Search

When powered by artificial intelligence (AI), the effectiveness of advertising generally improves. However, evidence shows that personalized recommendations in charity advertising may have a dark side. The existing literature about the effects of personalized recommendations in advertising is rooted primarily in outcome utility, including outcome benefits and costs. Nevertheless, consumers tend to sacrifice their own interests without expecting anything in return given that they cannot directly monitor and measure the behavior outcome in charitable consumption; this elicits in them a focus on their autonomy and signal utility in responding to charity advertising. Thus, in our article, we focus on the reasons that personalized recommendations have negative effects in charity advertising based on self-determination theory. Through five studies, the results reveal that consumers display lower donation intentions when they receive charity advertising with (versus without) personalized recommendations due to a decrease in perceived autonomy. In addition, this negative effect can be mitigated by servant communication styles and providing consumers with free choices. These conclusions not only enrich the literature on personalized recommendations in advertising, charity advertising, and AI marketing but also provide some guidance for advertisers to enhance the performance of personalized recommendations in charity advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to explore the drivers of community building in virtual participation charity sport events. The authors conducted a case study of virtual charity events governed by Team World Vision, the sports arm of a global not-for-profit service organisation. They conducted semi-structured interviews with World Vision marketing managers and virtual running race participants, analysed survey and podcast interview data, and performed a document analysis. Four overarching themes were revealed as drivers of community building: community engagement, social networking, impression management, and fitness philanthropy practicing. The study uncovers the peculiarities of the virtual format that helped build virtual communities and create excitement around the cause, such as digitised communication plans, social media- and technology-facilitated opportunities to connect both locally and globally, and the adapted fundraising strategies in the virtual format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charities often feature their recipients as protagonists in fundraising appeals (i.e., recipient-focused appeals), and considerable research has examined the best way to portray recipients to generate more donations. However, recipient-focused appeals have been accused of being uninclusive and manipulative, stereotyping or even exploiting groups they seek to help. Strategies like using an identified victim and highlighting their neediness may not always be efficacious or desirable (e.g., when donors experience emotional fatigue or when victims wish to remain anonymous), and some techniques that work for in-group members are less effective for out-group recipients. To offset in-group donation biases and promote equity, the present work proposes that charities use benefactor-focused appeals featuring people who carry out the charity's mission. Drawing on social identity and self-categorization theories, we generate hypotheses about how an in-group benefactor-focused appeal enhances donations for out-group members and equalizes charitable giving across in-group and out-group recipients. Four studies and a supplemental study involving both donation likelihood and actual donations find that the effect of charity appeal protagonist (recipient versus benefactor) is moderated by recipients' group membership and mediated by feelings of connectedness. Together, the results support an in-group favoritism account for both benefactor- and recipient-focused appeals on donation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content created by employing artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, also known as synthetic content, promises to radically change the advertising and marketing landscape in the coming decades, presumably for the better. It is fundamental for advertising and marketing scholars and practitioners to have solid knowledge of how synthetic content is perceived by consumers before widespread adoption is promoted. Across three experimental studies we tested how consumers in charitable giving contexts reacted to advertising messages featuring content generated by an AI neural network. We show that potential donors responded differently to children's faces when they knew they had been generated by AI. Study 1 established that awareness of the falsity of a face or its status as an AI-generated image has a negative impact on donation intentions. This negative impact is serially mediated by empathy and anticipatory guilt and empathy and emotion perception. Study 2 investigated several motives for employing AI-generated images and indicated that charities employing those images can benefit by making their ethical motives salient. Finally, Study 3 revealed that under extraordinary circumstances the use of AI images by charities is considered acceptable by consumers and is likely to lead to similar outcomes as the use of real images. Therefore, we recommend a cautious approach to the adoption of synthetic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In partnership with a sport-based Experiential Philanthropy Intervention – The Play Better Program – we conducted a pre-registered, longitudinal experiment examining whether repeatedly reflecting on prosocial activity could boost adolescents' objective generosity. Adolescents (N = 114; aged 9–16) practiced charitable giving throughout their 2-month sports season and were randomly assigned to repeatedly reflect on the importance of their prosocial activity (Reflection condition) or to write about their everyday activities (Control condition). Adolescents completed an objective measure of generosity at pre- and post-intervention and self-reported measures of prosocial character. Across conditions, adolescents donated objectively more at post- vs. pre-intervention. However, adolescents in the Reflection (vs. Control) condition were no more generous and did not report greater prosocial character at post-intervention. Overall, these findings highlight the malleability of human prosociality and the need for additional scholar-practitioner collaborations to uncover whether and how Experiential Philanthropy Interventions boost long-term generosity among the next generation of givers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Honour’-based abuse (HBA) studies tend to focus on survivors’ lived experience, with less emphasis on perpetrator characteristics. This study aims to investigate whether various HBA characteristics correlate with different types of perpetrators, based on their relationship with survivors. Savera UK, a charity specialising in HBA and harmful practices, provided 107 cases which were coded for 66 variables. Three main perpetrator types were identified: 1. “Intimate Partner”, 2. “Family” and 3. “Intimate Partner and