil is crucial for more precise pest control and minimal environmental effect. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess how the physicochemical characteristics of 10 selected soils effects the sorption and degradation of dicofol behavior. The behavior of dicofol, including its adsorption and desorption properties as well as its rates of hydrolysis and photolysis degradation, was thoroughly examined via definitive studies. Standard batch equilibration mode for sorption revealed that it was dependent on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Exothermic and spontaneous adsorption processes, which were characterized by a negative Gibbs free energy value, were convincingly proven by thermodynamic study. The current investigation's ΔG estimations varied from −18.6 kjmol−1 for soil-6 to −24.25 kjmol−1 for soil-9. The soil-7 with a notable organic matter content (1.81%) showed the maximum adsorption, and subsequently producing a C-type isotherm that was analyzed using a linear and Freundlich model. An analytical process using UV-VIS spectrophotometry to determine the fate of dicofol in soil matrices. Hydrolysis and photolysis studies yielded minimum half-lives of 13.4 and 1.32 days, respectively. It has been demonstrated that dicofol molecules interact strongly with soils, principally via physio-sorption mechanisms. In contrast to its strong soil affinity and permanence, dicofol exhibits a counterintuitive behavior that makes it vulnerable to sunlight-induced deterioration. Future studies will concentrate on enhancing these pathways to assist sustainable pesticide management strategies and creative pollution mitigation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin-coated thin films of lactoperoxidase enzyme (LPO) were used on conjunction with the bio-composite (chitosan–gelatin), glutaraldehyde and cysteine as first-layers to characterize the interactions on the sensing characteristics. The prospect of tuning these three under-layers is to investigate the change of active vapor binding sites of LPO film after inter-layer interactions. Initially, spin-coated thin film properties of three under-layers and LPO are investigated by reporting deposited mass and layer thickness using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) frequency change. LPO spin-coated films with different under-layers are exposed to formic acid, acetic acid, chloroform, acetone and ethyl acetate vapors. The response characteristics of LPO films are investigated via QCM using time dependence frequency recording. LPO films are sensitive to those five vapors and the chemical and the physical properties of the analytes affect the sensitivity and the response rate. The results showed that the structural changes in the thin film affect the number of active binding sites of sensitive layer and thus the sensor response can be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A linear model for predicting the ignition delay time of hypergolic ignition is presented based on thermal diffusion theory. The heat released by the hypergolic reaction is assumed to diffuse through a given length scale while being governed by a heat source in the form of an Arrhenius equation. A linearized approach is used to reach analytical expressions for the ignition delay times, defined when the temperature change at the reactants interface drastically increases, diverges, or tends toward infinity. Ignition delay times for three different geometries, cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical, are derived and compared. The results show that, for spherical coordinates, the ignition depends on a critical condition, which is based on material and chemical properties and geometry. A prediction of the ignition condition for all cases where one of the reactants is a droplet/particle is given. The ignition process is analyzed based on non-dimensional parameters in order to understand the behavior of the temperature change during ignition. The results obtained are consistent with results presented in the literature. In addition, a prediction for ignition delay times is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spontaneous combustion and gas explosion induced by crushed small coal pillars and the residual coal of adjacent goaf will cause a large amount of coal loss and casualties of workers. Moreover, it also seriously pollutes the environment and aggravates the greenhouse effect. To effectively block small coal pillars and fracture zones of adjacent old workings is the key to prevent gas and coal spontaneous combustion in small coal pillars. However, the commonly used blocking materials at present are easy to shrink and chap after air drying, and they have no chemical inhibitory property. Thus, these materials cannot realize the coordinated prevention of gas and coal spontaneous combustion. In this paper, a low-cost and eco-friendly Synergistic Inhibiting and Sealing Material (SISM)with strong inhibitory properties is proposed. The optimal ratio of the material was determined by experiments. The inhibitory properties of the material are analyzed by testing and comparing the generation rate of free radical and CO generation rate. The experimental results showed that the optimal molar ratio of main antioxidant and auxiliary antioxidant was 5:2, and the optimal mass ratio of synergistic antioxidant and high water material was 1:8. Secondly, SISM can prevent or delay the production of new free radicals during coal spontaneous combustion, significantly reduce the concentration of free radicals in coal and