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Bernard Suits is commonly thought to have defined games as challenges. This paper argues that Suits could not have done so without ruining his larger philosophical project. It then argues that he did not do so. Suits defined game playing in quantitative terms (i.e. being more or less efficient) not qualitative ones (e.g. difficulty, struggle). The paper concludes by exploring the consequences of this shift in perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing industry is entering the fourth industrial revolution, which aims to shift the manufacturing paradigm to data-driven smart manufacturing. Many barriers still limit the adoption of this new revolution, although enabling technologies such as a digital twin (DT) have the potential to overcome them. Since the appearance of the digital twin technology, this has led to a significant increase in academic publications and industrial applications. However, significant challenges facing the implementation of this technology stem from the emergent field stage, a need for more comprehensive information, and a need for clarity and consistency in definitions and concepts. This review identifies and categorizes the potential digital twin challenges and provides a novel conceptual framework that structures them and links them to the principal digital twin components, along with an example that elucidates the proposed framework's utilization. The emerging relationships unveil interesting insights into the current status and future research requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi-mediated synthesis of Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has advantages in: high efficiency, low energy consumption, no need for extra capping and stabilizing agents, simple operation, and easy isolation and purification. Many fungi have been found to synthesize AuNPs inside cells or outside cells, providing different composition and properties of particles when different fungi species or reaction conditions are used. This is good to produce AuNPs with different properties, but may cause challenges to precisely control the particle shape, size, and activities. Besides, low concentrations of substrate and fungal biomass are needed to synthesize small-size particles, limiting the yield of AuNPs in a large scale. To find clues for the development methods to solve these challenges, the reported mechanisms of the fungi-mediated synthesis of AuNPs were summarized. The mechanisms of intracellular AuNPs synthesis are dependent on gold ions absorption by the fungal cell wall via proteins, polysaccharides, or electric absorption, and the reduction of gold ions via enzymes, proteins, and other cytoplasmic redox mediators in the cytoplasm or cell wall. The extracellular synthesis of AuNPs is mainly due to the metabolites outside fungal cells, including proteins, peptides, enzymes, and phenolic metabolites. These mechanisms cause the great diversity of the produced AuNPs in functional groups, element composition, shapes, sizes, and properties. Many methods have been developed to improve the synthesis efficiency by changing: chloroauric acid concentrations, reaction temperature, pH, fungal mass, and reaction time. However, future studies are still required to precisely control the: shape, size, composition, and properties of fungal AuNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Construction Joint Ventures (ICJVs) offer benefits to both local and foreign partners. However, their failure rates tend to be high, leading to poor ICJV performance. Effective Project Management (PM) is considered a means to resolve challenges in a construction project. Therefore, this research aims to address the challenges in ICJV projects within the Sri Lankan construction industry through PM practices to establish successful ICJVs. The research adopted a mixed-method approach. A preliminary survey was conducted to validate the challenges in the Sri Lankan context. After that, challenges were ranked based on their significance level using the Relative Importance Index (RII) method through a questionnaire survey. Then, Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify the PM practices that can address significant challenges through code-based content analysis. The study revealed 38 challenges applicable to ICJVs and identified 88 PM practices for resolving 10 significant challenges out of the 38 identified in ICJV projects in Sri Lanka (SL). Finally, a framework was developed for successful ICJVs by addressing challenges through PM practices. This study marks the first attempt to establish a framework for successful ICJVs by addressing challenges through PM practices in the Sri Lankan construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Course-based research experiences (CUREs) are shown to be more engaging for college students, lead to better academic performance, and increase students’ intent to persist in science. This especially holds true when compared to lecture-based science courses with standard lab assignments. Less attention has been given, however, to the nuanced week-by-week experiences of students participating in CURE courses over a semester. This study addresses why it is crucial to understand how student interest is sustained throughout the CURE course, despite potential challenges and frustrations. Conducted over a 15-week period, this longitudinal study examines enrolled students (N = 170) who had one of 13 instructors from six institutions. The results indicate that students’ high frustration with participation in CUREs moderates the relationship between perceived challenge and interest. In addition, higher levels of the variable ‘meaning making’ among students have significant associations with week-by-week interest maintenance throughout the semester. Findings suggest that to sustain high levels of student interest over a semester, CURE instructors should focus more on reducing student frustration within CURE course operations. To further support student interest, these findings also suggest that instructors need to foster and emphasize the connections of CURE course content to students’ own lives and personal goals to sustain their interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMethodsResultsConclusions\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONRehabilitation plays a critical role in minimising disability after stroke, with the concept of “challenge” proposed to be essential to rehabilitation efficacy and outcomes. This review unpacks how challenge is conceptualised in stroke rehabilitation literature from the perspectives of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy and people with stroke. A secondary purpose was to provide a definition of challenge that is applicable to stroke rehabilitation.Principle-based concept analysis was utilised to examine challenge within the stroke rehabilitation literature. Forty-two papers were included. Data analysis involved immersion, analytical questioning, coding and synthesis to elicit the conceptual components of challenge.Challenge was understood as a multidimensional and dynamic concept with three facets: nominal, functional and perceived challenge. Functional and perceived challenge were integral to optimal challenge. Optimal challenge was central to enhancing the outcomes and experiences of people with stroke, in rehabilitation and everyday life.Challenge is a key concept which, when carefully optimised to the person’s ability and experience, may positively influence their learning, recovery and engagement after stroke. This review lays a conceptual foundation for better understanding, operationalisation and advancement of challenge, offering important implications for addressing the growing burden of stroke disability, through rehabilitation.Challenge involves a multifaceted, multidimensional and dynamic interaction between the task, the person’s ability and their subjective experience.The therapist and the person’s perspective should collectively shape the process of co-creating a challenge that is truly optimal for the person.Therapists should consider both functional and perceived approaches to operationalising