Family”. Chi-squared analyses were conducted and odds ratios of any significant associations were calculated. The distinct profile of survivor, perpetrator and abuse characteristic for each type was presented. The average number of abuse characteristics reported for the “Intimate partner and Family” perpetrator type was 19, much higher than the other two sub-samples. The implications for professional practice are discussed, highlighting the importance of increasing understanding into ‘honour’-based abuse to improve investigative, safeguarding and prevention interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores partnership representations in the Trustees' Annual Reports & Accounts (TARA) of English and Welsh international non-governmental organisations (INGOs). INGOs are prominent global actors, whose TARA serve important accountability purposes, while also acting as key fundraising communications. The study uses thematic analysis to examine 83 TARA published between 2014 and 2018 by 29 INGOs. Findings show that in these TARAs' narrative sections, partnership relationships are largely described using the language of collaboration, yet accord the INGO the primary role. In the subsequent managerial and financial sections, however, these relationships are presented as a hierarchy, focusing on upwards accountability from project partners to the INGO. These presentations suggest that INGOs continue to embed power inequalities in their partnership relationships. Furthermore, drawing on stakeholder theory, this exploratory study argues that the contradiction found demonstrates that INGO reporting prioritises legitimation rather than authenticity, and obfuscates understanding of international development partnership relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developing science of cathedral studies has focused mainly on Anglican cathedrals. The present study argues for drawing Catholic cathedrals into this field. Employing data gathered from the websites of the 22 Catholic cathedrals in England and Wales, alongside data gathered from the diocesan reports submitted to the Charity Commission, this study demonstrates the distinctiveness of the ministry and mission of Catholic cathedrals compared with Anglican cathedrals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While food security in Vietnam has significantly improved in recent decades, many urbanites still rely on private food charities. Meanwhile, growing food safety concerns have been studied with a strong focus on emerging middle classes, whereas socio-economic precarity connected to food safety has attracted less attention. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in food charities in Ho Chi Minh City, this article examines how symbolic and spatial boundaries perpetuate power imbalances within charities and affect patrons' food safety practices. It challenges the narrative that caring about food safety is limited to affluent consumers, instead highlighting the structural constraints that prevent people in urban poverty from acting upon food safety concerns, including (1) power imbalances within food charities and (2) lack of overall food security. The research shows the limitations of food charities in establishing long-term food security for socio-economically marginalised citizens and of a governmental food safety approach emphasising consumer 'choice'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses Mary Wollstonecraft's Of The Importance of Religious Opinions (1788), a translation of De l'Importance des Opinions Religieuses (1788) by Jacques Necker. I demonstrate that Necker's text resonates with Wollstonecraft's early works and those of her mentor, Dissenting theologian Richard Price, both for its Providentialism and for its onus on caritas, or "l'esprit de charité", a love of God expressed through love of our neighbours. For Wollstonecraft, Christian charity was coextensive with justice and could embrace the entire human family. I argue that Necker's text initially appealed to her for its representation of religion cultivating this expansive benevolence through sentiment refined by the imagination, depicted as a sacred faculty channelling our errant desires towards the divine. Whereas Necker envisages only celestial rewards in an incurably unjust society, however, Wollstonecraft subtly revises his text to foreground the imagination as the impetus to moral actions that participate in God's plan for human improvement. She thus imagines political justice in the form of a cosmopolitan ideal of universal benevolence, a heartfelt principle of action equally consonant with Christian charity and the demands of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Zimbabwe, a range of actors are involved in education due to ongoing challenges of resourcing and funding schools. There are complex socio-political arrangements that result from private–public partnerships in the education system. Some schools are created and funded by individuals, and little is known about the tensions these funding structures create for school leaders and teachers. This qualitative study examined one school in Matabeleland North, using semi-structured interviews and observations across one term. It argues there are complexities created through the position of being a school 'founder' that shape a school's administration and leadership structures. Using the example of the school principal's role and two tensions that result from relationships between the principal and school founders, this paper argues that more attention needs to be made towards the arrangements of school funding and the conflicts and tensions that result from complex relationships of power between school founders and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effectiveness of check-out charity (COC) campaigns, a fundraising strategy where customers donate at the point of sale, as a method for promoting destination social responsibility (DSR) in tourist destinations. Employing interviews, polls, and case studies in Alps ski resorts, it explores whether tourists perceive donations to local projects as a means of participating in DSR, and the impact on their attitudes towards the destination. Despite tourists' willingness to support local causes, the findings suggest COC requests aren't consistently perceived as beneficial to the destination due to a triadic relationship between the cause, the store, and the destination, causing confusion about the donation beneficiary. Moreover, COC requests can unintentionally lead to negative outcomes, including unwillingness to donate and feelings of annoyance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penny banks were Victorian institutions intended to encourage thrift among working-class people. Initially considered a model of its type, the Birmingham Penny Bank (1850–1865) collapsed because of mismanagement, bad investments, and self-dealing by its lower-middle-class directors. Thousands of depositors, including women and children, lost part of their savings as a result. An investigation followed to apportion blame for the failure. A key question was the level of liability and compensation owed by the bank's elite former officers and trustees, including William Scholefield