finally delay the process of coal spontaneous combustion. Thirdly, both physical and chemical inhibitory properties are taken into account when preparing SISM. Hence, it can maintain both high inhibitory properties in the whole temperature range and the inhibition effect on coal-oxygen compound reaction, which is significantly better than MgCl2 and yellow mud (YM) with only physical inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pigeon pea has high nutritional value and for diversifying utilization of sustainable legume crop i.e pigeon pea, for making alternative products with high nutritional value is an utmost to provide nutrient-rich food to the proving population. The present work focused on a comparative assessment of three pigeon pea varieties namely PAU 881, AL 882, and AL 201. The whole pigeon pea was assessed for test weight, coefficient of internal/external friction, angle of repose, and the pigeon pea flour was assessed for moisture, crude fat, crude protein, ash, crude fiber, carbohydrates, mineral content, fatty acid profile, foaming capacity, emulsification activity, pasting properties, and thermal properties. Further, batter was prepared using pigeon pea flour and water in the ratio of 1:1.6 (w/v) and analyzed rheological behavior of standard frying coating batter. The results revealed that the pigeon pea varieties had significant differences in proximate composition and functional properties. The pasting properties of AL 201 pigeon pea variety were significantly lower than the other pigeon pea varieties. In particular, the PAU 881 pigeon pea variety exhibited a better nutritional quality including macro and micro minerals. Moreover, the rheological parameters of PAU 881 were found better than the other two, indicating its potential for the preparation of frying coating batter like chickpea flour. Since chickpeas are widely used as a coating batter in a variety of products, underutilized pulses like pigeon pea are being investigated to see what potential they may have. This study will pave the future way of research and provide holistic view of approach to develop technology and engineering mechanization for various food products development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOvotransferrin(OVT)is a protein found in many types of egg white and has a wide range of functional properties. It has 50% homology with human/bovine lactoferrin, and is expected to be one of the most important alternative proteins for use in food and nutritional applications. This paper mainly reviews the structural characteristics and chemical properties of OVT, as well as its extraction and purification methods. It also systematically describes the various biological activities of OVT and its applications in food and medical industries. The challenges and limitations in the research of OVT were suggested. This review recommends some possible methods such as nanoparticle carriers and microencapsulation to improve the bioavailability and stability of OVT. In addition, this review highlights several strategies to overcome the limitations of OVT in terms of preparation and purification. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in OVT and will provide guidance for the its development for food and nutritional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dots (CDs), as a fascinating carbon nanomaterial, have important applications in various fields due to their unique properties. The physical and chemical properties of CDs can be fine-tuned using heteroatom doping and surface functionalisation. Here, we synthesised N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) by reacting Citric acid, which serve as the carbon core, with twenty amino acids under microwave irradiation. The fluorescence quenching of each amino acid doped CDs by Hg(II) ions was experimentally measured. Then the effect of the molecular features and chemical properties of amino acids on the fluorescence quenching of N-CDs by Hg(II) ions was investigated by using the quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) method. Applying different machine learning techniques including correlation-based and ReliefF algorithm feature selection approaches to choose relevant descriptors, multi-linear regression, and support vector machine to construct QSPR model, some reliable and predictive models were developed. Based on the variables used throughout the final QSPR models, hydrophobic interactions, in addition to hydrogen bonding interactions, can be considered a major factor governing the photoluminescence behaviour of different N-CDs quenched by Hg(II) ions. N-CDs derived from amino acids bearing larger hydrophobic surfaces show greater fluorescence quenching, indicating that a greater capacity to interact with Hg(II) metal ions resulting in further fluorescence quenching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSoil acidity has negative effects on both plants and soil. Furthermore, liming is the most common and effective management practice used to neutralize the acid produced in the soil and the problems associated with soil acidification. The study evaluated whether liming impacts wheat growth, yield, nutritional status basis exchangeable, and their related soil acidity indices. A greenhouse experiment was performed under a completely randomized arrangement, with four lime application rates equivalent to (0, 4.0, 8.0, and 12.0 Mg ha−1). The results showed that all yield components significantly increased with increasing lime addition rate. The grain yield, shoot and root dry weight, and