challenge with the person.Challenge involves a multifaceted, multidimensional and dynamic interaction between the task, the person’s ability and their subjective experience.The therapist and the person’s perspective should collectively shape the process of co-creating a challenge that is truly optimal for the person.Therapists should consider both functional and perceived approaches to operationalising challenge with the person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PhD graduates are often recruited for positions that entail various work demands. Based on theoretical models of work demands, PhD graduates can appraise these demands in three main ways: as challenges, hindrances, or threats. The more aware they are of the skills they developed in their doctoral program, the more likely they are to appraise demands as challenges or hindrances, and the less likely they are to appraise them as threats. However, past studies have shown that PhD graduates report low awareness of their skills, which may lead to high threat appraisal. We conducted semi-directive interviews with 16 PhD graduates from France to examine their appraisal of work demands. We investigated four work demands: important responsibilities, heavy workload, competitive work environment, and challenging work environment. Most participants appraised these demands either as challenges or hindrances. Although some participants reported a low awareness of specific skills (e.g. project management), they still expressed confidence in their ability to handle the demands, leading to low threat appraisal. This was largely due to awareness of transferable skills (e.g. the abilities to learn and adapt), supporting their adaptability to demanding contexts. However, participants rarely attributed these skills to their doctoral experience, which questions how they perceive the benefits of their doctoral program. Moreover, specific difficulties may arise for certain groups (e.g. women, international students) and work demands (i.e. non-constructive criticism). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast milk is the perfect food during infancy. Adequate support from family and health systems can be helpful to continue breastfeeding. This study aimed to determine the status of breastfeeding challenges and its relationship with social support and socio-demographic factors. In this correlational-descriptive study, 348 breastfeeding mothers were recruited using cluster random sampling from health care centers in Tabriz, Iran in 2022. Socio-demographic, breastfeeding challenges and social support questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analyzed for descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation tests, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and general linear model) using SPSS version 16. Difficulty in completing household tasks and breastfeeding at the same time (32.5 percent) was the most common challenge reported by mothers. There was an inverse and significant correlation between perceived social support and experiencing challenges (r = −0.199؛ p =.001). Based on the adjusted general linear model, with increasing social support, the score of breastfeeding challenges decreased (B = −0.165; 95 percent CI: −0.07–0.25, p <.001). Considering the relationship between perceived social support and the challenges experienced during breastfeeding, it can be concluded that adequate support from family along with training and guidance from health care providers can lead women to have better breastfeeding experiences and overcome breastfeeding problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various diseases have seriously threatened the health of Chinese residents. Sensitive and accurate analysis of disease markers is very important for early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis evaluation of diseases. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to explore a sensitive, accurate, rapid, and noninvasive detection technology. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) uses light to interact with gold, silver, and other nanostructured materials to generate a strong surface plasmon resonance effect, which can significantly enhance the Raman signal of molecules adsorped on the nanostructured surface, and obtain rich fingerprints of the sample itself or Raman probe molecules with super sensitivity. This technology has the advantages of noninvasiveness, high sensitivity, good selectivity, fast analysis speed, low water interference, and other unique advantages, so it has a good application prospect in life science, clinical testing, and other aspects, and has become a kind of biological detection technology with great potential. This paper mainly reviewed the research progress of SERS technology in the analysis of serum, urine, saliva, and tissue disease markers in recent years analyzed the problems and challenges to be solved by this technology in biological detection and prospected its future development prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In honours programmes, teachers face the task of designing courses in which students feel challenged and learn from accomplishing demanding assignments. The aim of this study was to investigate students' and teachers' perceptions of challenge and learning in an honours programme. From 2016 to 2019, students and teachers rated the learning activities during the programme and explained their ratings. The results showed that in the first two years, teachers estimated challenge and learning significantly higher than the students did. However, both students and teachers viewed the tasks as the factor with the strongest impact on challenge and learning. In the first year, students also identified group dynamics as challenging and a source for learning. Enhancing task complexity and supporting group dynamics are the main factors to adjust the level of challenge in an honours programme. Monitoring students' and teachers' perceptions can help to adapt the programme to improve students' learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. A total of 150-day-old chicks were divided into three groups of 50 birds (G1-G3); G1 and G2 were orally inoculated at 1-day old with 0.5 ml of 107 TCID50/ml FAdV-D serotype 2 (MT386509.1) and FAdV-E serotype 8a (MW847902), respectively, and G3 was blank control group. 2. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by detection of CD4, CD8 T lymphocytes and the mRNA expression of IL6 and IL8 in the chicken spleen using q-PCR. Additionally, immunopathology was performed at 3, 5 and 7 day post infection (dpi) and weekly until the end of the experiment. 3. Results revealed that transcription of inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8) was up regulated in the spleen of FAdV type D and type E infected chickens at various time points relative to the control group. A marked decrease in the number of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes at 5 and 7 dpi in G1 of chickens infected with FAdV type D. Whereas, in chickens infected with FAdV type E, the CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes were markedly decreased at 7 dpi. 4. In contrast, there were no significant differences in humoral immune responses against NDV vaccine in (G1 and G2) at different intervals post-vaccination compared to the control group. The histopathology of the bursa, thymus, and spleen in the infected groups showed lymphocytolysis with severe reticular cells hyperplasia and lymphoid depletion. 