MP, all of whom had stepped down some thirteen years earlier. Commentators argued that the trustees had betrayed the trust of the depositors by failing to publicise their departure from the supposedly philanthropic institution. In the end, they contributed to the public subscription raised in support of the victims, without admitting liability or experiencing reputational damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies of poor relief have focused on parishes either metropolitan or wholly rural, whereas the focus of this article is on the distinctive experience of Battersea, a village in the London hinterland. Although the village suffered from the rising cost of poor relief experienced nationwide at the end of the eighteenth century, this article argues that the response of its vestry was shaped by Battersea's liminal location. Consideration is given to the central role that the workhouse played in the provision of poor relief, and demonstrating that the social networks of parochial leaders were key to the development of policy. Many of the vestry members had commercial and professional interests in the metropolis and elsewhere, and these, together with their patronage of London charitable institutions, helped both to shape their response to the problems of poverty that they encountered, and influenced their administration of the Battersea workhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are philosophical arguments as effective as narratives in influencing charitable giving and attitudes toward it? In four experiments, we exposed online research participants to either philosophical arguments in favor of charitable giving, a narrative about a child whose life was improved by charitable donations, both the narrative and the argument, or a control text (a passage from a middle school physics text or a description of charitable organizations). Participants then expressed their attitudes toward charitable giving and were either asked how much they would hypothetically donate if given $10 (Experiment 1) or told they had a 10% chance of winning $10 and given the opportunity to donate from their potential winnings (Experiments 2–4). Across the four experiments, participants in all of the narrative conditions and in some of the argument conditions tended to express more positive attitudes toward charitable giving and donated about $1 more on average than did participants in the control conditions. These effects appear to have been mediated by the "narrative transportation" scale, which suggests that appeals to donate can be effective if they engage participants' emotions, imagery, and interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with its broader impact in the country, Myanmar's 2021 coup and subsequent revolution have brought an upheaval amongst international aid agencies. As they have pivoted their programmes in the new context, international agencies have faced criticism from many Myanmar humanitarian and advocacy organisations. Drawing on interviews from 2022, this article argues that the way in which aid is given – in relation to context-specific conventions of reciprocity – is significant in creating meaning in partnerships. Engaging with Myanmar studies literature, the article contends that well-known overlapping values of sedana (goodwill), parahita (charity), and metta (loving kindness) inform Myanmar organisation leaders' expectations of reciprocity in their relationship with international aid agencies in the context of Myanmar's revolution. There is often a moral overlay on interpretations of aid partnerships, beyond the project-organised and contractual relationship that characterises the formal realm. Criticism of international aid is not new in Myanmar, yet the revolution has increased the stakes for local organisations and exposed new fractures in their relationships with their international partners. Transnational support is crucial amid the country's revolution and many Myanmar organisation leaders seek relationships of solidarity with international agencies, yet diverging assumptions about reciprocity in partnerships fuel ongoing frustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the relationship between elite British boarding schools and the overseas branches ('satellites') that they have established around the world. While British schools are categorised as charities, the satellites are operated as commercial ventures through subsidiaries. The UK-based schools can thus profit from the export of their 'brands', extracting capital from their satellites overseas and channelling it back to the UK. Drawing on interviews with staff of these satellite schools and on documentary analysis (including Charity Commission reports), we use the lens of racial capitalism to analyse the relationships between British elite schools and their overseas branches. We argue that through their overseas operations, British elite schools engage in extractive practices and are complicit in processes of enclosure and dispossession. These processes are premised along racialised lines and ultimately ensure that the promised 'British eliteness' remains out of reach for those who subsidise its social reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadian charities have a history of advocating for social and policy change. With the 1985 Income Tax Act, charities became restricted to using up to 10% of their resources toward nonpartisan political activities. They subsequently underwent an audit initiated by Prime Minister Stephen Harper in 2012. The legal climate changed again when the 10% rule was dropped in 2018, enabling charities to pursue political activities with no predefined limit. In this article, we examine grey literature on the political advocacy 'situation' of charities between 1983 and 2021, guided by Adele Clarke's situational analysis methodology (2005). Our findings and discussion center around the prevalent discursive positions taken and not taken in the situation and the assumptions and rationalities that inform them. We explore what turns out to be a non-linear situation influenced by an assemblage of rationalities and practices that primarily foster distrust in the charitable sector and call for enhanced discipline-oriented regulation. Particular attention is paid to the neoliberal logics that underlie these positions. Alternative conceptualizations of charitable sector advocacy are also offered through appeals to democratic participation and freedom of expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research revised and validated the relationship quality construct in professional sport nonprofit organizations. A sequential exploratory mixed-methods design was employed. The qualitative methods identified preliminary themes of donors’ relationship quality perceptions toward professional sport nonprofits. The quantitative methods were employed to refine the relationship quality construct and investigate its influence on donation intention. The revised relationship quality instrument consisted of items measuring trustworthiness, commitment, sympathy, and friendliness. The relationship quality of nonprofit staff members had a stronger impact than that of professional athletes on donation intentions. The