plant and spike height improved quadratically (R2 = 0.909, 0.950, 0.976, 0.902, and 0.891, respectively). Additionally, the lime rate influenced P and Mg concentrations in the shoot, and the concentrations of Cu and Zn. With increasing lime rate, the soil exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations increased quadratically (R2 = 0.969 and 0.984), while the soil exchangeable K and Al concentrations decreased significantly. The pH of the soil solution increased linearly (R2 = 0.994) with the lime addition rate. Liming significantly reduced the exchangeable Al3+ and Al + H in the soil. Finally, liming improves wheat yield in acid soil by reducing the negative effects of Al and H by increasing soil pH, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentration, consequently improving root growth and resulting in wheat yield. Liming increased the grain yield by 188.7, 198.2, and 322.8% following the increase of lime rate, if compared to the control. Furthermore, lime enhances plant resilience by raising pH and improving soil nutrient availability and the root system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectroscopy has developed significantly since its discovery and has become an important analytical vibrational technique for investigating the sample's chemical and structural properties. Today, great emphasis is placed on detecting low-concentrated samples of small volumes, which is a problematic task considering the weak intensity of the Raman signal. To improve the sensitivity significantly, resonance Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy were employed. However, they face certain limitations and cannot generally be applied to any molecule. Here, we focus on drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) spectroscopy that offers a general solution. DCDR lies in a droplet deposition of a liquid sample on an ideally solvophobic substrate where the subsequent drying process results in a preconcentrated deposit. After focusing on the preconcentrated dried parts in the deposit under the Raman micro-spectrometer, this offers high-quality classical Raman spectra even from a low-concentrated sample. Besides the overview of the method, its potential and the applications to biomolecules, biologically significant molecules and contaminants will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have high strength and stable chemical properties, offering the potential to enhance the mechanical performance of cementitious grouting materials and finding wide applications in the field. This paper reviews the recent research on the application of CNTs in cementitious grouting materials. It introduces the basic structure of CNTs and commonly used dispersion methods in cementitious grouting materials, analyzing and summarizing hydration and microstructure, mechanical properties, and early shrinkage performance of carbon nanotubes-cementitious grouting materials, highlighting current research challenges. Additionally, the future research on CNTs in cementitious grouting materials is also envisioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological data suggest that regular intake of soy isoflavones may reduce the incidence of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders. Equol is a metabolite of soy isoflavone (SI) produced by specific gut microbiota and has many beneficial effects on human health due to its higher biological activity compared to SI. However, only 1/3 to 1/2 of humans are able to produce equol in the body, which means that not many people can fully benefit from SI. This review summarizes the recent advances in equol research, focusing on the chemical properties, physiological functions, conversion mechanisms in vitro and vivo, and metabolic regulatory pathways affecting S-equol production. Advanced experimental designs and possible techniques in future research plan are also fully discussed. Furthermore, this review provides a fundamental basis for researchers in the field to understand individual differences in S-equol production, the efficiency of metabolic conversion of S-equol, and fermentation production of S-equol in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, nanoparticles have found great interest among scientists and researchers working in various fields within the realm of biomedicine including drug delivery, gene delivery, diagnostics, targeted therapy and biomarker mapping. While their physical and chemical properties are impressive, there is growing concern about the toxicological potential of nanoparticles and possible adverse health effects as enhanced exposure of biological systems to nanoparticles may result in toxic effects leading to serious contraindications. Toxicity associated with nanoparticles (nanotoxicity) may include the undesired response of several physiological mechanisms including the distressing of cells by external and internal interaction with nanoparticles. However, comprehensive knowledge of nanotoxicity mechanisms and mitigation strategies may be useful to overcome the hazardous situation while treating diseases with therapeutic nanoparticles. With the same objectives, this review discusses various mechanisms of nanotoxicity and provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the impact of nanotoxicity on biological control systems and organs including liver, brain, kidneys and lungs. An attempt also been made to present various approaches of scientific research and strategies that could be useful to overcome the effect of nanotoxicity during the development of