5. In conclusion, fowl adenovirus types D and E have an immunosuppressive effect in broilers which may be considered one of the main causes of the continuous co-infections with other viruses reported in the field during the last 10 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clinical practice, the low immunogenicity and low stability of the DNA plasmid vaccine candidates are two significant shortcomings in their application against infectious diseases. To overcome these two disadvantages, the plasmid expressing IL-29 (pIL-29) as a genetic adjuvant and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as a non-viral delivery system were used, respectively. In this study, the pIL-29 encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles (nanoIL-29) and the pgD1 encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles (nanoVac) were simultaneously applied to boost immunologic responses against HSV-1. We generated spherical nanoparticles with encapsulation efficiency of 75 ± 5% and sustained the release of plasmids from them. Then, Balb/c mice were subcutaneously immunized twice with nanoVac+nanoIL-29, Vac+IL-29, nanoVac, Vac, nanoIL-29, and/or IL-29 in addition to negative and positive control groups. Cellular immunity was evaluated via lymphocyte proliferation assay, cytotoxicity test, and IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-2 measurements. Mice were also challenged with 50X LD50 of HSV-1. The nanoVac+nanoIL-29 candidate vaccine efficiently enhances CTL and Th1-immune responses and increases the survival rates by 100% in mice vaccinated by co-administration of nanoVac and nanoIL-29 against the HSV-1 challenge. The newly proposed vaccine is worth studying in further clinical trials, because it could effectively improve cellular immune responses and protected mice against HSV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this scoping review is to explore wider international literature to contextualise the role and deployment of classroom assistants in Northern Ireland. A paucity of research in this regional context has severely constrained understandings of a pivotal workforce in mainstream schools, so the review is unique in its contribution to redressing a significant knowledge gap. A review of studies published between 2012 and 2022 returned 135 unique hits which, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, yielded 41 final studies. Coding these studies to emerging categories brought to light diverse and complex challenges in the role and deployment of Classroom Assistants as well as recommendations for alternative approaches. Four interlinked roles were identified: pedagogical, pastoral, behavioural and organisational. Deployment models were categorised around withdrawal, itinerant, unit, one-on-one and class support. Findings revealed prevailing systemic, structural and individual challenges that confounded a coherent understanding of this workforce. The contribution of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, it raises essential questions on, and suggests ways forward for, the CA workforce in NI that will be of use to policy makers, practitioners and educational researchers. Secondly, a contemporary update to the growing body of knowledge on assistants and their place within mainstream settings will be of use generally and to other jurisdictions where the topic is similarly under-researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of 'revisionism' has caught the attention of international relations scholars amid intensifying rivalry between the United States and China. It is a trademark of rising powers, and China was likewise expected to become a revisionist power, intent on changing the status quo. However, history tells us that not all rising powers necessarily become revolutionary states, seeking to overturn the prevailing order and replace it with another through hegemonic wars. This paper presents a novel understanding of revisionism by distinguishing between strategic 'contestation' and 'challenge'. In the context of declining unipolarity, a dissatisfied rising power will contest the rules and principles of issue-specific regimes and demand legitimate adjustments that better reflect the new distribution of power. A challenge emerges when demands are rejected, and a contestation leads to 'deconcentration' and 'delegitimation' of the established order. The establishment of the AIIB can be examined as an example of contested multilateralism that falls short of a challenge. This paper concludes that China is 'contesting', not 'challenging' the liberal international order and suggests a set of countermeasures that the U.S. can think of: selective accommodation, reinforcement of alliances and partnerships, and overcoming domestic challenges such as populism that undermine the liberal values, constitutive of the liberal international order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Constipation is a prevalent gastrointestinal symptom that can considerably affect a patients’ quality of life. Although several drugs have been used to treat constipation, they are associated with high costs, side effects, and low universality. Therefore, alternative intervention strategies are urgently needed. Traditional lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, play a vital role in regulating intestinal microecology and have demonstrated favorable effects in constipation; however, a comprehensive review of their constipation relief mechanisms is limited. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of constipation and the relationship between intestinal motility and gut microbiota, elucidates the possible mechanism by which LAB alleviates of constipation through a systematic summary of animal and clinical research, and highlights the challenges and applications of LAB in the treatment of constipation. Our review can improve our understanding of constipation, and advance targeted microecological therapeutic agents, such as LAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper on the social and economic history of triathlon restores the past that has been overshadowed by the International Triathlon Union and the World Triathlon Corporation narratives. It is based on documents from the 1970s and 1980s. Focusing on the USA, the paper explains how two processes shaped triathlon. The first was democratization which formed mass-participation sports. Triathlon, with its inclusive features, was born out of the fitness, running, swimming, and masters sports movement of the 1970s. Key ideas of this mass-sports originated from 'left-wing' sports movements of the 1930s. The second process was the commercialization and commodification of endurance sports in the 1980s. It was connected with the elimination of the Amateur Athletic Union's governing role in amateur sports. The commercialization of triathlon was started thanks to interests of Kona-Kahaua tourism, and mostly American Budweiser Light advertising. It gave support to two leading for-profit organizers, which instigated the commodification of triathlon as a whole. A five-fold increase in entry fees over five years has led to the morphing of a classless triathlon into a sport only for the wealthy. The root cause is the loss of amateurism in sports governance, that was provoked by the rise of neoliberalism in economic policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital education with mobile technology is becoming a global trend. This study considers language teachers' challenges related to open distance teaching in higher education. Twenty-eight university lecturers participated in the semi-structured interviews and expressed their opinions on how mobile technologies impacted the nature of teaching and learning in tertiary education. In particular, four themes associated with teaching English in the context of mobile technologies were discussed: (1) technology mediation, (2) disruptive pedagogy, (3) English teaching, and (4) learning flexibility. The results show that mobile technology and pedagogical innovation are not challenging for teachers. Instead, psychological anxiety, extended pedagogical roles, and learning flexibility are the challenging issues. Based on the results, a theoretical framework for digital education and a learning model for digital native students are proposed. This study suggests further work to promote pedagogy that connects students with higher-level thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study, an expert review, aimed to discuss the emerging challenges of overcoming COVID-19 from the perspective of human factors and the importance of cognitive ergonomics in helping to cope with the epidemic. Identifying these challenges and the use of cognitive ergonomics to optimize human well-being and system performance can be effective in managing COVID-19. Generally, two main preventive approaches such as social