findings provide insights and offer practical implications for professional sport nonprofit managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charities that fundraise from the public can feel competing pressures to be as efficient as possible in their fundraising efforts and to accurately and ethically reflect their services and beneficiaries in their fundraising materials. At the same time, the number of donors giving to charity is in a long-term decline. These pressures may lead charitable managers to make tradeoffs when designing and implementing their fundraising programs. In this case study, two direct mail solicitations using different types of beneficiaries from one Canadian charity are examined to see how those trade-offs affect fundraising results. When aggregated, the differences between an out-group beneficiary profile and an in-group beneficiary profile appear subordinate to larger market-level externalities when all else is held equal. When disaggregated, there appears to be a change in donor behavior at the lower end of donation amounts in some markets and community types. The results of this study suggest that fundraiser tactics that narrow in on the preferences of a small segment of donors may be contributing to declining numbers of donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the reform of the constitutional purposes of charitable trusts and corporation in Australia and England. Topics discussed include traditional distinction between trusts and charitable incorporated organizations in England, model of constitutional reform in Australia, and commonalities and differences of charitable trust and charitable corporate institutions between Australia and England.

An important form of chaplaincy is the mission for seafarers. Since the 19th century, various charitable organisations have provided physical and spiritual support for seafarers when their ships are berthed. This article examines the history and contemporary work of the Catholic organisation, Stella Maris, the largest ship visiting network in the world. The history begins in 1920 in Glasgow and the foundation of the Apostleship of the Sea which grew quickly into a major international organisation. Over the years the invaluable work of the chaplains and volunteers has been perceived to be integral to the mission of the Catholic Church to protect the dignity of the worker, and aid migrants and displaced and vulnerable people in need. A Stella Maris chaplain and a volunteer, based in Glasgow, recount some of their experiences in supporting seafarers and this provides insights into the scope of their duty of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A charitable organisation, responding to the internet's increasing role in individuals' lives, use online crowdfunding platforms to solicit monetary donations. But due to the inherent uncertainties of online environments associated with risks such as privacy breaches, information asymmetry, the misuse of donated money, and fraudulent activities, building trust between the fundraiser and potential donors is a key issue. This study explores whether and how crowdfunding website features to build the trust of Generation Y (Gen Y) in donating online. This study, developing a multi-construct trust model, examined the impact of the core elements of cognitive and affective trust on potential Gen Y donors' attitudes and donation intentions. The study employed a vignette-based experiment using a 2 X 2 X 2 between-subjects design for testing the causal inferences. A total of eight webpage vignettes were designed by manipulating three factors related to the design features of a donation-based crowdfunding platform i.e. credential information, visual & interactive communication, and narrative style. The experiment data was collected from 233 Indian Gen Y participants. The hypothesised relationships were tested using multivariate analysis techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the concept of neurodiversity and how it applies to tourism. Through a critical analysis based on the social model of disability, the paper begins by highlighting that neurodiversity has been poorly problematized in tourism research. Using the challenges involved in holidaymaking for families with autistic children as an example, the paper demonstrates how tourism providers and governments have failed to identify what changes are required to meet the needs of neurodivergent people and who should be responsible for implementing them. From this discussion, a framework for action with three tiers of responsibility (governments, the tourism system, neurodiverse families) is developed. The paper then concludes with a research agenda for the future study of tourism and neurodiversity with particular reference to the social model of neurodiversity and the responsibilities of the tourism industry, tourists and governments (including charitable organizations). From this, a call to arms for all tourism researchers to embrace research into neurodiversity through the framework and research agenda is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicine burden of people living with HIV (PLWH) is unknown. Between 2018 and 2020, participants completed a survey comprising outcome measures for medicine burden (LMQ-3) and stigma experiences (SSCI-8). Participants were HIV+ adults (≥18 years), using antiretrovirals (ARV) with or without non-ARV medicines, recruited via two outpatient clinics in southeast England and online via HIV charities across the UK. Spearman's correlations between medicine burden levels and stigma scores were calculated. Participants were mostly males (72%, 101/141) of mean (SD) age 48.6 (±12.31) years. Total number of medicines ranged from 1-20. High medicine burden was self-reported by 21.3% (30) and was associated with polypharmacy (≥ 5 medicines) (101.52 Vs 85.08, p = 0.006); multiple doses versus once daily regimes (109.31 Vs 85.65, p = 0.001); unemployment (98.23 Vs 84.46, p = 0.004); and ethnicity (97 Vs 86.85, p = 0.041 for non-White versus White participants). A correlation between medicine burden and stigma was observed (r = 0.576, p < 0.001). The LMQ-3 demonstrated adequate construct validity and reliability (domain loadings ranging 0.617-0.933 and Cronbach's α of 0.714-0.932). Assessment of medicine burden and psychosocial stigma in PLWH could enable identification of those needing additional support in future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has witnessed a new trend towards restrictions and surveillance on civil society organizations in China, which seriously affected China's grassroots LGBT NGOs. Based on a field study of Chinese grassroots LGBT NGOs, this article explores the coping strategies utilized by these organizations to survive in a restricted civic space. Empirical evidence shows these organizations adopting various tactics to obtain funding and legitimacy. Yet despite the undeniable agency of these LGBT NGOs, they are still restricted by institutional power. While scrupulously avoiding political risks, grassroots LGBT NGOs inevitably shifted away from rights advocacy missions to become service-oriented, depoliticizing and even distorting their agendas. Consequently, the intensifying