nanoparticle-based systems including coating, doping, grafting, ligation and addition of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of graphical invariants have been described and tested, offering lots of applications in the fields of nanochemistry, computational networks, and different scientific research areas. One commonly studied group of invariants is the topological index, which allows research on the chemical, biological, and physical properties of a chemical structure. Topological indices are numerical quantities that can be used to describe the properties of the molecular graph. In this article, we draw from the analytically closed formulas of molecular structures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by calculating temperature-based topological indices. Our results in this paper may be useful to better understand many physical and chemical properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of the potential application of digestate as an agricultural fertiliser obtained from anaerobically digested microalgae treated by three pretreatment methods, namely alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP), high temperature and pressure (HTP), and hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) on some properties of soil, and wheat growth and yield were investigated. For this purpose, pretreated and anaerobically digested microalgae digestates alone or together with diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a chemical fertiliser were applied to soil for wheat growth. The highest dosage of AHP pretreated digestate combined with a half dose of DAP applied to soil was rich in nutrients as 0.25%N and 7.19 mg kg−1 compared to all groups. The properties of the soils were enhanced by applying the highest dosage (0.06 g kg−1) of microalgae digestate combined with a half dose of DAP. 0.02 g kg−1 dosage of HC pretreated digestate combined with a half dose of DAP also greatly improved nitrogen use efficiency indices by up to 104%. The soils' enzyme activities increased in wheat growth experiments by applying either raw or pretreated microalgae digestates. The soils' β-glycosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease enzyme activities increased to 1.38 mg pNP g−1 soil, 4.91 mg pNP g−1 soil, and 2.27 mg NH4-N 100 g−1 soil respectively by the application of highest dosage of HC pretreated digestate. The digestates did not have a toxic effect on wheat growth, it was determined that applied pretreatment processes did not cause significant changes in wheat plant height or wet and dry weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHere, a green methodology for synthesis of powerful catalyst of zeolite X-palladium nanoparticles (Z-X-Pd NPs) is reported. The physicochemical properties of the samples were carried out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer Emmett Teller and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy mapping images techniques with a clear interpretation of each analysis. From the XRD’s calculation, it can demonstrate the improvement of the crystallinity index (92.99%) and D (22.55%) values of Z-X-Pd NPs sample, compared with zeolite X (Z-X) sample. Z-X-Pd NPs not only did not have impure phases, but also a characteristic grooved-like of structures were disclosed with a good distribution of Pd NPs on the Z-X surface, confirmed by other analysis outputs. Afterward, the Suzuki-Miyaura (S-M) reaction was precisely studied by applying the desired conditions. Under the optimized conditions acid derivatives were efficiently reacted with aryl halides with their various conjugates, resulting in good yields of about 99% (particularly in aryl fluorides). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, PMs are rare/noble chemical elements used in various industrial areas such as jewelry, oil, gas, petrochemical, electronic, ceramic, glass, pharmaceutical and medical industries so that the recovery of PIMs has become very important due to its low availability in nature and high price. Conventional methods can be shown as the use of microorganisms, the application of biosorption-based processes, the solvent extraction process, adsorption, ion exchange and electrolysis processes. The first system used for the recovery of PMs was the use of algae, bacteria and yeast as microorganisms, then a biosorption-based process, which has high efficiency and low operating costs, and minimizes both the formation of dangerous chemicals and the formation of biological sludge, has been started to be used. However, the method that has been used a lot in recent years is the PIM process. PIMs offer a new alternative for membrane processes due to their advantages. These processes are not only simple in design, easy to operate and environmentally friendly, but also have high stability, good mechanical properties and chemical resistance. In addition, they are thin and flexible compared to other membranes. Studies on the recovery of PM ions by using membranes are briefly presented in this review. Abbreviation: Ammonium chloride NH4Cl; Polymer inclusion membranes PIMs; Bis (1-butyl pentyl) adipate BBPA;Poly tetra fluoro ethylene PTFE; Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate DEHA; Polyvinyl chloride PVC; Bulk Liquid Membranes BLMs; Polyvinyl difluoride PVDF; Calix[4] pyrrole[2] thiophene CPY; Potassium Thiocyanate KSCN; Cellulose triacetate CTA; Precious Metals PMs; Dibutyl sebacate DBS; Recovery Factor RF; Dioctyl phthalate DOP; Sodium perchlorate NaClO4; Emulsion Liquid Membranes ELMs; Sodium Sulfite