distancing and patient care or treatment approaches are being utilized in response to COVID-19. In this paper, human factors challenges that could emerge from covid-19 preventive approaches were discussed. Social distancing forces presence and increases automated systems that lead to increases in cognitive needs, mental workload, stress, etc. Challenges of treatment and health care include the increased workload of healthcare personnel, stress, changing work systems and task allocation that led to fatigue and stress, threats to patient safety, and disruption of interpersonal interactions from a cognitive ergonomic perspective. It is concluded that the challenges of coping with COVID-19 were numerous and important from the perspective of human factors and the role of cognitive ergonomics is important in controlling the disease; hence, it should be taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duodenal biopsy is the gold standard in the diagnosis of celiac disease, with increasing utilization of serology. A gluten challenge may be required, for example, when dietary gluten reduction precedes appropriate diagnostic evaluations. Evidence on the best challenge protocol is currently sparse. Pharmaceutical trials in recent years may have provided new insights into the challenge and advanced the development of novel sensitive histological and immunological methods. This review outlines the current perspectives on the use of gluten challenge in the diagnosis of celiac disease and explores future directions in this area. Comprehensive elimination of celiac disease before dietary gluten restriction is essential to avoid diagnostic uncertainties. Gluten challenge continues to have an important role in certain clinical scenarios, although it is important to understand its limitations in the diagnostic evaluation. The evidence so far permits no unequivocal recommendation considering the timing, duration, and amount of gluten used in the challenge. Thus, these decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis. Further studies with more standardized protocols and outcome measures are called for. In the future novel immunological methods may help to shorten or even avoid gluten challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the condition of the addiction workforce in Nigeria vis-a-vis its size and composition, certification of addiction professionals and other factors influencing access to drug treatment services in Nigeria.Methods: Participants for this study were 17 males and 13 females aged between 31 and 58 years drawn from people attending training on Universal Treatment Curriculum (UTC 6, 7 & 8) at Nassarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria.Results: Participants identified lack of trained addiction workforce as a factor with the highest weight in affecting access to drug treatment services in Nigeria. An analysis of the treatment teams showed that they are mainly made-up of the following professions: Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Medical doctors, Nurses, Social workers and counsellors and only a team from one treatment center that has a record of a member that has completed training in Universal Treatment Curriculum (UTC).Conclusion: The study revealed that while the prevalence of drug addiction is high, the size of addiction workforce to address the addiction problem is too small and professionally under-trained. In view of the this the researcher recommends that courses leading to professional training in SUD treatment should be introduced in higher institutions of learning such as schools of nursing and universities. This is to produce an adequate addiction work force. Furthermore, efforts should also be made to see that a system of taking a UTC certification exams online through CBT is introduced in Nigeria. This will address the continued waiting for those who have completed the UTC training but are kept waiting for a paper and pencil exam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenge and threat states have divergent effects on cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses. The present research used two experiments to investigate whether challenge and threat states influence coping flexibility differently. Study 1 (N = 93) used loss-framed and gain-framed task instructions to elicit situation-specific threat and challenge evaluations, respectively, with a Null condition as a control. Study 2 (N = 86) used an online single-session Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBM-I) paradigm to present participants with exemplars related to either positive or negative resolutions of stressful situations to engender a stress-is-a-challenge or stress-is-a-threat mindset, with a mixed condition as a control. Loss-framed task instruction generated situation-specific threat evaluation, debilitated effective attention, and reduced positive affect, without altering coping flexibility measured in other scenarios. CBM-I engendered a stress-is-a-challenge mindset and maintained positive affect and coping flexibility, whereas the negative and mixed groups decreased coping flexibility. A stress-is-a-challenge mindset was positively associated with coping flexibility prior to and after exemplar priming. Findings enrich the literature on stress coping and shed light on future practice by illustrating the different effects of framing and CBM-I on challenge/threat situation-specific evaluation and stress mindset, and the positive relation of stress-is-a-challenge mindset to coping flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korean society tends to undervalue Physical Education (PE) and overemphasizes academic subjects such as Korean, English, mathematics and science. This study problematizes the challenges within PE in the South Korean primary school context, where teachers find it difficult to deliver quality PE. Data were collected from archives and interviews with 11 South Korean primary school teachers to identify the challenges of PE that they faced. An archaeological discourse analysis, based on a Foucauldian framework, was employed to trace how the discourse of PE as challenging arose. Findings highlight not only the dominant discursive constructions of the challenges facing primary school PE but also the possible historical conditions intricately connected with social structures and institutions, surrounding primary school PE and beyond the individual's control, in and outside the South Korean school system. The findings were: (a) PE as lacking equipment and facilities and school principals holding the budget allocation authority (b) PE as inconsequential and PE with little or no role in students' entry in university (c) PE as accident-prone and absence of legal safeguards and social support for teachers. This paper provides readers with a fresh analytical insight in the area of PE research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating rare disease interventions poses challenges for HTA agencies, including uncertainties and ethical issues and tensions. INESSS has recently adopted a Statement of Principles and Ethical Foundations which proposes a multidimensional approach to value appraisal as well as five principles to frame the evaluation process. Our aim was to identify and analyze HTA challenges for appraising interventions for rare diseases, using the Statement's approach to value appraisal as an analytical framework, and outline how the Statement's principles can help address these challenges. Challenges, covering a diversity of aspects, were identified by leveraging institutional experience in diverse domains of expertise and consolidated through narrative literature review. Challenges were categorized by value dimension (clinical, populational, economic, organizational, and sociocultural), which allowed to pinpoint how each challenge affects the ability to appraise the value of an intervention. Key ethical tensions across dimensions were also identified. Specific approaches to addressing these challenges – related to knowledge mobilization and integration, deliberation, and recommendation-making – were outlined on the basis of the principles promulgated in the Statement. A multidimensional approach can