restrictions and surveillance have invisibly but saliently reshaped the structures and practices of these NGOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teach for Australia was announced by the Australian Government in 2008, at a corporate dinner sponsored by Swiss multinational investment bank UBS, hosting New York Schools Chancellor Joel Klein. Conceptualising Teach for Australia as a polycentric policy network anchored in venture philanthropy, this paper examines how networks mobilise major government reform, drawing upon both market and state. As an organisation founded, staffed and registered by a major global consultancy firm (Boston Consultancy Group), the paper critiques and questions representation, divisibility and immutability. By drawing upon network ethnography, following people and policy, the paper traces the beginnings of Teach for Australia through inaugural founders, focusing upon co-affiliations. Mapping a heterarchical and polycentric network of non-state and state actors, it highlights indivisible flows of people, money and policy. Thus, this paper seeks to indicate how policy networks embedded in venture philanthropy mobilise policy, whilst being reliant upon formal bureaucracies. This is governance with government. Teach for Australia highlights the nexus between private and public, and fuses together critical connections between market and state, bolstering a major venture philanthropic network that chiefly impacts public schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using 2017 Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data, this study presents background characteristics and psycho-social correlates of volunteering among European older adults. Variables included presence/frequency of volunteer/charity work, socio-demographic variables, and a well-being index. ANOVA and regression analysis demonstrated significant differences in volunteer/charity activities across EU (European Union) nations; volunteering was more common in Nordic-Western European countries than in Middle Eastern and Southern Europe. Younger, female, married, and retired individuals were more likely to volunteer. Controlling socio-demographic variables, previous-year volunteers were more likely to score high on self-rated health, quality of life, life satisfaction, and score low on depression and loneliness. Volunteer engagement was significantly and positively associated across well-being indices. The study reiterates and updates previous SHARE-based and other studies. Policy provisions and institutional support should create volunteer opportunities that rebuild social roles and functions, and create challenges, for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pluralism is a key component of liberal democracy, ensuring that diverse groups of citizens have opportunities to contribute to the governance of their society. Third sector organisations (TSOs) are central to pluralist democracy, representing diverse interests through advocacy. Advocacy has many forms but the most visible are protests or public demonstrations aimed at widespread public engagement. However, curtailing advocacy capacity for TSOs has been a political objective of conservative governments for several decades, with the Morrison-led Liberal/National Party government re-engaging in this behaviour. The article illuminates this behaviour through a case study of a recent legislative proposal (2021) to limit TSO advocacy. A qualitative discourse analysis of government and parliamentary materials shows how the state masked proposed changes through an illiberal and populist tactic that narrowed the focus to a narrative of 'trust' and uncertainty lacking an evidentiary basis and despite recognition of the potential impact on Australian democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional sports teams have established a major presence around the world and support a number of corporate social responsibility programs (CSR). While many factors may influence fans' expectations and preferences pertaining to CSR-related activities, to date, no systematic attempt has been made to determine whether fans' perceptions vary according to their cultural orientations. Thus, we conducted research to investigate similarities and differences in fans' perceptions of CSR-related activities (i.e., the six pillars of CSR in professional sports organizations) across three countries, using Hofstede's individualism‒collectivism dimension. A significant difference was found between fans from the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and India pertaining to perceived philanthropy and environmental management and sustainability. These findings have important implications for professional sports organizations that operate in a diverse global market, indicating they should pay attention to cultural congruence between CSR strategies and fans' cultural backgrounds to enhance the overall effect of such initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the slowdown in growth from an inequality perspective, this study applies a comprehensive dataset with strong comparability and a dynamic panel threshold model to explore the effect of income inequality on economic growth, its channels of influence, and differences in channels due to country differences, considering income level differences and country differences. The study finds that whilst inequality impedes growth in the general growth framework, this impediment becomes insignificant when the fertility rate or country differences are controlled for. Second, the impeding effect of inequality on growth occurs at low-income levels rather than at high-income levels. Finally, in the low-income stage, inequality tends to impede growth through channels that reduce the level of human capital and political stability and increase fertility, rather than through channels that affect investment, and the channels vary slightly by the country's economic systems, religious beliefs, and saving habits. This study suggests that at the low-income stage, the government should appropriately increase the proportion of labour compensation, improve the redistribution system, encourage the development of charity, and establish a sound social donation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unions in North America have a long history of financial support for charities, non-profits and other community-based organisations. However, very little research has been conducted into how much, to whom and why this financial support is provided. This article reports on a survey examining the financial donation patterns of unions in the Canadian province of Alberta. Alberta is chosen as the jurisdiction for the study as the provincial government recently enacted legislation (commonly referred to as Bill 32) that may force unions to reduce community-based donations, which would negatively impact those organisations and interfere with a core union function. The survey also examines how union financial support changes due to the implementation of this legislation. The study finds that a small but not insignificant percentage of union expenditures are devoted to community giving and that unions tend to donate to a narrow range of causes and organisations. It