Na2SO3; Hydrochloric acid HCl; Supported Liquid Membranes SLMs; Initial flux J0; Thiocyanate SCN; N-[N, N-di (2-ethylhexyl); Tri iso butyl phosphine sulfide Cyanex471; aminocarbonylmethyl] glycine D2EHAG; Tri octyl (dodecyl) phosphonium chloride P88812Cl; Nitrophenyl octyl ether NPOE; Nitrophenyl pentyl ether NPPE; Tri-iso-octylamine TIOA; Platinum Group Metal PGM; Tri-n-octylamine TOA; Poly acryl nitrile PAN; Tri octyl methyl ammonium chloride Aliquat 336; Poly butylene adipate coterephthalate PBAT; Polyether sulfone PES; Tris- (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate TEHP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ozonation process of vegetable oils is commonly monitored by peroxide value (PV). However, PV methodology has been adapted from vegetable oils, with protocol divergences. In addition, few studies are based on the minimum level of ozonation to ensure biological activity. This study aimed to optimize the PV methodology for sunflower oil with different ozone dosage aiming to discriminate these samples. Also, to establish the relationship between its physicochemical properties with the biological activity. The optimized PV method was also applied to ozonated olive oil, as well as the other analytical techniques of iodine value (IV), acidity value (AV), density, viscosity, gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry (DSC and TG). The PV method discriminated the ozonation level of the samples. Both ozonated sunflower and olive oils need to reach an intermediary ozone dosage to perform the in vitro bactericidal and fungicidal activity (MIC ≤2.5%), and anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition of nitric oxide release in Raw cells). These results point to the importance of standardizing the ozone dosage for each oil and the analytical methodologies used in its characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dramatic changes the world and the expectations of potential users have pushed researchers working in flexible foam pressure sensor (FFPS) fabrication to develop more affordable and high-performance materials. Among various materials, polymer foamed-based nanocomposites are a preferred choice due to their excellent mechanical properties, good chemical properties, and easy control. Moreover, the use of nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), and graphene in the polymer matrix has greatly improved the properties of the sensors. Therefore, this review focuses on the recent advances in FFPS by using different types of nanofillers in shape and structure. Accordingly, developments in the fabrication of FFPS, including dip coating, spray coating, sputtering, and in situ polymerization are also discussed. Special attention has been paid to identifying the underlying mechanism to maximize pressure sensing and improve the performance of FFPS. Suggestions for future developments in the area of sensing devices applied in health monitoring are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma gas phase synthesis of graphene method is one-step synthesis, without catalyst, acid, solvent and substrate materials. In this paper, plasma pyrolysis of C2H4 for the preparation of graphene was carried out to investigate the effect of doping H2, CO2, and N2 on the morphology characteristics and chemical reaction properties of the synthesized products at different reaction temperatures ranging from 1500 to 4500 K. It was found that an increase in temperature leads to flatter morphology, less agglomeration, and a decrease in defect density and oxygen content in graphene. The addition of H2, CO2, and N2 gases affected the morphology and defect density of the products. In addition, the high temperature conditions increase the hydrogen atom concentration and etch the edges of graphene, while CO2 slows down the etching process and decreases the defect density. Doping with high enthalpy N2 favors the improvement of crystallinity and defect density at low temperatures, but increases the defect density at high temperatures. These findings contribute to further understanding of the application and optimization of the method of plasma gas phase synthesis of graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic and linear siloxanes are compounds synthesized from silicon consisting of alternating atoms of silicone and oxygen [Si-O] units with organic side chains. The most common cyclic siloxanes are octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), while the most common linear siloxanes are high molecular weight polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) and low molecular weight volatile linear siloxanes known as hexamethyldisiloxane (L2), octamethyltrisiloxane (L3), decamethyltetrasiloxane (L4), dodecamethylpentasiloxane (L5). These compounds (1) exhibit low dermal toxicity, (2) are generally inert and non-reactive, and (3) are compatible with a wide range of chemicals offering beneficial chemical properties which include the following: wash-off or transfer resistance from the skin, sun protection factor (SPF) enhancement, emolliency in cleaning products). Because of these properties, these compounds are incorporated into multiple consumer products for use on the skin, such as cosmetics and health-care products, with over 300,000 tons annually sold into the personal care and consumer products sector. Because of their widespread use in consumer products and potential for human dermal exposure, a comprehensive understanding of the dermal absorption and overall fate of siloxanes following dermal exposure is important. This