be fruitful for analyzing challenges for appraising the value of rare disease interventions and help guide approaches to tackle them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies of ethnic heritage in Vietnam have paid much attention to those who live in remote and mountainous areas. A little attention has been given to how indigenous people in the cities have been conserving their cultural heritage. Based on a long ethnography at Ako Dhong village, an Ede community located in Buon Ma Thuot city, Central Highlands of Vietnam, from 2010 to 2020 and utilising two conceptual frameworks of political ecology and authorities versus minorities, this article seeks to analyse complicated challenges facing the community. Unlike previous investigations focusing on external influences such as state policies, migration, or religions like Protestantism and Catholicism, this research provides a multifaceted picture of internal and external factors affecting the community's cultural heritage. We argue that the local crony capitalism represented by collusion between the state and businesses, the state's top-down cultural approach and community rifts threaten the community's efforts to protect cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, students in the year of undergraduate degree were hired to provide care assistance support in hospitals. The purpose of the study is to explore their experiences of their premature professional incorporation into patient care in a pandemic situation. A descriptive phenomenology research study was conducted. Data were collected in two phases: 1) Two focus groups and 2) Ten in-depth individual semi-structured interviews between July and August 2021. Twenty-two Nursing students from a Madrid University School of Nursing participated. All worked in COVID hospitalization units, 6 in intensive care units. Four main categories were identified. Student-professional nurse transition, Learning, Hospital integration and Emotions. Despite all the fears and negative emotions, the nursing students do not regret the decision to accept a contract to work as a healthcare professional in the COVID-19 pandemic. They feel that the pandemic has allowed them to see life from another perspective and with other priorities, strengthening their vocation to nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work-integrated learning (WIL), particularly workplace-based WIL, provides international students with opportunities to be exposed to authentic working contexts, consequently enhancing student employability development. However, the literature indicates that many international students struggle in WIL despite continuous efforts by higher education institutions. A scoping review will inform future research and practice that seeks to enhance the WIL experiences of international students. This scoping review, guided by a transition framework, synthesized and analyzed findings from 22 empirical studies published during 2009–2020 related to challenges to international undergraduate students in WIL. Results show that while a range of challenges to this student cohort in WIL has been well established in the literature, little is known about how international students exercise their agency in navigating challenges to enhance WIL experiences. The scoping review has two major theoretical contributions: (i) establishing a novel typology of challenges to international students in WIL and (ii) proposing a context-specific research approach which facilitates inquiry into salient aspects of international students' WIL engagement in given contexts. The review concludes with recommendations for future research and practice from a transition perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese social workers struggle to remain in this emerging profession; structural barriers are a challenging issue. This qualitative research explored the structural barriers Chinese social workers encounter and the coping strategies they utilize through interviews and focus group discussions with 49 experienced social workers. Two themes concerning structural barriers emerged: (a) constraining structural contexts; and (b) immature professionalization. Three categories of coping strategies were identified: (a) building a partnership and integrating resources; (b) utilizing a professional and personal social support network; and (c) improving organizational governance and strategic management. The barriers and coping strategies differentially impacted various career stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the knowledge of the present researcher, studies on the experience of blind students in the Ethiopian higher education institutions are very limited, and thus this study is meant to make some contribution on the subject. The study focused on the experiences of 22 blind students, randomly picked from two campuses of Bahir Dar University. To that end, using a case study design, data were generated through in-depth interview, key-informant interview, and focus group discussions on the availability of support services, challenges participants experienced, and their coping mechanisms. Results of the study revealed that, though the university provided participants with some financial support on an annual and a monthly basis, several challenges were still affecting the participants' academic and social experiences. The study has implicated the inclusion of blind students cannot be complete unless equal emphasis is given to ensure accessible instructional materials (in Braille or audio files), pedagogy, and facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on an investigation of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teacher (de)motivation in Spain which underwent a methodological transformation from mixed methods to a qualitative approach. Unexpected statistical results from the questionnaire in the piloting phase led to the creation of interview prompts, a dynamic data collection instrument based on reliable items from the questionnaire which was disregarded from the main study at a later stage. The interview prompts provided a card-based data collection method which engaged participants in reflective and challenging tasks. This paper will discuss an unsettling challenge in the research process, how it was seized and the positive outcome which emerged from this unpredicted pitfall. A research breakdown welcomed a methodological turn enabled by the researcher's reflection on the research dilemma. Authors are encouraged to defy and embrace research obstacles while learning from them and sharing the solutions with the research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martha Banks examines her evolving professional life in the context of dynamic intersecting marginalized demographic identities and overcoming challenges to become a leader in two fields: psychology and religion. Her publications and teaching reflect opportunities to pull together multiple interests which continue into her retirement to "renewment," during which she finds ways to serve as a bridge. She seeks to provide mentoring that was often missing from her training and early career. This article ends with advice for graduate students and early career psychologists, as well as a challenge to repair recent damage to social justice accomplishments of the past four centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) cause extra-intestinal infections called colibacillosis, which is the dominant bacterial disease in broilers. To date, given the diversity of APEC strains and the need for an acceptable level of protection in day-old chicks, no satisfactory commercial vaccine is available. As part of a French nationwide project, we selected three representative strains among several hundred APEC that cause colibacillosis disease. We first performed experiments to develop colibacillosis in vivo models, using an inoculum of 3 × 107 CFU of each E. coli strain per chick. Two APEC strains (19-381 and 19-383-M1) were found to be highly virulent for day-old chicks, whereas the third strain (19-385-M1) induced no mortality nor morbidity. We then produced an autogenous vaccine using the (Llyod, 1982; MaCQueen, 1967) 19–381 and 19-383-M1 APEC strains and a passive immunization trial was undertaken. Specific-pathogen-free Leghorn hens were vaccinated twice 2 weeks apart, the control group receiving a saline solution. The vaccinated and control hens exhibited no clinical signs, and egg production and fertility of both groups were similar. Fertile eggs were collected for 2 weeks after the second vaccination and chicks were obtained. After challenge with each APEC (19-381 and 19-383-M1), chicks appeared to be partially protected from infection with the 19-383-M1 strain, with 40% mortality compared with 80% for the non-vaccinated chicks. No protection was found when the chicks were challenged with the 19–381 strain. Now, further work is needed to consider some aspects: severity of the pathogen challenge model, persistence of the protection, number of APEC strains in the autogenous vaccine, choice of adjuvants, and heterologous protection by the vaccine made from strain 19-383-M1. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Three APEC strains were characterized and selected to develop in vivo models of colibacillosis. A bivalent autogenous vaccine was produced and a passive immunization trial was carried out. Protection of chicks was demonstrated when challenged with the 19-383-M1 APEC strain (homologous challenge). Further work is needed in particular to evaluate the protection against heterologous challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food safety is an important livelihood issue, which has always been focused attention by countries and governments all over the world. As food supply chains are becoming global, food quality control is essential for consumer protection as well as for the food industry. In recent years, a great part of food analysis is carried out using new techniques for rapid detection. As the first biochip technology that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there is an increasing interest in suspension array technology (SAT) for food and environmental analysis with advantages of rapidity, high accuracy, sensitivity, and throughput. Therefore, it is important for researchers to understand the development and application of this technology in food industry. Herein, we summarized the principle and composition of SAT and its application in food safety monitoring. The utility of SAT in detection of foodborne microorganisms, residues of agricultural and veterinary drugs, genetically modified food and allergens in recent years is elaborated, and the further development direction of SAT is envisaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internship program is the most crucial supplemental training for students in practical skills, knowledge, and attitude necessary to adapt to the changing industrial world of hospitality and tourism. This exploratory study is to investigate the challenges that bachelor students of Hospitality and Tourism Management (H&T) often experience and need to overcome themselves through internship programs at enterprises in hotel, restaurant, travel, and tourism setting in Vietnam. Data from 400 valid answers out of 442 respondents who have experienced their internship programs through direct and online questionnaires was analyzed by SPSS to identify the industry-specific difficulties that trainees must overcome in order to attain satisfaction with the internship term. The results show the main challenges are communication and conduct, working hours, problem-solving skills, self-confidence, supervision, and working environment but physical requirements. The conclusions help not only future student interns for better preparation but also indicate the Hospitality and Tourism Training Schools and industry enterprises the preparedness for students in psychology and skills to experience the most satisfactory and fruitful internship, which plays essential role in attracting talents to remain in H&T industry and mark the effectiveness of university training program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in increasing needs for mental health treatments and yet simultaneously posed great challenges to the delivery of in-person psychological services. The standard clinical practice suddenly shifted to the use of telepsychology. This study aimed to identify how therapists have been responding to the public health crisis and the rapid transition to telepsychology. We distributed a survey to 502 mental health providers to investigate the challenges and concerns of the delivery of clinical work during the pandemic. Our study found that most therapists (75.9%) transitioned to telepsychology without suspension of services. Therapists reported varied concerns regarding telepsychology, clinical practice, and their personal lives. The most common concerns identified were the use of therapeutic techniques in telepsychology, provision of remote services, and the practitioner's own health. Our findings also indicated that therapists who are students, female, sexual minorities, unpartnered, and working in public settings experienced relatively greater concerns. It may imperative to allocate more resources to those subgroups of therapists to facilitate their clinical work in telepsychology. This study contributed to our understanding of how the pandemic has impacted clinical work and may inform practitioners in coping with the current and any future public crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a hope to foster their students' autonomy, capability of decision-making and problem-solving, and thus better equipping them for facing real-world challenges in later life, an increasing number of German schools have implemented so-called 'challenges'. In these novel de-schooling projects, students get the chance to spend a longer period of time, usually two weeks, on a task of their own choice—most often trips by foot or bike over large distances and with limited money. This study explores students' reports of their learning experience and benefits of participation, and the effects of various programme features. 763 students from 13 secondary schools took part in this first cross-sectional exploration of this new phenomenon. Voluntariness and the team aspect of the challenges showed to be the most central factors for students feeling they benefited from the experience. The results suggest that such extracurricular activities may benefit from less regulation by the school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing systems have attracted substantial research attentions during the last 50 years. In recent years, there has been growing interest in health care systems research to improve efficiency, safety and care quality. The similarities identified between manufacturing systems and health care delivery systems heighten the importance of transferring the experience and knowledge in manufacturing to health care. In this paper, based on the lessons we learned and the experience we obtained during our journey from production systems research to health care delivery systems study, we discuss the similarities between production systems and health care delivery systems in system modelling, design, performance evaluation and continuous improvements and investigate the differences and difficulties that stem from variability, constraints, dynamics and human behaviour. Building upon these, the opportunities encompassing care operations, planning and scheduling, patient transitions, and safety and teamwork in health care delivery systems are discussed. Finally, the challenges and future directions are proposed. We expect this work to serve as a catalyst to stimulate more in-depth and comprehensive studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to determine whether girls' higher academic achievement, which should grant them a higher academic status than boys, could prevent them from experiencing social-identity threat on this dimension. Because they fear situations questioning their superiority, we argue that an unfavorable intergroup comparison would be more threatening for the high-status, rather than low-status, group on the dimension of academic achievement. Two studies were conducted, respectively, in high school, where girls should represent the