also finds that union responses to donation-dampening legislation were mixed, in part due to the politically controversial nature of the legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a globally austere policy context, state financing of public services has been positioned as perennially 'in crisis' with private intervention a positive solution. There is a general assumption – in education policy and practice – that philanthropic donations can be a solution to reduced public funding of schooling. While much research investigates the role of new philanthropy and venture capital in funding and influencing public schooling, this paper focuses on the reconstitution of 'old' philanthropy in new ways. We focus on the role of parents, through Parent and Citizen (P&C) associations, to show how they are being responsibilised to fundraise for their child's public school, shifting from their traditional fundraising of small amounts of money through 'community building' activities (e.g. fetes, stalls and trivia nights) to engaging in 'commercial fundraising' (e.g. running the canteen, uniform shop and Outside House School Care for profit) that can raise hundreds and thousands of dollars each year. Through this analysis we argue we are seeing a further stratification of the public school system coupled with a concerning lack of transparency around the extent to which some public schools are being nourished by the deep coffers of successful P&Cs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. criminal legal system contributes to the oppression and harm of marginalized groups, calling into question ethical governance. The front end of this system, specifically bail and pretrial justice, exploits opportunities for resource generation and social control as a major driver of incarceration, yet receives limited attention in public administration or ethics. Disproportionate punishment and collateral penalties associated with bail and pretrial justice are causes and consequences of structural racism and administrative dysfunction. Excessive bail as a poverty penalty incurs risks to health, safety, financial security, and constitutional presumptions and protections. In light of civil and constitutional rights concerns, bail and pretrial-associated philanthropic solutions have proliferated. This article provides background on bail and pretrial justice policies and politics; outlines evidence of related consequences; describes select reform efforts and philanthropic tools, including the charitable bail organization The Bail Project; and contextualizes bail and pretrial justice within a public values framework, which centers social equity and incorporates critical race theory alongside politics and public ethics of care. Upholding the Constitution and the law, strengthening social equity, and ensuring procedural due process are core tenets of good governance, yet anathema to the current bail and pretrial justice system, which is a critical public ethics concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused many significant disruptions to the food system, including the charitable food sector. Using qualitative interviewing, this research draws from the experiences of food pantry staff and volunteers during the early months of the pandemic in the greater Buffalo, New York area. Participants describe the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on product acquisition, distribution, and other challenges. Buffalo food charity organizations adapted to these challenges and demonstrated how diversified food supply lines, strong interorganizational relationships, and federal food assistance programs could increase food charity organizations' resilience to emergencies like pandemics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charities have struggled financially in recent times, and are predicted to continue do so for the foreseeable future. In particular, small charities have fewer resources to support financial sustainability. The authors explored the importance of value-for-money (VFM) in small charities, and how it was defined and assessed. This article highlights the importance of VFM to small charities and suggests strategies for managing money more effectively and efficiently to achieve charitable objectives. This article opens a new research pathway by examining value-for-money (VFM) in the charity sector. There is an initial exploration of literature regarding the definitions of VFM and how it is assessed. Research findings highlight that small charities are aware of VFM but do not explicitly operationalize it and have difficulty in assessing it. The authors present original insights into the challenges faced by small charities in defining and assessing VFM and call for the development of an appropriate VFM framework for small charities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting in 1917, the American Red Cross (ARC) mission in the département of the Seine-Inférieure (France) announced the era of diplomatic philanthropy which would be deployed by the United States between the two world wars. The mission also makes it possible to measure the gap between US and French health organizations. The local scale, in this small département in the west of Normandy, enables us to unearth the health, political and strategic issues at stake in this intervention, with French and Belgian refugee populations very affected by the conflict. It also shows how French women, who were very active in social assistance and war charities, saw working alongside the ARC as an opportunity to demonstrate their skills and know-how. They became interlocutors in the relations that played out between French doctors, the municipal authorities and ARC staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the provisions of the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, this paper draws on new qualitative data collected from seafarers' welfare centres, charities involved in seafarers' welfare service provision, seafarers, port chaplains and seafarers' centre volunteers. It examines the kinds of port-based welfare services currently provided to seafarers, and whether these meet seafarers' expectations/needs. It provides new data on the perspectives of chaplains and stakeholder organisations in relation to the provision of seafarers' services and starkly reveals the contemporary funding challenges experienced by these individuals/groups. The paper critically appraises the current reliance by ports, shipping companies, and government entities on the provision of free welfare services for seafarers. It concludes that Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, guidance relating to the funding of seafarers' welfare services requires strengthening and that the funding of seafarers' welfare services in ports across the world requires remedial action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the hitherto overlooked contribution of military charities to veteran welfare and reintegration after the First World War. I use the records of the King's Own Scottish Borderers Association War Memorial Fund (KOSB WMF), which operated similarly to other regimental charities, to argue that the scale of this apparatus -- its social reach and its