review summarizes available data associated with the dermal absorption/penetration as well as fate of the most commonly used siloxane substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.), sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes), and teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) are some of the main fast-growing species in Indonesia. Limited research data on the physicochemical and thermo-mechanical properties of these wood species represents a significant drawback for their enhanced industrial utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the properties of these three kinds of wood according to their colour by applying the CIELab colour measuring system, chemical composition by Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Pyrolysis–gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses, and the thermo-mechanical properties by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The higher colour quantification (E*) value indicated brighter wood having higher carbohydrate and lower lignin content according to Py-GC/MS results. Besides, the colour may be attributed to the higher phenolic and extractive content. The order of woods from the highest to the lowest phenolic content was teak > sengon > sungkai. Meanwhile, DMA analysis revealed that sungkai had the highest storage modulus, followed by teak and sengon. The findings of this study suggested that the properties of wood could be predicted based on its colour appearance, which could be used in industrial applications for rapid identification of wood properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil application of treated sewage sludge is considered a beneficial management option for agriculture and environment. Sludge treated with clay minerals or biochar was evaluated as soil amendment, in comparison with limed or untreated sludge. Bentonite, vermiculite, biochar or lime was added to dewatered sewage sludge at 0 and 15% rates, in three replications and air-dried. Then, the treated and untreated sludge were added to two soils, one acid and one alkaline, at 0 (control), 1 and 3% rates, in three replications. The results showed that the pH of acid soil significantly increased compared to control upon addition of treated and untreated sludge at both rates, but remained acidic (<6.0) in all cases except for limed sludge. Upon addition of 3% treated or untreated sludge to both soils, organic carbon (OC) significantly increased compared to control. The same stands for soil available ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) for both soils and rates. Soil total heavy metals, which regulate sludge's agronomic use, were below the legislative limits. However, the 3% addition rate of all kinds of sludge, especially of untreated, to both soils increased the electrical conductivity of saturation extract (ECse >2 dS m−1) at unacceptable levels for sensitive crops and available P, B and Zn 2–3, 2–4 and 6–12 times above the initial, respectively. Consequently, sewage sludge treated with bentonite, vermiculite or biochar could be used as a soil amendment but at rates lower than 3% (≈120 Mg ha−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of organic dyes has surged across industries like textiles, plastics, and construction. Contaminated water with these dyes is released into the environment, endangering both humans and ecosystems. In this research, we synthesized ternary composites of NiAl-LDH/Ag/g-C3N4 using hydrothermal methods. We conducted a comprehensive examination of the prepared catalysts, employing various analytical techniques to assess their structural, optical, morphological, and surface chemical properties. The surface area analysis confirmed a mean pore volume of 0.245 cm³/g, a favorable surface area of 36.4 cm2/g, and a pore diameter of 2.68 nm. The creation of strong interfacial contact between NiAL LDH, Ag, and g-C3N4 caused the charges to be separated for a long time. The degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under the influence of solar light was used to test the photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared catalyst. A set of reusability experiments was carried out over four cycles using the photocatalyst, and the characterization findings demonstrated that the preservation of crystalline planes plays a pivotal role in achieving its high efficiency. Notably, a remarkable 99.1% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (% COD) was achieved for MB. Additionally, scavenger studies were undertaken to identify the primary reactive species involved in the process. The maximum degradation efficiency of 99.60%, with the highest R2 value of 0.9921 was achieved for the photocatalytic degradation of MB respectively in 160 min. These results indicated that the new z-scheme ternary photocatalyst can be used as an efficient, green, effective, and recyclable for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A microfluidic platform to synthesize monodispersed and spherical hydrogel beads (microspheres) of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (p(AM-co-AA)) is reported. An aqueous phase consisting of monomer, cross-linker, functional moiety and initiator, all dissolved in water, is dispersed as uniform drops of desired size into a carrier phase (dodecane) at an opposed T-junction. The chemical and physical properties of the microspheres are systematically studied. Effects of operating parameters like velocity and O/A (oil to aqueous phase flow ratio) ratio on the average size, polydispersity and shape of