high-status group (Study 1), and middle school, where students might perceive their own group as the high-status group (Study 2). Although both middle-school and high-school students perceived girls as the high-status group, they appraised the outgroup superiority differently. Indeed, it had more impact on girls' perceived threat and boys' perceived challenge in high school (Study 1), but not in middle school (Study 2). The results, however, did not show significant impact of context on performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While psycho-behavioural skills play a crucial role in negotiating and growing from developmental trauma, the precise outcomes which these skills enable has been underexplored. Accordingly, six senior international performers were interviewed to explore what such skills led to when negotiating and growing from traumatic experiences. It was subsequently found that psycho-behavioural skills supported a sense of perspective, control, and confidence in participants, all of which contributed to a predominantly constructive rather than illusory growth process. These findings add to our understanding of skills-based development by highlighting what psycho-behavioural skills can precisely help to facilitate in young performers, as part of their efforts to cope with and subsequently grow from traumatic experiences. Significantly, and, contrary to other research, the findings of this study also question the length of time which may be needed for constructive growth to be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at assessing potentials, challenges and the economic contributions of tourism resources in the South Achefer district. A descriptive research design and mixed research approaches were employed. 161 samples were selected from target populations. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were employed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and mean were computed. Qualitative data were triangulated. The result confirmed that the study area has huge potential resources to develop community-based ecotourism with the cumulative mean values of 1.66. These resources include: Zhbst forest; Zhbst and Klti caves; Ashare waterfalls, varied wildlife species, as well as cultural resources such as ancient churches, festivals, funeral ceremonies and monasteries. There are, however, many challenges to using this potential. These include a lack of infrastructure and poor coordination of stakeholders. In the South Achefer district, the levels of community agreement on the economic contributions of tourism were high with a cumulative mean value of 1.7. The potential tourism resources of the area need to be promoted by the tourist office using a variety of promotional tools. To develop these potential tourism resources, concerned bodies must collaborate to provide basic tourism infrastructure facilities and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the emerging field of Design for Health (D4H) to realize its potential, it is necessary to identify and address existing challenges faced by its community. The few papers that have identified challenges and opportunities in Design for Health confirm that healthcare is a challenging environment for designers to work in. In part this is because design is often misunderstood by health professionals. This paper describes a study that sought to understand the challenges and opportunities for a future D4H Global Network as identified by workshop participants spanning different backgrounds, contexts, and countries. Qualitative data from 59 participants were collected during the D4H Symposium 2019 workshop and analysed using a thematic method. Practical constraints identified by participants included lack of resources and differing regulatory and governance frameworks which acted as barriers to building and participating in transdisciplinary projects in this space. However, participants also acknowledged that broader philosophical barriers arising as a consequence of siloed perspectives and different research paradigms between design and health were equally problematic. Despite these challenges, the overall findings were inherently optimistic as participants co-imagined broad opportunities for a future global network and collectively identified targeted solutions for 'breaking the "normal" and "doing things differently"'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to investigate the practices and challenges of modular/block teaching in higher education institutions of Ethiopia. A descriptive survey design was used with instructors and students. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data and analysed quantitatively (descriptive and inferential statistics) and qualitatively (thematic analysis). The results showed variations in practice across different universities. It was found that modular/block teaching helps students to concentrate on one subject at a time but does not place emphasis on practical skills; this means that the theory and practice of the theory stay separate, which does not make learning credible. Additionally, it was found that due to the limited time given for one course, it was difficult to implement active learning. Generally, instructors and students faced challenges in the practice of modular/block teaching. Practically, the authors have made suggestions for the better implementation of modular/block teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ʿulamā had many different roles and positions in the early Ḥafṣid period and under the Caliph al-Mustanṣir. Their place in the court and their authority often varied according to their family origin. Many came from Al-Andalus. They brought with them their old, Andalusi social and religious affiliations. This article traces the positions of various ʿulamā during the reign of al-Mustanṣir, both in peace and war. It also discusses those scholars who did not recognise the caliphate, including Abū ʿAbdallah Ibn al-Abbār, and some of the Sufi sheikhs who refused to even visit the Caliph at home, and who rejected his authority. These included the Sufi Abū-l-Qāsim Ibn ʿAjlân in Bijāya. Finally, the article will examine the role of the ʿulamā in the campaign to defend Tunis from Louis IX, including their different positions on the treaty that ended the crusade after the death of the French king in 1270. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While completing a science test and science survey, 155 high school students wore a biometric wristband (measuring electrodermal activity; EDA) and self-reported their science self-efficacy and science anxiety. Adopting a challenge-threat appraisal perspective and latent profile analysis, we explored how students were psychologically (self-efficacy, anxiety) and physiologically (EDA) oriented to science. We identified three groups (profiles), representing different challenge-threat profiles. The largest group was the 'composed challenge-and-threat' group (modest EDA, average anxiety, average self-efficacy). The next largest was the 'aroused high-threat' group (elevated EDA, elevated anxiety, low self-efficacy). The third represented 'composed high-challenge' students (modest EDA, elevated self-efficacy, low anxiety). The aroused high-threat group scored significantly lower than composed high-challenge and composed challenge-and-threat groups in science test performance and flow. Notably, the composed high-challenge and composed challenge-and-threat groups did not significantly differ in test performance; however, the composed high-challenge group was significantly higher in flow than the composed challenge-and-threat group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social interactions involving personal disclosures are ubiquitous in social life and have important relational implications. A large body of research has documented positive outcomes from fruitful social interactions with amicable individuals, but less is known about how self-disclosing interactions with inimical interaction partners impacts individuals. Participants engaged in an immersive social interaction task with a confederate (thought to be another participant) trained to behave amicably (Fast Friends) or