funding capacity -- may be comparable to the better-known and nationally recognised British Legion. It thus represents an important arena to examine processes that informed veteran reintegration, especially for the wider, non-disabled veteran population whose experiences have been largely omitted from histories of veteran welfare. These archives not only demonstrate the interventions of military associational life in veteran welfare. They also provide an entry point to examine how the system worked holistically. Military charities, like the KOSB WMF, represented one of a range of agencies that cooperated to support veterans in the 'mixed economy of welfare'. Their bureaucratic archival traces provide a productive route to illuminate the relationships behind fund allocation and delivery and to assess what politics animated these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the interaction between ego depletion (a state of reduced selfregulatory resources) and different types of charitable message appeals upon subsequent charitable support. Three experiments compare the time donation intent and actual monetary donations of depleted (vs. non-depleted) individuals who have been exposed to either a self-benefit message, highlighting the gains to be accrued to donors themselves, or an other-benefit message which focuses on the welfare of beneficiaries. The results show that when people are depleted, self-benefit messages are more effective than other-benefit messages in generating charitable support. When people are not depleted, the opposite pattern is observed. It appears that generosity among depleted people is self-seeking. As a processing mechanism, we show that depleted individuals perceive self-benefit messages as more appealing than the other-benefit messages. This research demonstrates that charities can maximize donations by advertising other-benefit messages in the morning and then selfbenefit messages in the evening, given that depletion occurs naturally over the course of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the interactive effect of donors' self-construal and frame of a persuasive message (emphasizing statistical or identifiable victims affected by COVID-19) on donation intent. Three studies featuring 1,104 participants document a positive effect of the identifiable victim (vs. statistical victims) frame on donation intent, but only for interdependent respondents and not for independent ones (study 1). This conditional positive effect of the identifiable victim frame is due to interdependents' heightened holistic thinking style (studies 2 and 3). Findings have public significance for addressing COVID-related economic challenges. The paper concludes with theoretical contributions, practical implications, and ideas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite widespread reports of cancer-related financial hardship, hospital financial assistance programs are underutilized. Rapid qualitative research. Gynecologic oncology patients with recurrent or metastatic disease, under 65 years old, and Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity of 26 or under. Semi-structured interviews to elicit (1) financial assistance awareness/knowledge, (2) barriers to accessing assistance, and (3) suggestions for improving access. We analyzed the transcripts using thematic analysis: open coding, consensus building/codebook, and identification of salient themes. We interviewed 25 patients and identified four barriers and three suggestions for improving access. Barriers: lack of awareness, perceptions of ineligibility, fear of negative consequences, and being overwhelmed. Suggestions: simplifying financial processes, providing individualized assistance, and being more proactive by intervening earlier. Increase access by reducing stigma, misconceptions, and more proactively engaging at-risk patients. Patients may be too afraid or overwhelmed to ask for help. A more proactive, psychosocial approach is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A co-design project, consisting of individual and collective design activities, was organized with clients of a mental health service, in order to explore its potential to support people with psychosis. The group met for approximately two hours, weekly, for six months, participating in design activities and collectively deciding on the project purpose and outcome – a boardgame. The experience of one group participant (Anthony) is explored, selected as the first case study within an Interpretative Phenomenological Analytical (IPA) framework. Following IPA's ideographic focus, Anthony's case was purposefully selected, as it portrayed a detailed picture, informing theoretical reflection on designing as therapeutic. The paper includes Anthony's first-hand account, combined with an analysis of data from three semi-structured interviews, photographic evidence and a reflective diary kept by the lead researcher. Results suggest that, for Anthony, design activity: a) helps developing a sense of agency b) is experienced as grounding in reality c) contributes to the development of inter-personal relationships, and d) has a different sense of rhythm than artistic practice. These results are contextualized within literature on the lived experience of psychosis and suggest that designing can be beneficial for people with psychosis, providing the backdrop for further research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Door-to-door collections provide an essential source of income for charitable organizations. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of a door-to-door donation collection technique has been waning in recent years. Previous studies have shown that framing can improve the effectiveness of charitable appeals. Hence, this research aims at gaining insights into the possible effects of framing charitable appeals on donation behavior in a door-to-door collection context. A field experiment, employing a door-to-door collection for a Dutch charitable organization, using a 2x3 between-subjects design, was conducted with 528 households in a Dutch municipality. Results show that of the two framing types (beneficiary frame and message frame) used for the door-to-door collection technique, only message frame influences the amount donated to the charitable organization, as the use of a loss frame appeal resulted in a higher amount of money donated than the use of a gain frame appeal. Moreover, when compared to the current practice of just requesting for a small donation without any message element (the control condition), including message elements to the door-to-door collection script did not improve people's donation behavior and increase the amount donated. These findings have important implications for how door-to-door collections must be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Chinese non-public foundations have grown at an unprecedented rate, but research on charitable donations to these organizations is scarce. Building on nonprofit literature and borrowing from resource dependence, neo-institutionalism and interdependence theories, we seek to disentangle the distinctive donation pattern in Chinese non-public foundations by focusing on geographic location