microspheres are investigated. Microspheres within a size range of 960 to 502 microns can be synthesized. A comparison of two different mixing techniques namely in-situ and ex-situ mixing is also presented. A two dimensional computational fluid dynamic (2 D CFD) model is also developed to quantify and validate drop formation phenomena at the T junction at extreme O/A ratios. Detailed numerical insights on the velocity and pressure field at the junction have been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat and meat products, which are significant in human nutrition, are consumed with pleasure, as well as their rich essential nutrients, sensory properties, and taste in adequate and balanced nutrition. Within the scope of the study, gluten-free flour alone (20% (w/w)) and vegetable powders (5% (w/w)) were used in the production of meatball snacks using the explosive puff drying (EPD) method. The effects of two different pre-drying processes (hot air drying (HAD) and freeze drying (FD)) on the final product properties were discussed. While using chickpea flour as gluten-free flour; we preferred adding vegetable powders with high fiber and prebiotic content, such as Jerusalem artichoke, and red beetroot powders. The physical and chemical properties of the samples dried by both methods (HAD + EPD and FD + EPD) containing chickpea flour and red beetroot powder were found suitable for consumption as snack products. However, the expansion rate (94.27%), total phenolics content (100.07 µg GAE/g DM), textural hardness value (1053.65 N), textural crispness (24 peak number), and sensory impression (8.4) values of products containing chickpea flour and beet powder dried with FD + EPD dried gave the best results among the groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the sensory analysis showed that this sample was preferable to the other samples. The pre-drying processes we applied, and the moisture content of pre-dried samples had a significant effect on puffed dried product quality. Oil losses, shrinkage, and the formation of cracks with the HAD method were observed. It was determined that FD as a pre-drying method before EPD minimized the nutrient losses (total protein content, total fat content, total phenolics content) and preserved the physical (ΔE < 15) properties of the snack samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium alginate gel microspheres exhibiting pH response release characteristics were prepared, and utilizing Bovine serum albumin (BSA) to evaluate drug release performance. Hydrogels composed of gelatin (GL) and sodium alginate oxide (NALO), with varying ratios (7:3; 4:1; 3:2) were prepared by controlling their composition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a microplate reader (ELIASA) were used to characterize the microspheres' microstructure and in vitro BSA release behavior, respectively. The results demonstrated that, under acidic conditions, the BSA release was slower than in neutral conditions. The hydrogels' physical and chemical properties were analyzed using optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), swelling experiments and mechanical testing of the hydrogels and microsphere loaded hydrogels. The results showed that a GL to NALO ratio of 7:3 increased the swelling degree, while a 4:1 ratio optimized the mechanical characteristics. The study concluded that the microsphere-loaded hydrogels exhibited significant potential for human drug delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vermicompost tea (VCT), an eco-friendly biofertilizer, is becoming increasingly popular due to its notable benefits on plant and soil health. However, the reasons behind its efficacy, whether due to growth regulators, minerals, microorganisms, or their combination, remain ambiguous. Seedlings of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rutgers) were treated with VCT, autoclaved VCT (AVCT), or water (control) for three times over 7 weeks to determine if the effects of this biological fertilizer on plant growth are due to the presence of microorganisms or chemical nutrients. A significant increase was observed in plant growth with either the VCT or AVCT treatments compared to the control, while for most measures, plant growth was higher in the AVCT versus the VCT treatment. Autoclaving VCT increased pH and plant-available minerals, including NH4+, NO3−, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Mn. Metagenomic analysis of bacterial specimens in VCT revealed the most abundant genera as Novosphingobium, Sphingobium, Luteimonas, Pseudomonas, Planctomyces, Rhodoplanes, Mycoplana, Bacillus, Achromobacter, and Devosia. Although many of these genera contain known plant-growth-promoting bacteria, the major benefits of VCT do not necessarily require living organisms as both VCT and AVCT increased plant biomass. Thus, the growth-promoting potential of VCT may not be associated with microbial biomass by itself but rather with the release of extracellular microbial signals/nutrients and/or the nutrient availability of the applied VCT. The advantages of autoclaving VCT are the increased shelf life and the potential use of biofertilizers within organic hydroponic systems without technical challenges due to clogging from microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the unstable chemical properties and poor water solubility of carotenoids, their processing adaptation and oral bioavailability are poor, limiting their application in hydrophilic food systems. Lipid-biomacromolecular compounds can be excellent carriers for