inimically (Fast Foes). Cardiovascular responses were measured during the interaction and behavioral displays coded. Participants also reported on their subjective experiences of the interaction. Participants assigned to interact in the Fast Foes condition reported more negative affect and threat appraisals, displayed more negative behaviors (i.e., agitation and anxiety), and exhibited physiological threat responses (and lower cardiac output in particular) compared to participants assigned to the Fast Friends condition. The novel paradigm demonstrates differential stress and affective outcomes between positive and negative self-disclosure situations across multiple channels, providing a more nuanced understanding of the processes associated with disclosing information about the self in social contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Animal; challenge; science; pasture; technology EN Animal challenge science pasture technology 111 113 3 04/07/22 20220401 NES 220401 Animal production systems are seeing increasing economic, environmental, cultural and social challenges. Animal, challenge, science, pasture, technology The review also highlighted the disadvantages of pasture for animal production including, the seasonality of feed supply and animal health issues such as internal parasites. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the psychological phenomenon of flow through a nonrepresentational geographical emphasis on material practices. Both the positivity and skills-challenge balance assumed to characterise flow are brought into question by the challenge and negative feelings arising from material aspects of artistic practice. This challenge appears to be localised around a pivotal point in the emergence of the artwork and essential for both successful completion of the artwork and experience of flow. This localisation is conceived as a period of chimerical instability in the ontological status of the artwork, during which time the artwork is more than a series of marks but not yet a finished work, and a zone of indiscernibility concerning when activity should cease. Particular features of material practice, including heterotechnicity or cooperative framework and heterochrony or magnification of effects from small scale changes, provide a means of rethinking the skills-challenge relationship in artistic flow experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Players report losing some games can be as much fun, or more than winning. It is imperative to identify what motivates a player to pursue failure in games due to the importance of many games now used for educational and health purposes. The game's intended outcomes can be entirely undermined if players would rather lose than win the game. To achieve reliable predictions on the win/lose dilemma, we propose a new model of challenge, Dynamic Probability Response, which quantifies the degree and type of challenge. Many previous studies focus on individual differences in play. This study focuses on how different play motivations interact. Three conceptualisations of winning were tested against each other by giving players a mutually exclusive choice between challenge, gratuitous feedback from interaction (juice hypothesis), and compliance with visual cues denoting victory (game value adoption hypothesis). Each potential motivation for play was derived from psychological theory that is prevalent in the game design literature. Using a within-subject ANOVA, the three hypothesised motivations investigated were each individually supported. Some hypotheses about which motivations can disrupt the game's goal were supported. Others were not. The applications of these results to game and simulation design are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, different political reforms have taken place. Following this, the country circled viciously into wars at many times. The Derg regime deposed Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974. And the Derg was defeated by the Ethiopian People Revolutionary Democratic Front coalition party in 1991. Albeit the coalition party ruled Ethiopia for more than 27 years, it obliged to make political reform because of high protest from Oromo youths. However, there are debates among scholars regarding the success of current political reforms in Ethiopia. It needs the attention of scholars and political scientists to examine the vicious circle of Ethiopian political reforms. This study addresses the knowledge gaps concerning the prospects and challenges of current political reform in Ethiopia. The finding of this research reveals that the beginning of the political reforms was hopeful because of released political prisoners, returned an exiled political opponents, Ethio-Eritrea rapprochement, and empowerment of women. Later, the constitutional crisis, detentions of many people and opponents, violations of fundamental rights, and war between the central government and the Tigray Region challenged the reforms. It concluded that the Ethiopian political reform circled viciously and could not realize the intended goals because there is mass detention, killing, and eviction like previous governments. The researcher recommended that the detained people and opposition political parties need to be released and come to the table discussion and debate to realize the reform and ensure democratization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper intends to give an overview of how students and lecturers of the Faculty of Social Work at Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) experienced and faced the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. Throughout the paper, it will be explained what measures were taken, the effects that these measures had on the academic community, the challenges of becoming digital for most of the lecturers and students. The paper will conclude by reflecting on the new opportunities that the context paves the way for, and the insights gained, lessons learnt and ideas to put in action for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) remains a potential worldwide threat to the poultry industry despite several vaccination approaches. Because maternally derived antibodies (MDA) constitute a critical problem for IBD vaccination, we examined the efficiency of the intracloacal vaccination approach in breaking through MDA. Experiment 1 determined the ability of the vaccinal strain to multiply in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) in chicks with a high level of MDA. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we quantified the strain in the bursae of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chicks. Experiment 2 was performed on three groups of chicks with high levels of MDA: group 1, non-vaccinated non-challenged; group 2, non-vaccinated challenged; and group 3, vaccinated challenged. Seroconversion to IBDV was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Groups 2 and 3 were challenged by vvIBDV at 25 days of age. Experiment 3 studied the effect of early IBD vaccinal strain multiplication on the immune response of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chicks to other vaccines. In experiment 1, the vaccinal strain showed progressive multiplication and reached the detectable titre in BF at 12 h post-vaccination despite high MDA titre. Experiment 2 showed that chicks in group 3 had significant seroconversion against IBDV. After challenge, group 3 showed significant improvements in several measured parameters compared with group 2. Moreover, results of experiment 3 proved that early multiplication of the vaccinal strain in the BF has no significant effect on the immune system or immune response to other vaccines. These results proved the promising success of this IBD vaccination approach. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS IBD vaccinal strain succeeded in multiplying in BF after intracloacal inoculation. Vaccinated chicks showed significant seroconversion of IBDV antibody titres. Vaccinated chicks showed a significant protection level against vvIBDV. Early IBD vaccination did not affect the immune response to other vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]