and higher education. To test the hypotheses, we performed Tobit and IV-Tobit regression analyses on data collected from 1,490 Chinese non-public foundations for 2013. We found that those foundations located near the center of provincial capitals received significantly more domestic donations. The development of higher education institutions located in the same area as the foundation also had a positive impact on donations. The findings of this research improve our understanding about the distinctive donation patterns during a period of fast economic transition and suggest useful ways for increasing the revenues of Chinese non-public foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Post Office Savings Bank operated in colonial Kenya from 1910 as a charitable institution with the objective to facilitate saving and cultivate a thrift mentality among Africans. However, as this research demonstrates, the savings bank did not act in accordance with those proclaimed values. The efforts of colonial authorities to popularise the institution among local communities were a response to historical circumstances, such as the Second World War, the demobilisation of African soldiers, and the Mau Mau uprising (1952-1960), that made African money valuable to the colonisers: Analysing the History of the Post Office Savings Bank in Kenya since its arrival until the Mau Mau uprising, this article sheds light on the complex and untold history of the institution, its motivations for expanding its services and the problems faced to win the trust of potential African savers. Moreover, the article demonstrates that in spite of the effort of the POSB to increase its number of African savers, the social and economic conditions of the African population in colonial Kenya made their traditional savings and investment practices more valuable when compared with the benefits offered by the postal savings bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how militant political factions use material aid to secure support. We focus on Hamas, a militant faction in the Palestinian Authority. We generate a unique dataset that includes the sources and extent of assistance received by Palestinian households, data on Israeli and Palestinian fatalities, and data on the level of support for particular Palestinian factions. We find that lower-income residents of districts that receive aid from religious charities are more likely to support Hamas. The support patterns identified partly align with the existing theory on armed religious groups as club good providers. We find no evidence that aid affects incumbent support or deters recipients from supporting militants. While it is possible that charities only target districts and households that support them, testing for reverse causality by regressing aid on lagged faction support yields no such evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst growing signs of inequality, poverty, and marginalization, there have been calls for a new approach to funding the social sector organizations tasked with addressing these challenges. Rather than paying for services, governments and philanthropists are being encouraged to fund programs based on their 'outcomes.' This paper explores this growing movement around 'outcomes-based funding' (OBF) suggesting that outcomes in this context embody a distinctly financial logic and reflect an effort to turn the work of charities and nonprofits into a type of pseudo asset. The paper teases out these dynamics and their implications based on one particular form of OBF, the social impact bond, a financial instrument which uses private capital to fund social programs and calculates returns based on program outcomes. While SIBs have struggled as a market, the operations underlying these projects and informing the production of outcomes as investable assets have been carried forward into non-SIB work informing flows of public and philanthropic capital and embodying the practices of the larger OBF ecosystem. As a window into the new, outcomes-based nonprofit funding regime, the paper offers a unique lens and set of critical tools for exploring the relationship between capital, the social sector, and poverty governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has suggested that older trans and gender non-conforming (TGNC) people may face particular challenges related to stigma, social exclusion and discrimination in later life. However, direct data on social support and needs in older TGNC population both internationally and within the UK is limited due to the small, dispersed nature of this population, and the absence of specific data collection on aging TGNC populations. During the UK COVID-19 lockdown in summer 2020, older people and those with long-term health conditions were advised to adopt particular precautions. This study aimed to explore older TGNC people's social support networks, key concerns and unmet needs during the COVID-19 'lockdown'. A UK cross-sectional survey of LGBT + people aged 60+ (n = 375) was undertaken during the lockdown. This paper analyses responses from the subset (n = 38) of TGNC participants. The majority of TGNC respondents described diverse social networks, often centered around friends and non-kin social networks, although partners and adult children were also significant for some. In most cases, those with existing strong networks continued to maintain social connections during lockdown, albeit with some regrets about loss of activities and face-to-face connection. However, a minority of respondents had experienced greater challenges prior to lockdown, and may have been at increased vulnerability during the pandemic, for example indicating that they had no-one to call on for practical support in an emergency. When asked about unmet needs and challenges, social isolation was repeatedly raised as the most frequent concern. Several respondents also mentioned issues specifically affecting TGNC communities, including access to gender affirming care and a perceived rise in social intolerance. Health and social care providers should be aware of the diversity of support networks within TGNC communities. There may also be benefits in community sector interventions to help older TGNC build and maintain strong social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores Victorian concerns about the middle-class insane after the 1845 Lunacy Acts which promoted rate-supported provision for pauper lunatics. Calls for appropriate and affordable care for those of middle-class status grew after 1845 and encompassed public, charitable and private initiatives. A key priority was to ensure that insanity did not pauperise those from the middle class but also that they could access support without losing their sense of independence and respectability. This usually meant there was an expectation that those from the middle class would contribute to the cost of care and not be totally reliant on the charity of others. The article finishes by looking at how one charitable hospital, the Northampton General Lunatic Asylum (later renamed St Andrew's Hospital) developed and accommodated appropriate charitable support for the middle-class insane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]