carotenoid delivery by taking full advantage of the solubilization of lipids to non-polar nutrients and the water dispersion and gastrointestinal controlled release properties of biomacromolecules. This paper reviewed the research progress of lipid-biomacromolecular compounds as encapsulation and delivery carriers of carotenoids and summarized the material selection and preparation methods for biomacromolecular compounds. By considering the interaction between the two, this paper briefly discussed the effect of these compounds on carotenoid water solubility, stability, and bioavailability, emphasizing their delivery effect on carotenoids. Finally, various challenges and future trends of lipid-biomacromolecular compounds as carotenoid delivery carriers were discussed, providing new insight into efficient loading and delivery of carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the structural and spectroscopic properties of the berberine chloride molecule were investigated using quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). Through molecular docking simulation, the breast cancer inhibitory properties of the title chemical were revealed. With the basis set at 6-311++G (d,p), the optimization was carried out and theoretically assigned vibrational frequencies were compared to the experimentally observed vibrational frequencies. The reactive behavior of berberine chloride was further examined using simulated calculations of the molecular electrostatic potential surface. Utilizing the HOMO-LUMO energies, the stability and molecular reactivity of the molecule were assessed and the calculated energy gap was 3.19 eV. The second order perturbation energy E(2) values of the molecule, which demonstrate the bioactivity of the berberine chloride, were determined using natural bond orbital analysis. The Mulliken atomic charge distribution confirms the molecule's reactive site. The biological activities of berberine chloride were evaluated through in vitro and in silico methods. The antioxidant activity was tested through ABTS assay and the antibacterial test was performed through disk diffusion technique and the zone of inhibition was observed for berberine chloride molecule. The breast cancer inhibitory potential of berberine chloride was assessed through molecular docking simulation. Berberine chloride was docked against seven breast cancer associated proteins and the highest binding ability was observed against HER-2 protein with −9.1 Kcal/mol. The drug-likeness properties were predicted and safety profile of berberine chloride was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse degree-based topological indices (RDTIs) are applied to analyze the structural properties of molecules such as gamma graphyne and armchair graphyne nanoribbons. RDTIs provide valuable information about the connectivity patterns of atoms within a molecule, aiding in understanding its chemical and physical properties. For gamma graphyne and armchair graphyne nanoribbons, RDTIs would involve calculating the contributions from various atom pairs based on the degree differences between them. These indices consider the reverse order in which degrees are subtracted. RDTIs capture important aspects of molecular structure, including branching, degree distribution, and connectivity. Using RDTIs, one can assess the complexity, stability, and other characteristics of gamma graphyne and armchair graphyne nanoribbons. This paper focus on two structures made from hexagonal honeycomb graphite lattices, like gamma graphyne, and armchair graphyne nanoribbons. The methodology used in this study is First and second reverse Gourava indices, hyper first and second reverse Gourava indices, reverse multiplicative sum connectivity Gourava index, and reverse multiplicative product connectivity Gourava. Furthermore, these indices play a vital role in quantitative structure–property relationships and offer insights into the behaviour and reactivity of these unique molecular structures. Further research and computational analysis of RDTIs will deepen our understanding of these fascinating carbon-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the potential safety hazard of coal spontaneous combustion becomes more and more serious, in order to solve the problems of low water absorption rate and high cost of hydrogel inhibitor, in this study, a superabsorbent lignin-based composite inhibitor (SAP + SLS + Ben) was prepared. The water absorption/retention rate, micromorphology, inhibition capacity, air-leakage blocking efficiency and fire-extinguishing performance of SAP + SLS + Ben were studied. Results have revealed that: SAP + SLS + Ben had excellent water absorption/retention capacity; SEM images revealed that sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) and bentonite (Ben) provided the structural basis for the high water absorption/retention of SAP + SLS + Ben; Compared with SAP, SAP + SLS + Ben could effectively inhibit the oxidation of reactive functional groups in coal, and the amount of CO released from coal treated with SAP + SLS + Ben was significantly reduced at high temperature; The air-leakage blocking and fire-extinguishing experiments showed that SAP + SLS + Ben had good filling and blocking performance, and could effectively reduce the temperature of coal spontaneous combustion and prevent the re-ignition of coal. Hence, SAP + SLS + Ben had ideal physical and chemical inhibition properties, which could effectively prevent coal spontaneous combustion in goaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]